TITLE PAGE AND DECLARATION
The Trading Community of Exeter 1470-1570
with special reference to Merchants and Tailors.
Volume 2 of 2
Submitted by Paul Williams to the University of Exeter
as a thesis for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in History in November 2020.
This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement.
I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University
Signature: …………………………………………………………..
365
APPENDIX 1:
THE VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS AND THE NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS ENTERING AND LEAVING THE PORT OF EXETER BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS 1470-1570
NOTES AND KEY TERMS
PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS. Here used to describe usually the ten leading merchants in any one year exporting or importing goods into the port of Exeter. The importance of merchants has been determined by the value of the goods recorded shipped in any one year or by the number of shipments recorded.
AL/IND- noted by the customs officials as alien or indigenous traders. The account for 1482/3 further distinguishes Breton and Spanish merchants.
PLACE OF CONNECTION. A term used to describe the town of origin of the merchants or ships at the time of trading. In some cases this is designated by the customs officials but in others it is not. Where the place of connection is not designated by the customs official but is known from other customs records or other sources it has been added.
PERIODS COVERED BY CUSTOMS ACCOUNTS are not all September to September, which is the usual customs year. This is mainly due to the survival of the accounts for parts of years or to the state of the records.
VALUE OF GOODS TRADED TO THE NEAREST £
The value of goods traded was calculated from the particulars of customs accounts. The valuations used were based on the ‘ad valorem’ values given by the officials in the customs accounts for most of the goods. These were based on ‘poundage’ paid at a rate of 1s in the £.1 So, for example, exported tin was valued at £1 per C (hundredweight) and imported crest cloth valued at £1 per piece by the customs officers.
A few commodities, however, paid ‘specific’ volume based duties and so no valuation was recorded for them in the customs accounts. These were imported wine, exported cloth (without grain) 2and exported tanned leather. For these goods a nominal value has been assigned to them and used in calculating the value of merchant shipments.
Wine has been given a nominal value of £5 per tun and this has been used for wine imports across the period studied. This is the same as the multiplier used
1 Jones, Inside the Illicit Economy, pp. 24-26. 2 Cloth without grain (panni sine grano) was cloth dyed without the expensive kermes dye (grain), though the term ‘sine grano’ does not necessarily mean that the cloth was undyed and unfinished. This was the major type of cloth exported from the port of Exeter at this time. 366 by Kermode in her study of the Yorkshire ports based on recorded wine retail prices in York and Hull in the fifteenth century.3 Vanes identified a retail price for Gascon wine of £4 10s per tun and one of £7 for the usually more expensive Andalusian wine in 1539.4 A figure of £5 per tun was therefore considered a reasonable estimated nominal value for use here.
In this study exported cloths without grain have been given the nominal value of £2 per cloth. This nominal value was increased to £6 per cloth from 1558, following the issuing of the Book of Rates in that year, based on comments 5 made by Willan. Calculations have taken into account that Kermode noted a national average value of £1 15s per cloth without grain in the mid-fifteenth century and that the Bristol merchant John Smythe recorded that cloths cost 6 him £4 each in 1540.
Exported tanned leather also paid a ‘specific’ duty and so no valuation was given in the customs accounts. However, very little tanned leather was exported through the port of Exeter at this time. Where it does occur a nominal value of £1 per dicker has been used. 7 Tanned calfskins in dozens were mostly exported through Exeter and an ‘ad valorem’ value of 3s 4d per dozen was assigned to them by the customs official.
The values were assigned by the customs officials in their accounts reflect their valuations rather than accurate market rates for the goods at the time. Their valuations were set in the fifteenth century and were out-dated, especially by the time inflation began to have a significant impact in the 1540s. The Exeter city council’s Act Books provide little data on prices in the city beyond their main concern with grain prices.
The following tables show how the values to the nearest £ for each merchants’ recorded trading were calculated in the sample trading years. The examples show the recorded exports of Gilbert Kirk and the imports of William Hurst in the particulars of customs accounts for 1537/1538. They were the principal merchants in that year as identified below in Appendix 1 Table 19. They were key Exeter merchants trading through the port. Their businesses are analysed elsewhere in this thesis and their trading networks presented in Appendices 28 and 29. 8
3 Kermode, Medieval Merchants, p.257. 4 Vanes, Ledger, p.324. 5 Willan, A Tudor Book of Rates,, pp.xxvi-xxxiii. 6 Kermode, Medieval Merchants, p.257. Broadcloths cost Smythe £3-4 each: Vanes, Ledger,,p 144. 7 Zupko, Dictionary, p.48. 8 See Section 5.1 and See Appendices 28 and 29. 367
VALUE OF THE TRADE OF THE LEADING PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS 1537/1538
EXPORTS
NAME OF DATE SHIP COMMODITY AMOUNT VALUE £ MERCHANT GILBERT 25/10 ANDREW TIN 2C 2 KIRK PROWSE CLOTH SG* 3 (6) 10/11 TRINITY TIN 8C 8 PROWSE CLOTH SG 4 (8) 14/12 FALLENTEN CLOTH SG 58 (116) OF KENTON TANNED 20 DOZEN £3 6s 8d CALFSKINS 15/1 NICHOLAS TIN 8C 8 OF DAWLISH CLOTH SG 3 (6) 27/1 CLEMENT CLOTH SG 32 (64) BIDDON NORTHERN 20 PIECES £3 6s 8d COTTONS LEAD 15C £2 10s 11/4 CLEMENT CLOTHS SG 39.5 79 BIDDON LEAD 15C £2 10s 5/7 MARY AND CLOTHS SG 32 (64) JOHN 23/7 FOLENTYN CLOTHS SG 19 (38) OF KENTON TANNED 30 DOZEN 5 CALFSKINS 16/8 CLEMENT CLOTHS SG 18 (36) BIDDON 17/8 ANDREW OF CLOTHS SG 10 (20) TOPSHAM TOTAL VALUE £472 *Cloths SG – cloths without grain
( ) Nominal value assigned
IMPORTS
NAME OF DATE SHIP COMMODITY AMOUNT VALUE MERCHANT WILLIAM 9/11 CLEMENT OF FRUIT 10 TONS 20 HURST POWDERHAM MARMALADE 1C 1 ANNISEED 2C £2 6s 8d 2/1 CLEMENT CREST CLOTH 16 PIECES 16 368
BIDDON 8/1 CHRISTOPHER NON SWEET 14 TONS (70) HALSE WINE 8/1 MARY NON SWEET 9 TONS 1 (46) WALSYNGHAM WINE PIPE TOULOUSE 17 BALES 17 WOAD 8/1 GEORGE OF NON SWEET 3 TONS (15) TOPSHAM WINE FRUIT 5 TONS 10
ALMONDS 3C 2 DATES 1C 15s 15/1 CLEMENT OF NON SWEET 7 TONS (35) POWDERHAM WINE 7/2 MICHAEL OF IRON 14 TONS 28 BRIDGWATER 19/3 LAWRENCE MADDER 4 BALES 8 OF TOPSHAM IRON 1 TON 2 ORCHIL 4 BARRELS 1 TWINE .5C 5s LATH NAILS 12 SUMMA 3 OCHRE .5 ? 20d GREEN 1.5C 5s COPPERAS ALUM 3C 15s HOPS 4C 1 BLACK SOAP 12 BARRELS 6 STEEL 50 NESTS £1 5s GLUE 1C 5s CRUSES 1C 3s 4d FRYING PANS 1C 5s COARSE 200 ELLS 5 TAPESTRY COARSE 1 DOZEN 1 CARPETS WHITE SOAP 7C £3 10s NUTS 2HOGSHEADS 10s MISCELLANEOUS £17 10s 22/3 HARRY OF PRUNES 3C 1 TOPSHAM OLD CARDS 6 DOZEN 1 NEW CARDS 6 DOZEN 2 BLACK SOAP 2 BARRELS 1 LATH NAILS 6 SUMMA £1 10s THREAD 3 DOZEN 15s MISCELLANEOUS 2 4/4 FOLLENTEN CREST CLOTH 10 PIECES 10 OF KENTON 4/4 CLEMENT CREST CLOTH 20 PIECES 20 BIDDON 11/4 PETER OF LATH NAILS 12 SUMMA 3 FALMOUTH BLACK SOAP 3 BARRELS £1 10s SWARROW 2 BARRELS 6s 8d PRUNES 3C 1 14/4 PETER OF HOPS 8C 2 LONDON NUTS 1 PIPE 6s 8d
369
CLAVICHORDS 6 PAIRS 1 19/4 NICHOLAS OF NEW CARDS 12 DOZEN 4 DAWLISH OLD CARDS 12 DOZEN 2 PRUNES 6C 2
THREAD 12 DOZEN 3 PLAYING CARDS 2 GROSS 6s 8d BUCKRAM 60 AWNS 1 IRON WIRE .25C 3s 4d MISCELLANEOUS £1 16s 16/6 STEPHEN MADDER 4 BALES 8 BONAVENTUR OF DARTMOUTH 8/7 CLEMENT CREST CLOTH 48 PIECES 48 BIDDON 8/8 CLEMENT OF SUGAR 6M 60 POWDERHAM LINGNUM VITAE 10C 13s 4d
NON SWEET 12.5 TONS (£62 10s) WINE 12/9 NICHOLAS OF NEW CARDS 16 DOZEN £5 6s 8d TOTNES OLD CARDS 20 DOZEN £3 6s 8d THREAD 20 DOZEN 5 PLAYING CARDS 3 GROSS 5s SAY 6 PIECES 3 ST.THOMAS 6 PIECES 3 WORSTED CANVAS 10 C 10 BUCKRAM 100 ELLS £1 13s 4d OLD BUCKRAM 19 PIECES 2 HATS 6 DOZEN 2 WHITE PAPER 12 REAMS 12s IMPERLINGS 4 DOZEN £1 6s 8d LATH NAILS 7 SUMMA £1 15s SWARROW 4 BARRELS 13s 4d PRUNES 8C £2 13s 4d MISCELLANEOUS 6s 8d TOTAL VALUE £599
( ) Nominal value assigned
(Source: TNA E122/43/11)
NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS -This is the number of recorded shipments made by an individual merchant in each year. These were mainly calculated from the Town Customs accounts. The total number of shipments per merchant were then used to produce Tables of Principal Merchants for some sample years.
