Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A
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Boron Nitride Substrates for High-Quality Graphene Electronics C
LETTERS PUBLISHED ONLINE: 22 AUGUST 2010 | DOI: 10.1038/NNANO.2010.172 Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics C. R. Dean1,2*,A.F.Young3,I.Meric1,C.Lee4,5,L.Wang2,S.Sorgenfrei1,K.Watanabe6,T.Taniguchi6, P. Kim 3,K.L.Shepard1 and J. Hone2* Graphene devices on standard SiO2 substrates are highly disor- atomically planar surface should suppress rippling in graphene, dered, exhibiting characteristics that are far inferior to the which has been shown to mechanically conform to both corrugated expected intrinsic properties of graphene1–12. Although suspend- and flat substrates9,21. The dielectric properties of h-BN (e ≈ 3–4 ≈ 21 ing the graphene above the substrate leads to a substantial and Vbreakdown 0.7 V nm ) compare favourably with those of 13,14 improvement in device quality ,thisgeometryimposes SiO2, allowing the use of h-BN as an alternative gate dielectric with severe limitations on device architecture and functionality. no loss of functionality22. Moreover, the surface optical phonon There is a growing need, therefore, to identify dielectrics that modes of h-BN have energies two times larger than similar modes allow a substrate-supported geometry while retaining the in SiO2, suggesting the possibility of an improved high-temperature quality achieved with a suspended sample. Hexagonal boron and high-electric-field performance of h-BN based graphene devices nitride (h-BN) is an appealing substrate, because it has an atom- over those using typical oxide/ graphene stacks23,24. ically smooth surface that is relatively free of dangling bonds and To fabricate graphene-on-BN, we used a mechanical transfer charge traps. -
Optimization of Wear Loss in Silicon Nitride (Si3n4)–Hexagonal Boron Nitride (Hbn) Composite Using Doe–Taguchi Method
Ghalme et al. SpringerPlus (2016) 5:1671 DOI 10.1186/s40064-016-3379-7 CASE STUDY Open Access Optimization of wear loss in silicon nitride (Si3N4)–hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) composite using DoE–Taguchi method Sachin Ghalme1,2*, Ankush Mankar3 and Y. J. Bhalerao4 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 2 Mechanical Engineering Introduction: The contacting surfaces subjected to progressive loss of material Department, Manoharbhai Patel Institute of Engineering known as ‘wear,’ which is unavoidable between contacting surfaces. Similar kind of and Technology, Gondia, phenomenon observed in the human body in various joints where sliding/rolling Maharashtra, India contact takes place in contacting parts, leading to loss of material. This is a serious issue Full list of author information is available at the end of the related to replaced joint or artificial joint. article Case description: Out of the various material combinations proposed for artificial joint or joint replacement Si3N4 against Al2O3 is one of in ceramic on ceramic category. Minimizing the wear loss of Si3N4 is a prime requirement to avoid aseptic loosening of artificial joint and extending life of joint. Discussion and evaluation: In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the wear loss behavior of Si3N4–hBN composite and evaluate the effect of hBN addition in Si3N4 to minimize the wear loss. DoE–Taguchi technique is used to plan and analyze experiments. Conclusion: Analysis of experimental results proposes 15 N load and 8 % of hBN addi- tion in Si3N4 is optimum to minimize wear loss against alumina. Keywords: Silicon nitride (Si3N4), Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), Alumina (Al2O3), Design of experiment (DoE), Taguchi technique Background Mechanical behavior of various machine elements, such as gears, cams, wheels, rails and sealing parts are influenced by the interaction between contact elements and surfaces. -
Ceramic Carbides: the Tough Guys of the Materials World
Ceramic Carbides: The Tough Guys of the Materials World by Paul Everitt and Ian Doggett, Technical Specialists, Goodfellow Ceramic and Glass Division c/o Goodfellow Corporation, Coraopolis, Pa. Silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B4C) are among the world’s hardest known materials and are used in a variety of demanding industrial applications, from blasting-equipment nozzles to space-based mirrors. But there is more to these “tough guys” of the materials world than hardness alone—these two ceramic carbides have a profile of properties that are valued in a wide range of applications and are worthy of consideration for new research and product design projects. Silicon Carbide Use of this high-density, high-strength material has evolved from mainly high-temperature applications to a host of engineering applications. Silicon carbide is characterized by: • High thermal conductivity • Low thermal expansion coefficient • Outstanding thermal shock resistance • Extreme hardness FIGURE 1: • Semiconductor properties Typical properties of silicon carbide • A refractive index greater than diamond (hot-pressed sheet) Chemical Resistance Although many people are familiar with the Acids, concentrated Good Acids, dilute Good general attributes of this advanced ceramic Alkalis Good-Poor (see Figure 1), an important and frequently Halogens Good-Poor overlooked consideration is that the properties Metals Fair of silicon carbide can be altered by varying the Electrical Properties final compaction method. These alterations can Dielectric constant 40 provide knowledgeable engineers with small Volume resistivity at 25°C (Ohm-cm) 103-105 adjustments in performance that can potentially make a significant difference in the functionality Mechanical Properties of a finished component. -
Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Composite in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Aqueous Organic Pollutants Removal: a Review
processes Review Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Composite in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Aqueous Organic Pollutants Removal: A Review Yu Shen, Antonio J. Dos santos-Garcia and María José Martín de Vidales * Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Industrial Design Engineering, ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28012 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (A.J.D.s.-G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-91-067-7722 Abstract: In recent decades, a growing number of organic pollutants released have raised world- wide concern. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has drawn increasing attention in environmental pollutants removal thanks to its unique electronic band structure and excellent physicochemical stability. This paper reviews the recent progress of g-C3N4-based composites as catalysts in various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical AOPs. Strategies for enhancing catalytic performance such as element-doping, nanostructure design, and heterojunction construction are summarized in detail. The catalytic degradation mechanisms are also discussed briefly. Keywords: graphitic carbon nitride; aqueous organic pollutants removal; advanced oxidation pro- cesses 1. Introduction In recent years, environmental pollution, especially water pollution, is increasingly Citation: Shen, Y.; Dos santos-Garcia, becoming a major concern worldwide. Many organic pollutions, such as pharmaceuticals and A.J.; Martín de Vidales, M.J. Graphitic personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and organic dyes are toxic and refractory [1–4]. Carbon Nitride-Based Composite in Various techniques have been developed to eliminate aqueous organic pollutants (e.g., Advanced Oxidation Processes for extraction, adsorption, biological treatment, and advanced oxidation processes) [5–9]. -
High-Quality Graphene and Hexagonal- Boron Nitride Transfers on Sio2
High-Quality Graphene and Hexagonal- Boron Nitride Transfers on SiO2 1 MELISSA HUYNH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY DR. JUN JIAO, LESTER LAMPERT REU - PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY Overview 2 Importance High- Results and Quality Methodology Interpretation Graphene & HBN Raman Analysis Overview 3 Importance High- Results and Quality Methodology Interpretation Graphene & HBN Raman Analysis 2D Materials 4 Graphene Zero overlap semimetal Durable Heat and electricity conductivity Hexagonal-Boron Nitride Similar properties to graphene Future Application 5 Biological engineering Optical Electronics Composite materials Super Capacitors/ Energy Storage Overview 6 Importance High- Results and Quality Methodology Interpretation Graphene & HBN Raman Analysis Growth 7 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Copper catalyst Vertical growth with furnace Methane, hydrogen, argon gases Transfer of Graphene 8 PMMA spin coat Ammonium Persulfate (APS) Rinse Heat Acetone bath Transfer of HBN 9 Copper foil APS Corral Pumps Polymer-Free Approach 10 Similar to H-BN Outflow: APS Inflow: DI H2O and Isopropyl Alcohol Overview 11 Importance High- Results and Quality Methodology Interpretation Graphene & HBN Raman Analysis Graphene Spectrum 12 D band G band D/g 2D Band 2D/G Ideal Spectrum HBN spectrum 13 1300-1400 range Weak readings Carbon contamination Ideal Spectrum Overview 14 Importance High- Results and Quality Methodology Interpretation Graphene & HBN Raman Analysis Graphene Analysis Grown at 830 ̊ C [edge] -
Graphitic Carbon Nitride: a Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing
sensors Review Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing Azeez O. Idris * , Ekemena O. Oseghe, Titus A. M. Msagati , Alex T. Kuvarega, Usisipho Feleni and Bhekie Mamba Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), Florida Campus, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; [email protected] (E.O.O.); [email protected] (T.A.M.M.); [email protected] (A.T.K.); [email protected] (U.F.); [email protected] (B.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 August 2020; Accepted: 23 September 2020; Published: 10 October 2020 Abstract: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer that has attracted the interest of researchers and industrial communities owing to its outstanding analytical merits such as low-cost synthesis, high stability, unique electronic properties, catalytic ability, high quantum yield, nontoxicity, metal-free, low bandgap energy, and electron-rich properties. Notably, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most stable allotrope of carbon nitrides. It has been explored in various analytical fields due to its excellent biocompatibility properties, including ease of surface functionalization and hydrogen-bonding. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) acts as a nanomediator and serves as an immobilization layer to detect various biomolecules. Numerous reports have been presented in the literature on applying graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the construction of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemiluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, and amperometry techniques have been extensively used for the detection of biologic molecules and heavy metals, with high sensitivity and good selectivity. -
Comparison of Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Synthetized from Melamine