370
1. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER IN THE 1470s AND 1480s
1470/71
MERCHANT NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS TOWN OF RESIDENCE JOHN TAYLOR* 10 EXETER JOHN TAYLOR* 9 TOPSHAM WILLIAM ANDREW 9 EXETER RICHARD GEFFRAY 8 EXETER ROBERT SMYTH 7 EXETER THOMAS BOND 6 EXETER JOHN TREMELAND 6 LONDON HUGH DENYS 6 LONDON HENRY ROPER 5 TAUNTON JOHN BAKER 5 BUDLEIGH THOMAS COYLE 5 TOPSHAM THOMAS BENET 5 TOPSHAM RICHARD TAYLOR 5 TOPSHAM
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 17/18 Edward IV; TNA, E122/41/5A; TNA, E101 /338/20)
*NOTE ON JOHN TAYLOR There are some problems of identification with the John Taylors The customs accounts very rarely provide any occupational information on those shipping goods. However on 22 occasions in these early accounts John Taylor is referred to as a ‘draper’. In these years there was certainly more than one John Taylor active in the trade. John Taylor is referred to as a ‘tynne merchant’. There are references to three John Taylors in 1473 in the aulangers’ account and to a tin merchant in the Town Custom in 1477, bringing tin into Exeter. Possibly there were three different persons. The designations given indicate a close link with the clothing trades. The Tailors’ guild records do not show the involvement of a John Taylor in their business. His participation in tailoring within the city predates the earliest extant Tailors’ Act Books. However, we do know that John Taylor was one of those involved in the Tailors’ dispute of 1476. A John Taylor became one of the city bailiffs in 1470/71 and 1475/76. In the late fifteenth century it was not unknown for a man to serve as city bailiff on more than one occasion and then not progress to higher civic office. The tentative conclusion may be that here we have: a John Taylor who was closely involved with the tailors and who is designated by his contemporaries as a draper, a tailor and a hosier; John Taylor who became a merchant and who entered royal service; and a John Taylor of Topsham..
1476/77
MERCHANT NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS TOWN OF RESIDENCE MATTHEW ANDREW 12 TOPSHAM ALEX TOSE 11 TAUNTON JOHN BAKER 8 BUDLEIGH LAWRENCE ADAM 7 TAUNTON JOHN FENECOTE 6 EXETER WALTER DOLYNG 6 TAUNTON THOMAS COYLE 5 TOPSHAM THOMAS BOND 5 EXETER ROBERT SYMON 5 EXETER WALTER DANYELL 5 TAUNTON JOHN FRANKE 5 TAUNTON JOHN SCOSE 5 LODDISWELL 371
WILLIAM ISAAC 5 LONDON WILLIAM MARSHALL 5 IND-UNKNOWN
1483/84
MERCHANT NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS TOWN OF RESIDENCE THOMAS MONGEY 8 TOPSHAM THOMAS COYLE 8 TOPSHAM MATTHEW ANDREW 6 TOPSHAM JOHN ECTOR 6 EXETER WALTER KEVER 5 EXETER WILLIAM GASKE 5 LONDON ROBERT GYE 5 IND-UNKNOWN JOHN MORE 5 IND-UNKNOWN NICHOLAS HAMLYN 4 EXETER JOHN FENECOTE 4 EXETER JOHN DOWNE 4 IND-UNKNOWN JOHN SYMON 4 EXETER JOHN WYLKYN 4 EXETER
1489/90
MERCHANT NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS TOWN OF RESIDENCE JOHN SYMON 16 EXETER THOMAS MONGEY 13 TOPSHAM RICHARD HEWETT 8 EXETER JOHN GRENEWAY 8 TIVERTON JOHN HOKER 7 EXETER THOMAS CRUES 7 EXETER JOHN ECTOR 6 EXETER JOHN GUMBY 6 EXETER RICHARD UNDEY 5 EXETER RICHARD NORDON 5 EXETER THOMAS ANDREW 5 EXETER
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 10/11 Edward IV, 16/17 Edward IV, 1/2 Richard III, 5/6 Henry VII)
2. VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER BY THE PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS 1471-1483
IMPORTS JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1471
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ MATTHEW ANDREW 54 TOPSHAM HENRY ROPER 40 TAUNTON JOHN MADYNE 21 AL RICHARD BERTRAM 20 AL JOHN SKELTON 15 IND-UNKNOWN RALPH COFYN 15 GUERNSEY NICHOLAS GYLMET 15 GUERNSEY JOHN PROVOST 15 GUERNSEY JOHN HUDYBILL 15 GUERNSEY JOHN BUYSHOPE 12 TAUNTON THOMAS LE LENOY 12 AL
372
IMPORTS OCTOBER-JUNE 1474/75
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ PHILIP STEGYN 32 IND-UNKNOWN THOMAS MONGEY 15 TOPSHAM JOHN SCOSE 15 LODDISWELL MARTIN DENYS 15 IND-UNKNOWN JOHN BAKER 11 BUDLEIGH NICHOLAS HAMLYN 9 EXETER
IMPORTS OCTOBER-APRIL 1482/83
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ ROLAND SHARSHERD 112 BRITTANY JOHN PETYLL 65 BRITTANY THOMAS MONGEY 51 TOPSHAM TANKE LE GLEDEOCK 37 BRITTANY JOHN MASTYNET 36 BRITTANY JAMES ELYOT 30 BRITTANY ALAN KYNTON 29 BRITTANY GUILLAM BENET 28 BRITTANY GUILLAM BAYLE 26 BRITTANY GEOFFREY PETYLL 25 BRITTANY JOHN SYMON 24 EXETER LAWRENCE PARRYN 23 BRITTANY JOHN GOMBY 23 EXETER JOHN FRANCESSE 21 BRITTANY JOHN HAMOND 20 BRITTANY PHILIP RALEIGH 20 TOPSHAM FRANCIS KYNTON 20 BRITTANY
EXPORTS JANUARY-SEPTEMBER 1471
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ ALAN PYKARD 24 AL MATTHEW ANDREW 17 TOPSHAM JOHN MADYNE 16 AL WILLIAM LE MELYAN 14 AL JOHN TAYLOR 12 EXETER THOMAS LE LONAY 12 AL ROBERT BERTRAM 10 AL
EXPORTS OCTOBER-JUNE 1474/75
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ JOHN PUSE 18 AL MARTIN DURWARD 14 IND-UNKNOWN GILDA DEWLA 12 AL JOHN BAKER 11 BUDLEIGH NICHOLAS HAMLYN 9 EXETER
373
EXPORTS OCTOBER-APRIL 1482/83
NAMEOF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ JOHN FOREST 70 BRITTANY MATTHEW ANDREW 31 TOPSHAM TANKE LE GLEDEOCK 30 BRITTANY JOHN OLIVER 30 BRITTANY HENRY ESTON 26 IND-UNKNOWN JOHN PLASTYN 25 BRITTANY PETER MORE 23 IND-UNKNOWN JOHN ELYOT 18 BRITTANY JOHN LE GEENE 17 BRITTANY
(Source: TNA, E122 41/3, 41/5a, 41/8)
3. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER BY THE PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS OCTOBER 1492 TO SEPTEMBER 1493
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 356 TOPSHAM JOHN RALEIGH 162 TOPSHAM THOMAS FYSHER 160 TAUNTON JOHN GRENEWAY 151 TIVERTON JOHN DYER 127 TAUNTON ROBERT SHERMAN 117 EXETER JOHN BLYSSET 100 MORLAIX, BRITTANY RICHARD UNDEY 94 EXETER JOHN BOTELER 88 EXETER
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 334 TOPSHAM THOMAS FYSHER 187 TAUNTON JOHN ECTOR 114 EXETER ROBERT SHERMAN 105 EXETER RICHARD UNDEY 100 EXETER THOMAS KYTT 100 MORLAIX, BRITTANY THOMAS ANDREW 97 EXETER JOHN TOGWELL 85 TAUNTON JOHN FOREST 85 MORLAIX, BRITTANY
(Source: TNA, E122/41/15)
4. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER SEPTEMBER 1493 TO SEPTEMBER 1494
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS THOMAS MONGEY 13 TOPSHAM
374
JOHN SYMON 8 EXETER THOMAS ANDREW 7 EXETER JOHN RALEIGH 7 TOPSHAM JOHN ECTOR 6 EXETER THAMAS FYSHER 6 TAUNTON JOHN ESTON 5 TAUNTON JOHN DANASTER 5 EXETER RICHARD UNDEY 5 EXETER
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 9/10 Henry VII)
5. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY THE PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER FOR THE SIX MONTH PERIOD FROM APRIL TO SEPTEMBER 1494
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 238 TOPSHAM JOHN OCHEO 100 AL.PORTUGAL STEPHEN DANYELL 80 CHARMOUTH THOMAS FYSHER 70 TAUNTON JOHN DYER 66 TAUNTON JOHN ESTON 63 TAUNTON JOHN BOLEYN 59 ST. MALO BRITTANY JOHN DANASTER 57 EXETER JOHN ADAM 55 TAUNTON HOWELL PRYNCE 54 TAUNTON RICHARD UNDEY 50 EXETER
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ JOHN DYER 184 TAUNTON THOMAS MONGEY 180 TOPSHAM JOHN TUSSE 160 TAUNTON JOHN ADAM 94 TAUNTON RICHARD UNDEY 89 EXETER MATILDA DOLYNG 85 TAUNTON JOHN ESTON 85 TAUNTON THOMAS FYSHER 70 TAUNTON NICHOLAS HAMLYN 68 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/201/6)
6. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER 1497/98
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS THOMAS MONGEY 11 TOPSHAM THOMAS ANDREW 10 EXETER JOHN RALEGH 9 TOPSHAM JOHN BOTELER 8 EXETER JOHN DYER 8 TAUNTON ROBERT SHERMAN 7 EXETER
375
JOHN SQUYER 7 TOPSHAM RICHARD HEWET 7 EXETER JOHN ANDREW 7 BARNSTAPLE WILLIAM FROST 6 EXETER
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 13/14 Henry VII)
7. VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IN AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1499/1500
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 475 TOPSHAM STEPHEN DANYELL 312 LYME ROBERT SHERMAN 304 EXETER RICHARD HEWET 282 EXETER JOHN RALEGH 248 TOPSHAM JOHN BOTELER 234 EXETER JOHN SCRIVENER 210 EXETER JOHN SQUIER 198 TOPSHAM JOHN DYER 149 TAUNTON JOHN TOGWELL 141 TAUNTON
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 1027 TOPSHAM JOHN RALEGH 571 TOPSHAM THOMAS ANDREW 403 EXETER BERTRAMO DE LANGLEY 330 AL JOHN STARR 276 TOPSHAM JOHN ECTOR 268 EXETER STEPHEN DANYELL 252 LYME JOHN ROPER 242 TAUNTON JOHN BOTELER 220 EXETER JOHN SQUIER 211 TOPSHAM
(Source: TNA, E122/201/2)
8. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER SEPTEMBER 1502 TO SEPTEMBER 1503
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS THOMAS MONGEY 13 TOPSHAM JOHN STARRE 12 TOPSHAM JOHN SQUYER 11 TOPSHAM JOHN NORDON 11 EXETER RICHARD HEWET 10 EXETER JOHN BUTLER 9 EXETER ALEXANDER NEWTON 9 TAUNTON JOHN SCRIVENER 9 EXETER 376
JOHN ROPER 8 TAUNTON THOMAS HOIGE 8 EXETER
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 18/19 Henry VII)
9. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IN AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1502/3
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 597 TOPSHAM JOHN ADAM 582 TAUNTON JOHN TOGWILL 468 TAUNTON JOHN SCRIVENER 459 EXETER JOHN ROPER 441 TAUNTON JOHN BOTILER 385 EXETER ROGER HYLL 381 TAUNTON JOHN DYER 310 TAUNTON ALEXANDER NEWTON 289 TAUNTON RICHARD HEWET 269 EXETER
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 559 TOPSHAM STEPHEN DANYELL 352 LYME ROGER HYLL 314 TAUNTON JOHN SCRIVENER 304 EXETER JOHN BOTELER 303 EXETER WILLIAM HUNTINGDON 278 EXETER RICHARD HEWET 272 EXETER JOHN ROPER 234 TAUNTON JOHN TOGWELL 222 TAUNTON JOHN ADAM 218 TAUNTON
(Source: TNA, E122/41/25)
10. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER 1507/1508
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF CONNECTION SHIPMENTS ROGER MICHELL 16 TOPSHAM THOMAS HOIGGE 15 EXETER THOMAS MONGEY 13 TOPSHAM JOHN BOTELER 12 EXETER MATTHEW MONGEY 12 TOPSHAM ROGER HYLL 11 TAUNTON ROBERT SHERMAN 11 EXETER RICHARD HEWETT 10 EXETER JOHN ORENGE 9 EXETER
377
WILLIAM SELAKE 8 TIVERTON
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 22/23 Henry VII)
11. VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1508/1509.
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ THOMAS MONGEY 481 TOPSHAM ROBERT SHERMAN 435 EXETER ROGER HYLL 342 TAUNTON JOHN BODLEY 252 EXETER RICHARD HEWETT 235 EXETER RICHARD PARKHOUSE 234 TIVERTON ALICE TOGWYLL 188 TAUNTON THOMAS HOIGGE 181 EXETER JOHN COLSHILL 158 EXETER JOHN STROBRIDGE 147 COLYTON RICHARD TREVETT 147 IND-UNKNOWN
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ ROGER HYLL 532 TAUNTON THOMAS MONGEY 455 TOPSHAM ROBERT SHERMAN 327 EXETER JOHN BODLEY 256 EXETER RICHARD PARKHOUSE 240 TIVERTON RICHARD HEWETT 211 EXETER JOHN BRADMORE 190 EXETER WILLIAM SELAKE 174 TIVERTON WILLIAM NETHEWAY 160 TAUNTON SIMON ANDREW 159 BARNSTAPLE
(Source: TNA, E122/42/1)
12. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1515/1516
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ THOMAS HYNDE 394 LONDON? JOHN COLSHILL 388 EXETER ROGER HYLL 273 TAUNTON THOMAS MESSELYN 232 TAUNTON ROGER MICHELL 216 TOPSHAM WILLIAM WEBBE 206 EXETER CHRISTOPHER LAMBERT 197 EXETER JOHN SKYNNER 191 TIVERTON JOHN DRAKE 180 EXMOUTH JOHN WAY 178 EXETER 378
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ RICHARD PARKHOUSE 243 TIVERTON JOHN SKYNNER 227 TIVERTON JOHN BODLEY 226 EXETER ROGER HYLL 224 TAUNTON ROGER MICHELL 177 TOPSHAM WILLIAM PERYHAM 170 EXETER JOHN DRAKE 137 EXMOUTH GILBERT KYRKE 130 EXETER THOMAS HOYGGE 130 EXETER WILLIAM WEBBE 113 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/201/5)
13. THE VALUE OF GOODS IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1520/1521
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ GILBERT KIRK 270 EXETER JOHN SKINNER 222 TIVERTON GONSYLVANO? 210 AL JOHN TROTTE 209 TAUNTON JOHN WAY 202 EXETER ROBERT COLLYNS 198 KINGSWEAR ROGER HYLL 173 TAUNTON FRANCIS CODIES 155 AL ALONNSE RODRIS 132 AL NICHOLAS LESY 130 AL-MORLAIX
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ JOHN SKYNNER 360 TIVERTON WILLIAM HURST 270 EXETER RICHARD PARKHOUSE 260 TIVERTON ROGER HYLL 228 TAUNTON JOHN WAY 166 EXETER JOHN GONSALVE 157 AL GILBERT KIRK 153 EXETER RICHARD MARTIN 141 EXETER JOHN TROTTE 138 TAUNTON RICHARD SMETHE 129 IND-UNKNOWN
(Source: TNA, E122/42/6)
379
14. VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1523/1524
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ RICHARD PARKHOUSE 203 TIVERTON CASPER CONSALVUS 200 AL GILBERT KIRK 156 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 138 EXETER ROGER HYLL 122 TAUNTON FERNANDO DE MOREN 115 AL WILLIAM SELLACKE 100 TIVERTON JOHN STOWBRYGGE 99 COLYTON THOMAS MESSLYN 87 TAUNTON JOHN RYSSE 87 AL
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ RICHARD PARKHOUSE 337 TIVERTON WILLIAM HURST 219 EXETER ROGER HYLL 215 TAUNTON JOHN STROWBRYGGE 178 COLYTON JOHN SKYNNER 168 TIVERTON WILLIAM SELLACKE 152 TIVERTON ROGER PRIDEUX 127 UNKNOWN CASPER CONSALVUS 124 AL JOHN LANE 120 CULLOMPTON JOHN BLACKALLER 107 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/42/7, 42/8)
15. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER 1526/27
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF CONNECTION SHIPMENTS WILLIAM HURST 10 EXETER RICHARD PARKHOUSE 10 TIVERTON JOHN WAY 9 EXETER JOHN WYNTER 9 EXETER ROGER HYLL 9 TAUNTON GILBERT KYRKE 7 EXETER JOHN BLAKALLER 7 EXETER THOMAS HOIGGE 7 EXETER JOHN MAYNARD 6 EXETER
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 18/19 Henry VIII)
380
16. THE VALUE OF GOODS IMPORTED INTO THE PORT OF EXETER BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS 1528/1529
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ GILBERT KIRK 541 EXETER ROGER HYLL 449 TAUNTON JOHN DE POTT 366 AL- SEBASTYAN WILLIAM HURST 320 EXETER JOHN PEDROSSO 300 AL RICHARD PARKHOUSE 248 TIVERTON JOHN AND TAMSIN LANE* 189 CULLOMPTON JOHN BLACALLER 186 EXETER JOHN ADAMS 185 TAUNTON JOHN MAYNARD 148 EXETER
*John Lane’s widow is recorded in the customs accounts as carrying on the trade after his death in 1529.
(Source: TNA, E122/42/11)
17. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1531/1532
IMPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ GILBERT KIRK 864 EXETER BASTIANO PERS 666 AL WILLIAM HURST 465 EXETER WILLIAM ALYE 350 IND-UNKNOWN ROGER HYLL 293 TAUNTON JOHN MAYNARD 250 EXETER JOHN SELLER 223 EXETER THOMAS PRESTWOOD 197 EXETER JOHN WOLCOTT 191 EXETER JOHN BLACKALLER 171 EXETER
EXPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ GILBERT KIRK 393 EXETER ROGER HYLL 380 TAUNTON WILLIAM ALYE 296 IND-UNKNOWN SIMON NUNYS 227 AL WILLIAM HURST 214 EXETER JOHN ADAMS 165 TAUNTON THOMAS PRESTWOOD 148 EXETER JOHN FARCEY 132 IND-UNKNOWN JOHN MAYNARD 118 EXETER WILLIAM TEDBERE 113 TAUNTON
(Source: TNA, E122/201/7, 201/8) 381
18. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1533/34
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ WILLIAM HURST 503 EXETER GILBERT KIRKE 447 EXETER ROGER HILL 278 TAUNTON JOHN BODLEY 203 EXETER GILBERT GAELL 197 CREDITON WILLIAM FOWRDE 183 IND-UNKNOWN RICHARD MODYT 166 EXETER ROGER BLACHALL 149 EXETER JOHN BRECNOLL 143 EXETER THOMAS WARRYN 138 IND-UNKNOWN
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ ROGER HILL 494 TAUNTON WILLIAM HURST 467 EXETER GILBERT KIRKE 360 EXETER THOMAS WARRYN 338 IND-UNKNOWN ROGER BLACHALL 192 EXETER GILBERT GAELL 190 CREDITON JOHN BODLEY 173 EXETER THOMAS PRESTWODE 172 EXETER BASTIANO ROTHREGIS 171 AL PYNTTO ROBERT FACEY 168 IND-UNKNOWN
(Source: TNA, E122/43/7, 43/8).
19. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1537/1538
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ WILLIAM HURST 599 EXETER GILBERT KIRK 480 EXETER JOHN MAYNARD 347 EXETER JOHN SELLER 267 EXETER JOHN BLACALLER 258 EXETER ROGER HYLL 250 TAUNTON ROGER BLACALL 242 EXETER MANOWELLO PERRES 233 AL JOHN WAYE 189 EXETER ROBERT FACEY 171 IND-UNKNOWN
382
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF CONNECTION NEAREST £ GILBERT KIRK 472 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 381 EXETER ROGER HYLL 266 TAUNTON JOHN BLACALLER 190 EXETER JOHN MAYNARD 172 EXETER JOHN PARAMORE 161 EXETER ROGER BLACALL 155 EXETER JOHN MASSEY 150 EXETER THOMAS AYER 144 TAUNTON JOHN SELLER 133 EXETER JOHN WAYE 133 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/43/11)
20. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER 1542/43 AND 1543/44
1542/43
NAME OF MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF CONNECTION SHIPMENTS JOHN MAYNARD 14 EXETER JOHN MYDWYNTER 12 EXETER GILBERT KYRKE 10 EXETER ROBERT COTTON 9 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 9 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 9 EXETER JOHN WOLCOT 7 EXETER JOHN WAY 7 EXETER JOHN HURST 7 EXETER JOHN BLACKALLER 6 EXETER
1543/44
NAME OF MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF CONNECTION SHIPMENTS JOHN MAYNARD 10 EXETER JOHN MYDWYNTER 8 EXETER RICHARD MAYNARD 6 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 6 EXETER GILBERT KYRKE 5 EXETER ROBERT COTTON 5 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 5 EXETER BERNARD GOLDE 5 EXETER JOHN BLACKALLER 5 EXETER JOHN PARAMORE 5 EXETER THOMAS HUCHYNS 5 KINGSWEAR
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 33/34, 34/35 Henry VIII)
383
21. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1542/43
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ GABRIELO FORMOSO 581 AL JOHN MYDWYNTER 178 EXETER JOHN MAYNARD 161 EXETER GILBERT KIRK 146 EXETER THOMAS PRESTWOOD 136 EXETER FRANCISCO DE CASADO 131 AL PETER NONYES 131 AL ARYES DIES 131 AL MAURICE LEVERMORE 118 EXETER RICHARD MAYNARD 116 EXETER
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO NEAREST PLACE OF RESIDENCE £ GILBERT KIRK 240 EXETER JOHN GARNEYE 158 IND-UNKNOWN JOHN MYDWYNTER 153 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 134 EXETER GEORGE COCKERAM 116 CULLOMPTON RICHARD MYCHELL 105 TOPSHAM THOMAS BROWNE 105 IND-UNKNOWN THOMAS WARREN 98 IND-UNKNOWN BERNARD GOOLDE 94 EXETER DIEGO GOMES 89 AL
(Source: TNA, E122/43/14)
22. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1549/1550.
IMPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE TO NEAREST £ PLACE OF RESIDENCE RICHARD STROBRIDGE 362 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 352 EXETER PETER KEROSE 333 AL HENRY GENES 275 AL DEGO MENDES 266 AL FRANCISCO FARNAND 250 AL MAURICE LEVERMORE 205 EXETER LAWRENCE BOWERMAN 198 EXMOUTH JOHN BLACKALL 160 EXETER JOHN HURST 145 EXETER
384
EXPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE TO NEAREST £ PLACE OF RESIDENCE WILLIAM HURST 295 EXETER JOHN BLACKALL 228 EXETER JOHN HURST 158 EXETER JOHN PERIAM 120 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 114 EXETER THOMAS WILLING 83 EXETER LAWRENCE BOWERMAN 80 EXMOUTH JOHN MIDWINTER 54 EXETER GEORGE COKERAM 52 CULLOMPTON JOHN PARAMORE 40 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/44/4)
23. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1550/1551
IMPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ JOHN STROBRIGE 452 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 378 EXETER JOHN ANTONY 300 DARTMOUTH THOMAS SKIDMORE 250 DARTMOUTH THOMAS COLCOTE 218 TORRE MAURICE LEVERMORE 214 EXETER RICHARD STROBRIGE 209 EXETER FUNTO DIES 200 AL PERO FAUZO 200 AL WILLIAM LEYNARD 140 IND-UNKNOWN
EXPORTS
NAME OF MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ WILLIAM HURST 190 EXETER JOHN HURST 127 EXETER JOHN DRAKE 125 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 109 EXETER JOHN PARAMORE 93 EXETER JOHN SHARPHAM 86 IND-UNKNOWN DIEGO MENDES 75 AL THOMAS WILLING 68 EXETER JAMES GILLE 67 GUERNSEY GEORGE COCKERAM 56 CULLOMPTON
(Source: TNA, E122/201/13)
385
24. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER 1556/1557 AND 1557-8
1556/1557
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS MAURICE LEVERMORE 9 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 8 EXETER EDMUND WHETCOMBE 5 EXETER JOHN PETER 4 EXETER JOHN BARSTAPLE 4 EXETER HENRY MAUNDER 4 EXETER ROBERT COTTON 4 EXETER PETER LAKE 4 EXETER ROBERT VYNTON 4 EXMOUTH
1557/1558
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS ROBERT PHILLIPPES 6 STOKENHAM WILLIAM HURST 4 EXETER SIMON KNIGHTE 3 EXETER ROBERT MIDWINTER 3 EXETER
(Source: DHC, ECA, Book 57)
25. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER 1558/1559
IMPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE IMPORTS TO NEAREST £ WILLIAM HURST 720 EXETER JOHN PETER 424 EXETER RICHARD PRYN 385 UNKNOWN THOMAS FYSHER 226 PLYMOUTH? JOHN BLACKALL 141 EXETER ROBERT MIDWINTER 122 EXETER JOHN MIDWINTER 106 EXETER GEORGE COCKRAM 87 CULLOMPTON WILLIAM PAIGE 80 EXETER ROBERT COTTON 78 EXETER
EXPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE IMPORTS TO NEAREST £ WILLIAM HURST 622 EXETER JOHN PERIAM 504 EXETER JOHN MIDWINTER 252 EXETER JOHN PETER 238 EXETER HENRY PARIS 180 CULLOMPTON GEORGE COCKRAM 174 CULLOMPTON
386
SIMON KELWAYE 172 CULLOMPTON MAURICE LEVERMORE 162 EXETER MARGARET DRAKE 149 EXETER JOHN BLACKALL 132 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/45/12A)
26. PRINCIPAL NATIVE MERCHANTS EXPORTING CLOTH FROM THE PORT OF EXETER 1558/1559
NAME OF MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE CLOTHS WILLIAM HURST 97 EXETER JOHN PERIAM 51 EXETER JOHN MIDWINTER 42 EXETER SIMON KELLWAYE 40 TAUNTON JOHN PETER 36 EXETER PHILIP YARD 32 EXETER HENRY PARRIS 30 CULLOMPTON GEORGE COCKERAM 29 CULLOMPTON WILLIAM PAIGE 26 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/45/12B: Ledger of Native Cloth Shipments)
27. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER 1560/61
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS WILLIAM HURST 19 EXETER JOHN PETER 14 EXETER EDMUND WHETCOMBE 12 EXETER ROBERT MIDWINTER 10 EXETER ANDREW GEERE 9 EXETER GEORGE PERYMAN 9 EXETER JOHN BARSTAPLE 8 EXETER JOHN BLACKALL 8 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 6 EXETER SIMON KNIGHT 6 EXETER FRANCIS GALE 6 TOPSHAM
28. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER 1561/62
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS WILLIAM HURST 20 EXETER EDMUND WHETCOMBE 10 EXETER SIMON KNIGHT 10 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 7 EXETER RICHARD MAWDIT 7 EXETER
387
ROBERT LAMBALL 7 EXETER WILLIAM CHAPELL 7 EXETER JOHN WEEKS 6 EXETER PHILIP YARD 6 EXETER ROBERT MIDWINTER 6 EXETER JOHN MIDWINTER 6 EXETER WILLIAM PARAMORE 6 EXETER
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 2/3, 3/4 Elizabeth I)
29. THE VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS SHIPPED BY PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS INTO AND OUT OF THE PORT OF EXETER I 1562/63.
IMPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ WILLIAM HURST 526 EXETER JOHN PETER 468 EXETER PHILIP YARD 323 EXETER SIMON KNIGHT 299 EXETER EDMUND WHETCOMBE 247 EXETER LAWRENCE BOURMAN 216 EXMOUTH GEORGE PERYMAN 215 EXETER JOHN WEEKS 194 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 192 EXETER JOHN DORRE 191 EXETER
EXPORTS
MERCHANT VALUE TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE NEAREST £ WILLIAM HURST 164 EXETER THOMAS MARTIN 148 EXETER JOHN BLACKALL 118 EXETER GEORGE PERYMAN 113 EXETER EDMUND WHETCOMBE 112 EXETER JOHN PETER 108 EXETER WILLIAM CHAPELL 90 EXETER GEORGE COCKRAM 86 CULLOMPTON SIMON KNIGHT 73 EXETER MAURICE LEVERMORE 67 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E122/46/11)
30. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO AND EXPORTING GOODS FROM EXETER 1567/68
IMPORTS
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS JOHN PETER 14 EXETER SIMON KNIGHT 13 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 12 EXETER
388
THOMAS MARTIN 11 EXETER WILLIAM CHAPELL 8 EXETER GEORGE PERYMAN 8 EXETER JOHN WALDRON 7 TIVERTON JOHN PERIAM 6 EXETER ROBERT LAMBALL 6 EXETER
EXPORTS
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS JOHN PETER 10 EXETER SIMON KNIGHT 8 EXETER THOMAS MARTIN 7 EXETER NICHOLAS MARTIN 7 EXETER WILLIAM HURST 5 EXETER WILLIAM MARTIN 5 EXETER JOHN WALDRON 5 TIVERTON
(Source: TNA, E190/926/1)
31. PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO AND EXPORTING GOODS FROM EXETER 1569/70
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS JOHN PETER 12 EXETER WILLIAM CHAPELL 10 EXETER THOMAS MARTIN 8 EXETER NICHOLAS MARTIN 7 EXETER ROBERT LAMBALL 7 EXETER SIMON KNIGHT 6 EXETER GEORGE COCKERAM 5 CULLOMPTON PHILIP YARD 4 EXETER GEORGE PERYMAN 4 EXETER JOHN DAVY 4 EXETER HENRY MANNING 4 EXETER HUMPHREY PARIS 4 CULLOMPTON
EXPORTS
MERCHANT NUMBER OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE SHIPMENTS JOHN PETER 10 EXETER NICHOLAS MARTIN 7 EXETER THOMAS MARTIN 7 EXETER WILLIAM CHAPELL 6 EXETER SIMON KNIGHT 6 EXETER ROBERT MIDWINTER 5 EXETER
389
GEORGE COCKERAM 4 CULLOMPTON HUMPHREY PARIS 4 CULLOMPTON JOHN WALDRON 4 TIVERTON JOHN POPE 4 EXETER
(Source: TNA, E190/927/7)
390
APPENDIX 2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN EXETER IN 1522
Parish £300-£100 £99-£40 £39-£20 £19-£10 £9-£5 £4-over£2 £2-20s Under 20s Nil Not Total recorded Assessed No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No % St 1 1.9 1 1.9 2 3.8 6 11.5 3 5.75 1 1.9 8 15.4 5 9.6 22 42.3 3 5.75 52 5.44 Stephen St Martin 0 0 2 4.6 4 9.2 3 7 6 14 3 7 13 30.2 6 14 6 14 0 0 43 4.5 St 0 0 0 0 3 15 4 20 2 10 3 15 3 15 0 0 4 20 1 5 20 2.1 Pancras All 1 2 1 2 5 10 6 12 1 2 2 4 8 16 5 10 21 42 0 0 50 5.23 Hallows GS St Kerrian 3 9.4 0 0 1 3.1 5 15.6 4 12.5 3 9.4 3 9.4 0 0 12 37.25 1 3.1 32 3.35 St Paul 0 0 0 0 3 5.5 5 9.25 0 0 2 3.75 13 24.1 6 11.1 25 46.3 0 0 54 5.65 St Mary 0 0 6 4.5 9 6.8 13 9.8 16 12 2 1.5 27 20.3 10 7.5 49 36.8 1 0.75 133 13.91 Major St Petrock 5 6.5 4 5.25 4 5.25 9 11.85 5 6.55 2 2.65 8 10.5 2 2.65 37 48.7 0 0 76 7.95 St Mary 2 3.6 9 16.4 2 3.6 4 7.3 6 10.9 0 0 8 14.5 4 7.3 20 36.4 0 0 55 5.75 Arches St Olave 5 9.4 1 1.9 1 1.9 4 7.5 4 7.5 1 1.9 10 18.8 4 7.5 23 43.4 0 0 53 5.54 Holy 0 0 3 3.1 4 4.1 4 4.1 9 9.3 7 7.2 18 18.5 11 11.3 41 42.3 0 0 97 10.5 Trinity St George 0 0 2 3.1 4 6.1 6 9.2 7 10.8 2 3.1 15 23 7 10.8 21 32.3 1 1.5 65 6.8 St David 1 2.13 1 2.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8.5 8 17 4 8.5 29 61.7 0 0 47 4.92 St John 0 0 0 0 2 3.3 10 16.6 4 6.6 1 1.6 11 18.3 4 6.6 28 46.6 0 0 60 6.28 The Close 7 5.9 1 0.8 2 1.6 6 5 12 10 14 11.8 12 10 1 0.8 50 42 14 11.8 119 12.45 Total 25 2.62 31 3.24 46 4.81 85 8.89 79 8.26 47 4.92 165 17.26 69 7.22 388 40.59 21 2.2 956
(Source: The Military Survey 1522 in Tudor Exeter, pp.7-33; DHC, ECA, Book 156a)
391
APPENDIX 3: EXETER - DETAILED COMPARISON OF MILITARY SURVEY 1522 AND LAY SUBSIDIES 1524-1525
Parish Total Total Listed Listed Listed Nil Ecclesiatical Assessment Assessment Assessment Not 1522 1524/ 1522 1522 1524/2 1522 1522 + _ = Known 25 and only 5 only Not (priests only) 1524/ listed 25 1524/2 5 St 52 43 21 25 22 20 2 10 1 8 2 Stephen St Martin 43 66 20 21 46 5 2 10 1 8 1 St 20 (16) 20 16 (4) 2 1524 list Too for Pancras defective comparison All 50 33 20 28 13 17 1 6 - 14 - Hallows GS. St 32 (24) (7) (24) (6) (10) - (3) (3) (1) (-) Kerrian St Paul 54 42 27 26 25 15 1 24 - 3 - St Mary 133 145 36 86 109 41 10 14 14 8 - Major St 76 55 40 34 15 29 2 31 - 9 - Petrock St Mary 55 25 20 31 5 17 3 12 3 4 1 Arches St Olave 53 34 19 31 15 22 2 10 1 8 - Holy 97 96 35 59 61 31 3 22 7 6 - Trinity St 65 57 26 36 31 20 3 14 4 8 - George 392
St David 47 35 21 26 14 20 - 15 - 6 - St John 60 48 29 29 19 19 1 15 1 13 - The 119 Close St 50 Lawrenc e St Mary 20 Steps All 20 Hallows on the Walls TOTALS 956 812 321 456 381 270 31 186 35 96 4 %s 47.7 48.6 69.59 57.94 10.90 29.91 1.25 of Nils 28.24 of Total
(Source: Tudor Exeter, pp.7-44)
393
APPENDIX 4: THE TENTH OF 1489 - EXETER - THE HIGHEST ASSESSED TAXPAYERS
NAME AMOUNT PAID OCCUPATION/NOTES JOHANE RICHEMOND 43s 8d WIDOW HENRY HULL 42s 11d ESQUIRE JOHN SIDENHAM 33s LAWYER/GENTLEMAN THOMAS CALWODLEY 26s 3d LAWYER MATTHEW JUBB 21s 10d MERCHANT JOHN HOOKER 20s 7d MERCHANT/MERCER JOHN WADHAM & NICHOLAS 18s 11d KNIGHT & ESQUIRE BLEWETT WILLIAM OBLEY 18s 9d MERCHANT LEONARD GIFFORD 18s 4d UNKNOWN HEIRS OF ROBERT WYLLFORD* 18s 4d MERCHANT ROBERT CHUBBE 15s 11d TAILOR RICHARD GERMYN 15s MERCHANT RICHARD HELYER 14s 5d UNKNOWN PETER WYLLYAM 14s 1d MERCHANT JOHN SYMON 14s CLERK JOHN WADHAM 13S 9d KNIGHT JOHN BONYFANT 13s 4d LAWYER THOMAS SARIS 12s 8d UNKNOWN JOHN BETTY 12s 2d MERCER JOHN BATYN 11s 8d UNKNOWN ROGER HOLLAND 11s 8d LAWYER WALTER YORK 11s 5d MERCHANT/MERCER MARTIN FERRERS 11s 4d UNKNOWN ELIZABETH TREFFREY 11s 4d UNKNOWN JOHN ATWYLL 10s 9d MERCHANT JOHN CHALVEDON 10s 9d YEOMAN THOMAS STYLE 10s 7d UNKNOWN ROBERT HILL 10s UNKNOWN ROBERT RUSSELL 10s BELLFOUNDER
*Robert Wilford was a merchant and was the richest inhabitant of Exeter listed in the 1377 murage roll. (Kowaleski, Local Markets, pp.111, 114, 259).