materials Article Comparison of Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Synthetized from Melamine and Melamine-Cyanurate Complex: Characterization and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Ofloxacin and Ampicillin Petr Praus 1,2,* , Aneta Smýkalová 1,2 and Kryštof Foniok 1 1 Department of Chemistry VŠB-Technical, University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (K.F.) 2 Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical, University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, hereafter abbreviated as CN) was prepared by the heating of melamine (CN-M) and melamine-cyanurate complex (CN-MCA), respectively, in air at 550 ◦C for 4 h. The specific surface area (SSA) of CN-M and CN-MCA was 12 m2 g−1 and 225 m2g−1 and the content of oxygen was 0.62 wt.% and 1.88 wt.%, respectively. The band gap energy (Eg) of CN-M was 2.64 eV and Eg of CN-MCA was 2.73 eV. The photocatalytic activity of the CN materials was tested by means of the decomposition of antibiotics ofloxacin and ampicillin under LED irradiation of 420 nm. The activity of CN-MCA was higher due to its high SSA, which was determined based on the physisorption of nitrogen. Ofloxacin was decomposed more efficiently than ampicillin in the presence of both photocatalysts. Citation: Praus, P.; Smýkalová, A.; Foniok, K. Comparison of Graphitic Keywords: graphitic carbon nitride; melamine; melamine-cyanurate complex; photocatalysis; Carbon Nitrides Synthetized from ofloxacin; ampicillin Melamine and Melamine-Cyanurate Complex: Characterization and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Ofloxacin and Ampicillin. -
Simple Synthesis of High Specific Surface Carbon Nitride For
Wang et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2018) 13:248 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2654-7 NANOEXPRESS Open Access Simple Synthesis of High Specific Surface Carbon Nitride for Adsorption-Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance Jie Wang1,2, Meisheng Li1*, Ming Qian1, Shouyong Zhou1, Ailian Xue1, Lili Zhang1, Yijiang Zhao1* and Weihong Xing2 Abstract TMC-incorporated carbon nitride (CN) with hexagonal and quadrangle honeycomb-like structure and having periodic lattice defects linked by –CONH– bond was synthesized through combining the high calcination with the chemical condensation of melamine and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride. The obtained CN has a tri-s-triazine ring and benzene ring skeleton, which makes it have excellent mechanical and thermal stability. The BET specific surface area was enhanced to about 125.6 m2/g, and the mean pore size is about 3.43 nm. This CN exhibited an excellent adsorption-enhanced photocatalytic performance. Keywords: Carbon nitride materials, Melamine, Nanoparticles, Sintering Background [4]. Then, the enhancement of specific BET surface for Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4), possessing a two-di- g-C3N4 was very important. mensional (2D) nanosheet structure like graphene, has Inspired by the structures of covalent organic frame- attracted much attention recently. The basic skeleton work materials (COFs) [11–16] and their preparation structure of g-C3N4 consists of tri-s-triazine units con- methods [17], we try to combine the high calcination nected with tertiary amino groups, which owns regularly with the chemical condensation to prepare a new kind distributed triangular water-selective permeation nano- of porous TMC-incorporated carbon nitride (CN) linked pores throughout the entire laminar structure. -
Sustainable Applications of Magnetic Nano-Catalysts and Graphitic Carbon Nitrides
Sustainable Applications of Magnetic Nano-Catalysts and Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Rajender S. Varma Sustainable Technology Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS 443 Cincinnati, OH-45268 Fax: 513- 569-7677; Tel: 513-487-2701 E-mail: [email protected] •Sustainable synthesis of chemical entities by microwave heating with nano-catalysis in water •Green Chemistry principles are accommodated via multi-faceted approach Minimum Chemical Energy Waste Efficiency Benign Solvents Atom Economy Green Organic Efficient Isolation Chemistry Processes Renewable Feedstock Sustainable Synthetic Safer Method Catalysts & Reagents Microwave Assisted Green Organic Chemistry in Aqueous Medium Seminal Review Articles on these themes summarizing our in-house research: Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 629; Acc. Chem. Res., 2011, 44, 469-478; Acc. Chem. Res., 2014, 47, 1338-1348 Chem. Soc. Rev., 2008, 37, 1546-1557; Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 1559-1584 Chem. Rev., 2016,116, 3722-3811; ACS Sustain. Chem. & Eng., 2016, 4, 5866-5878 Pure App. Chem., 2008, 80, 777-790; Pure App. Chem., 2013, 85, 1703-1710. Curr. Opin. Drug Disc., 2007, 10, 723-737. Green Chem., 1999, 1, 43-55; Green Chem., 2010, 12, 743-754; Green Chem., 2014, 16, 2027-2041. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2015, 291, 68-94; Coord. Chem. Rev., 2015, 287, 137-156. Work During March 2008 to May 2010…. Sugar Plant Extract Vitamins Tea Tea Microwave Wine Water Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials •PROBLEM: Synthesize nanomaterials in a sustainable fashion. •TECHNOLOGY SOLUTION: Learning from Nature- Use the elegance of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) for redox chemistry. •CURRENT STATUS: Self-assembly of nanoparticles demonstrated Nadagouda & Varma: Green Chemistry, 8, 516, (2006) Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials PROBLEM: Synthesize nanomaterials in a sustainable manner. -