(Source: Tudor Exeter, pp.1-5)
394
APPENDIX 5: THE EXETER ANTICIPATION OF 1523
Com. Devon. In thys boke be conteynyd the names an’ the surnames of al persons temporall whose lands or goodis extend too the valewe of xl li or above
Civitatis Exon
Parish St Lawrence
Richard Verney goods 200 marks
Parish St Stephen
John Holmer goods £40
Roger Bolter goods £100
Richard Duke goods £100
Hugh Page goods £100
Thomas Hunt goods £40
Parish St Martin
Nicholas Lymett goods £50
John Holmer the elder goods £40
Geoffrey Lewys goods £40
John Scose goods £60
William Peke goods £40
Parish All Hallows (Goldsmith Street)
John Sheldere goods £40
John Yeo goods £120
Parish St Kerrian
John Crugge goods £100
Humphrey Andrew goods £100
395
Anna Crugge goods 400 marks
Parish St Mary Major
Thomas Brerewodde goods £50
John Bryggeman goods £200
Walter Howell goods £40
Walter Howell att’ Corner goods £40
John Wolcott sen. goods 200 marks
John Balam goods £40
Richard Russell goods £40
William Somaster goods £40
Robert Hoker goods £40
Edward Daylond goods £40
Parish St Petrock
Peter Strache goods £100
John Calwodlegh goods £40
John Simond goods £100
John More gent. goods £100
Nicholas Kyrkeham goods 100 marks
Richard Martyn goods 100 marks
William Hurst goods £200
John Brycknoll goods £300
Robert Buller goods £200
John Buller goods 200 marks
Thomas Hunt goods 200 marks 396
John Thomas goods £40
William Buckeman goods £40
Parish St Mary Arches
John Bradmore goods 400 marks
William Forest goods £40
Christopher Lambert goods £100
John Amore goods £40
John Blackaller goods £200
Richard Androwe goods £240
Gilbert Kyrke goods £300
Richard Faux goods 100 marks
Robert Smyth goods £50
John Awayte goods £100
Parish St Olave
Roger Luxton esquire goods £110
Henry Hamlyn goods £200
William Peryham goods £200
Thomas Hodge goods £200
Thomas Herrys goods £200
Parish Holy Trinity
Richard Stubbys goods £40
John Noseworthy goods £40
Parish St George
Tristram Henscott goods 200 marks 397
William Hussey goods 100 marks
Parish St David
William Ratclyffe goods £100
William Morys goods £40
Mayor and Bailiffs £50
(Source: TNA, E179/97/186)
398
APPENDIX 6:
THE WEALTH OF EXETER TAILORS (1482) IN THE TENTH OF 1489
NAME ASSESSMENT TOTAL SENIOR GUILD OFFICE HELD Robert Chubb By Richard Fyssh 10d 15s 11d By John Michell 10d By John Coryer 6d By Reginald Gumby 10d By John Gumby 10d By Robert Bonefaunt 19d For two tenements 4d For Heirs of Robert Wylfford 2s For Henry Hull Esq. 8s 2d Richard Renewyll Richard Renewyll 4s 8s 10d Richard Renewyll 6d John Fowacres by Richard Renewyll 2s John Heyngston by Peter Chalmore & Richard Renewyll 2s 4d Richard Turner Richard Turner by John Auger 2s 8d 2s 8d M 1482 William Spicer* John Bonefaunt by William Spicer & 8s W 1498 William Robyns 8s John Ector Roger Holond by John Ector 5s 4d 5s 4d MW 1483 Robert Brendon Heirs of Robert Wylfford by Robert 3s Brendon & Henry Stevyn 3s John Tylham John Betty by John Tylham 2s 8d 2s 8d SW 1482 John Fursse* Thomas Burneby by John Fursse 2s 2s Henry Webber* John Pollard by Henry Webber 2s 2s John Rowter John Crockenhay by John Rowter 23d 1s 11d John Tregasew* Heirs of Robert Gambon by John 1s Tregasew 12d Thomas Penhale Thomas Penhale for himself 4d 4d W 1478 Simon Davy* Simon Davy for himself 3d 3d M 1483
* Bachelor in the Tailors’ guild in 1482. M - Master of the guild MW - Master Warden of the guild SW - Single Warden of the guild W - Warden of the guild
(Sources: DHC, ECA, TAB 1A f.96; Tudor Exeter, pp.1-5)
399
APPENDIX 7: ALIENS IN EXETER 1470-1570
TABLE 1- NUMBERS OF ALIENS LISTED IN EXETER 1484-1557.
YEAR NUMBER % TAXPAYERS SOURCE 1484 26 ALIEN SUBSIDY 1522 69 7.22 MILITARY SURVEY 1524/5 43 4.17 LAY SUBSIDY 1544 45 4.41 LAY SUBSIDY 1557 44 16.23 LAY SUBSIDY
(Sources: www.englandsimmigrants.com; Tudor Exeter, pp. 7-59)
TABLE 2: THE NATIONALITIES OF ALIENS RESIDENT IN EXETER 1484-1557
YEAR 1484 1522 1524/25 1544 1557 FLEMINGS/FLANDERS 26 2 DUTCH 15 8 ZEELAND 1 1 BRABANT 2 HOLLAND 6 1 FRIESLAND 1 UTRECHT 1 GELDERLAND 1
CLEVES 2 COLOGNE 1 HESSE 1 BRETON 13 11 1 NORMAN 7 5 PICARDY 1 FRENCH 8 1 LUCCA 1 LOMBARDY 1 SCOTS 1 GUERNSEY 1 1 MOOR 1 UNSPECIFIED ALIENS 2 14 37 43 INHABITANTS 8
(Source; Tudor Exeter, pp.7-58; www.englandsimmigrants.com)
TABLE 3: KNOWN OCCUPATIONS OF ALIENS IN EXETER IN THE 1480s
OCCUPATION NUMBER CORDWAINER 8 SERVANT 6 GOLDSMITH 6 CAPPER 3 BARBER 1 BEER-BREWER 1 400
POINTMAKER 1 COVERLET-MAKER 1 UNKNOWN 1
(Source: Mainly www.englandsimmigrants.com; Tudor Exeter, pp.1-5 but also drawn from a range of other manuscript sources)
TABLE 4: OCCUPATIONS OF ALIENS ENTERING THE CITY FREEDOM 1470-1520
OCCUPATION NUMBER SHOEMAKER/CORDWAINER 3 STAINER 2 GOLDSMITH 1 CAPPER 1 HATMAKER 1 OCCUPATION NOT RECORDED IN FREEDOM 10 ENTRY
OCCUPATIONS OF ALIENS ENTERING THE CITY FREEDOM 1521-1570
OCCUPATION NUMBER SHOEMAKER/CORDWAINER 4 HATMAKER 3 GOLDSMITH 1 BOOKBINDER 1 TAILOR 1 GLOVER 1 WAXCHANDLER 1 BAKER 1 CURRIER 1 PHYSICIAN 1 DOCTOR OF MEDICINE 1 OCCUPATION NOT RECORDED IN FREEDOM 8 ENTRY
(Source: Exeter Freemen)
TABLE 5: DESIGNATED OCCUPATIONS OF RECORDED ALIENS PAYING SHOP FINES 1511-1528
OCCUPATION NUMBER CLOTHING TRADES HATMAKER 8 CAPPER 3 HOSIER 2 TAILOR 2 LEATHER TRADES SHOEMAKER/CORDWAINER 6 POUCHMAKER 4 SKINNER 2 CURRIER 1 TANNER 1 HORNER 1 401
METAL TRADES SMITH 4 GOLDSMITH 3 FURBER 2 LOCKYER 2 PEWTERER 1 BUILDING TRADES STAINER 3 JOINER 1 GLAZIER 1 WORKMAN 1 DISTRIBUTIVE TRADES TINKER 3 PROFESSIONAL BOOKBINDER 2 BARBER 1 FOOD AND DRINK FISHMONGER 2 TEXTILE SHEARMAN 2 ALIENS OCCUPATION NOT STATED 15
(Source: DHA, AB I ff.174b-193a, Book 156b ff.1-29)
TABLE 6: RESIDENT ALIENS IN EXETER 1522-1524/25: STRUCTURE OF WEALTH
£40+ £20+ £19- £9- £4- £2- Less Nil £ Not 10 5 £2+ £1 than Listed £1 ALIENS1522 1 2 3 0 4 13 9 33 4
1522 NON- 56 46 85 79 47 165 69 388 21 ALIENS ALIENS 0 1 0 4 3 33 0 0 1 1524/5 1524/5 62 45 68 85 202 199 258 NOT 37 NON- INCLUDED ALIENS
(SOURCE: Tudor Exeter, pp.7-44, MacCaffrey, Exeter, p.248)
402
APPENDIX 8: THE RELIABILITY OF THE EXETER FREEMEN’S RECORDS 1470-1570.
The freemen’s records are of such importance in the study of the trading community for this period that it is necessary to consider their completeness as a record overall. This can now be done by examining them alongside the shop fines, a source which has not been used by historians of Tudor Exeter before, as well as by comparing them with our knowledge of some of the lesser civic officials and with the guild records. In this study, the surviving records of the Tailors’ guild have been used more fully than by any previous examination of early Tudor Exeter. Further, a record survives of a group of men who were presented at the Mayor’s Court in June 1560 for being freemen within their guilds but not having taken up the freedom of the city.
An initial comparison has been made with city bailiffs who attained that office but progressed no further up the civic hierarchy (Group D in the study of city government).9 It could be expected that all the city bailiffs would have been freemen. For the period from 1470 to 1519, there were 69 of these men and 61 (88.4%) are recorded in Exeter Freemen. The situation in the years from 1520 to 1570 is similar, as of 71 Group D bailiffs 66 (92.9%) are recorded in Exeter Freemen. This study has established clearly that the wardenship of Exebridge was a stepping stone to being appointed as a city bailiff. A group of 29 men who took on this office between 1470 and 1570 but did not progress further within the city government, (Group E), has also been analysed.10 For 24 of them (82.7%) their entry to the city freedom can clearly be identified in Exeter Freemen. In addition, a further four men can be identified as masters who had apprentices taking up the freedom and therefore they must have been freemen themselves but the record of their own entry is not extant (a further 13.8%). This suggests overall that most of these key officials, just outside the council elite, do appear in the Exeter Freemen lists.