Production of Boron Nitride Using Chemical Vapor Deposition Method a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Nature
PRODUCTION OF BORON NITRIDE USING CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION METHOD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÖZGE MERCAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FEBRUARY 2014 Approval of the thesis: PRODUCTION OF BORON NITRIDE USING CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION METHOD submitted by ÖZGE MERCAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Head of Department, Chemical Engineering, Prof. Dr. H. Önder Özbelge Supervisor, Chemical Engineering Dept, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Naime Aslı Sezgi Co-supervisor, Chemical Engineering Dept, Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hayrettin Yücel Chemical Engineering Department, METU Prof. Dr. H. Önder Özbelge Chemical Engineering Department, METU Prof. Dr. Nail Yaşyerli Chemical Engineering Department, Gazi Unv. Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Chemical Engineering Department, METU Yard. Doç. Dr. Zeynep Çulfaz Emecen Chemical Engineering Department, METU Date : I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules, and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : ÖZGE MERCAN Signature : iv ABSTRACT PRODUCTION OF BORON NITRIDE USING CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION METHOD Mercan, Özge Master of Science, Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. H. Önder Özbelge Co-Supervisor: Assoc. -
Photocatalysis), and Preparation Techniques of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nano-Based Particle, and Its Applications Williams Kweku Darkwah and Yanhui Ao*
Darkwah and Ao Nanoscale Research Letters (2018) 13:388 https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2702-3 NANO REVIEW Open Access Mini Review on the Structure and Properties (Photocatalysis), and Preparation Techniques of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nano-Based Particle, and Its Applications Williams Kweku Darkwah and Yanhui Ao* Abstract Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is well known as one of the most promising materials for photocatalytic activities, such as CO2 reduction and water splitting, and environmental remediation through the removal of organic pollutants. On the other hand, carbon nitride also pose outstanding properties and extensive application forecasts in the aspect of field emission properties. In this mini review, the novel structure, synthesis and preparation techniques of full-bodied g-C3N4-based composite and films were revealed. This mini review discussed contemporary advancement in the structure, synthesis, and diverse methods used for preparing g-C3N4 nanostructured materials. The present study gives an account of full knowledge of the use of the exceptional structural and properties, and the preparation techniques of graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and its applications. Keywords: Photocatalysis, Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4), Carbon nitride nano-based particle Introduction Predominantly, wastewater is the major source of pol- The central energy source elated from the extraterrestrial lution, specifically, wastewater produced due to chemical space, solar energy capacities to surpass the almanac industrialization, because this wastewater contains pro- world’s energy request by a large border [1]. Given the nounced concentration of large organic fragments which long forecast era of the Sun, solar energy is also consid- are tremendously poisonous and carcinogenic in nature ered the ultimate renewable source that can be harvested [3]. -
Graphitic Carbon Nitride “
Chem Soc Rev View Article Online REVIEW ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Graphitic carbon nitride ‘‘reloaded’’: emerging applications beyond (photo)catalysis Cite this: Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, 45,2308 Jian Liu,*ab Hongqiang Wang*cd and Markus Antoniettia Despite being one of the oldest materials described in the chemical literature, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has just recently experienced a renaissance as a highly active photocatalyst, and the metal-free polymer was shown to be able to generate hydrogen under visible light. The semiconductor nature of g-C3N4 has triggered tremendous endeavors on its structural manipulation for enhanced photo(electro)chemical performance, aiming at an affordable clean energy future. While pursuing the stem of g-C3N4 related catalysis (photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis), a number of emerging intrinsic properties of g-C3N4 are certainly interesting, but less well covered, and we believe that these novel applications outside of conventional catalysis can be favorably exploited as well. Thanks to the general efforts devoted to the exploration and enrichment of g-C3N4 based chemistry, the boundaries of this area have Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. been possibly pushed far beyond what people could imagine in the beginning. This review strives to cover the achievements of g-C3N4 related materials in these unconventional application fields for depicting the broader future of these metal-free and fully stable semiconductors. This review starts with Received 13th October 2015 the general protocols to engineer g-C3N4 micro/nanostructures for practical use, and then discusses the DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00767d newly disclosed applications in sensing, bioimaging, novel solar energy exploitation including photocatalytic coenzyme regeneration, templating, and carbon nitride based devices.