The Exeter shop fine entries can also be used to test the validity of the Exeter Freemen records. An examination has been made of all the men who were marked as ‘lib’ within the shop fine lists which survive dating from 1512 to 1542.
9 See 2.1 10 Ibid. 403
They were clearly seen as not having to pay shop fines because they had already become city freemen. No reference has been made here to the smaller number of men marked as ‘lib’ in those shop fine lists recently discovered which date from the 1560s as there are fewer ‘lib’ entries. In total 118 men are recorded as ‘lib’ in the shop fine records from between 1512 and 1542 and 102 of these (86.4%) can be traced entering the freedom. Fourteen of these men cannot be found in Exeter Freemen and a further two were recorded as either the master of a freeman or the father of one, so in the latter cases they would have been free. Overall, it seems that the shop fine material is well able to confirm the value of Exeter Freemen for the historian.
Finally, comparisons can be made with the guild records. Membership lists survive for this period for the guilds of the tailors, the merchants, and the weavers, tuckers and shearmen. The fullest material is available for the tailors. It was laid down in their charter from Edward IV’s reign that the shop-holding tailors were to be freemen of Exeter.11 Lists of members of the tailor’s guild from 1482, 1520, 1559 and 156412 have been compared with the freemen’s records.
TAILORS’ GUILD MEMBERS WITHIN THE CITY FREEDOM
YEAR NUMBER OF FULL NUMBER WITHIN THE CITY FREEDOM % MEMBERS 1482 30 25 83 1520 51 38 74 1559 60 57 95 1564 66 59 89
(Source: DHC, ECA, TAB 1A and TAB 1; Exeter Freemen)
Overall, it can be seen from the table that the majority of the Tailors’ guild members can be traced as entering the city freedom, or, in a small number of cases, as masters who had apprentices taking up the freedom. The extent of this also increased towards the end of the period studied, perhaps reflecting the tighter controls exercised by the city council. A study has also been made using the Act Books of the Tailors’ guild where specific mention is made of the ‘abling’
11 DHC, ECA, Exeter Tailors’ Records, Charter granted by Letters Patent, 17th November 1466. Printed in Toulmin Smith, English Guilds, pp.300-301. 12 DHC, ECA, TAB 1A ff. 96, 105; TAB 1 ff. 27b, 33b. 404 and acceptance of new men into the guild. This provides a broader picture directly founded in the activities of the guild. Records of this are more systematic within Tailors’ Act Book 1, which commences in1534, than within Tailors’ Act Book 1A, which covers the earlier period. A more reliable analysis is possible for the years from 1534 to 1570.In these years 105 tailors are recorded as entering the guild and of these 83 (79%) can be identified as members of the Exeter freedom, a reasonably high figure. Further to this, if we examine the entries in Exeter Freemen of men whose occupation is designated as tailor or by men who at their entry to the freedom had a master designated as a tailor in the years from 1534 to 1570, then 36 of 42 (85.7%) of these tailors can be traced in the records of their guild. This further confirms the overall accuracy of the freemen’s records.Closer examination shows that within this period nearly all the failures to match the two sets of records occur in the earlier years, before 1550. The Exeter Freemen entries between 1540 and 1545 do not contain any occupational designations, making them less useful. There are also sixteen years in the late fifteenth century for which no occupational information is available within the Exeter Freemen lists as they rely solely on the Book 55 entries.13
The Merchant’s Company stipulated that all of its members were to become freemen of the city within one month of joining and of course at the time of its foundation the new members were freemen.14 The first full membership list is extant for 1560, two years after it was formed.15 It had 65 members at this point and of these 58 (89.2%) can be identified within Exeter Freemen. We would expect the merchants to be most represented within the freeman records but the high incidence of involvement does further help to confirm the reliability of the Exeter Freemen list.
Comparison can be made with work carried out on the Weavers, Tuckers and Shearer’s guild in Elizabeth’s reign. There ‘Comparisons of the admissions to the Gild with admissions to the freedom of the city during the reign of Elizabeth shows that out of well over one hundred weavers, tuckers and shearmen admitted to the Gild, barely one third became freemen of the city’ and ‘The city
13 Exeter Freemen, pp. 74-76. The other years where these is no occupational information are 1473-4, 1475-6, 1477-82, 1483-4, 1486-7, 1488-91, 1492-94, 1496-97, 1497-98. 14 DHC, ECA, 58/7/11 f.2a. 15 Ibid., f. 7a. 405 freemen’s lists….show hardly any men designated weaver, tucker (fuller) or shearmen who cannot be traced in the records of the Gild.’16
On 8th June 1560, it what is an extremely unusual occurrence within the extant city records, a group of men was presented before the Mayor’s Court for being ‘fre of corporacyons and not fre of the citie.’17 This seems to further indicate that there was some significant evasion of the city freedom at this time.
Overall the Exeter Freemen lists are a very valuable source for historians of Exeter. A strong element of reliability has been ascertained by comparison with the known lesser city officials, the shop fines evidence, and the records of three Exeter guilds. There are clearly a significant number of years for which they are less useful due to the lack of occupational information which they provide. Overall, they do seem to be more useful for the study of the period from the mid-sixteenth century onwards than for the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Their fullness can be most questioned by comparison with the members of the Tailors’ guild in the early period and with the later weavers, tuckers and shearmen, as city freedom was a requirement for the Exeter guildsmen. The Exeter Freemen lists are most reliable when studying the city elite but become less so when looking at the middling master craftsmen of the city.
16 Youings, Tucker’s Hall, p.42. 17 DHC, ECA, Book 1 f.40. 406
APPENDIX 9: THE DIRECTION OF OVERSEAS TRADE IN THE PORT OF EXETER 1567-1569
1. THE DIRECTION OF TRADE - IMPORTS AND EXPORTS - PORT OF EXETER 1567/68.
PORT /AREA IMPORTS-NUMBER OF EXPORTS-NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS SHIPMENTS ROCHELL (La Rochelle) 23 20 BORDEAUX 13 3 ST MALO 9 3 FLANDERS 8 5 ANDOLOZIA (Andalusia) 7 3 BYSKEY (Biscay) 5 2 MORLAIX 5 5 BURNESS 5 2 LYSHEBOURNE (Lisbon) 4 6 CROSSEWYKE (Le Croisic) 4 0 OLERON 3 0 POLGNYN (Polgnyl) 2 1 INSULA SURRIS (Azores) 2 0 CONQUET (Le Conquet) 2 4 MARBELIS (Marbella) 2 0 ROAN (Rouen) 1 1 PORTSHALL( Portsall) 1 0 ST MARTYN(St Martin le Brieuc) 1 1 WEYSSHAUNTE (Ushant) 1 1 ABERWRATHE (L’Aberwrac’h) 1 0 AGO FERA (Fera) 1 0 VELIUS MALEGA (Velez-Malaga) 1 0 ABERDUTHE 1 3 SPAIN 0 2 SAINT LUCAS (San Lucar de 1 0 Barrameda) NANNCE (Nantes) 1 0 BORAGE (Bay of Brouage) 0 1 ODIARNE (Audierne) 0 1 ILKERE 0 1 FECKAM (Fecamp) 0 1 NORMANDY 0 1 HIBERNIA (Ireland) 0 1 GUERNSEY 0 1 PORTINGAL (Portugal) 0 1
(Source: TNA, E190/926/1)
2. THE DIRECTION OF OVERSEAS TRADE -IMPORTS AND EXPORTS-PORT OF EXETER 1569/70.
PORT/AREA IMPORTS-NUMBER OF EXPORTS-NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS SHIPMENTS ROCHELL (La Rochelle) 14 8 MORLAIX 11 6 ST MALO 10 3 NANNCE (Nantes) 10 2 BORDEAUX 8 3 GUERNSEY 5 3 RONE (Rouen) 4 3 ST JOHN DE LUCE (St Jean 3 3 de Luz) 407
HANBOROUGH (Hamburg) 2 1 INSULIS DE 1 1 SURREY(Azores) CROSWYKE (Le Croisic) 1 0 LYSBORNE (Lisbon) 1 0 DEPE (Dieppe) 1 0 LANYON (Lannion) 1 0 INDEA (Portuguese ‘Indies’) 0 1 DANSKE (Danzig) 0 1
(Source: TNA, E190/927/7)
408
APPENDIX 10: THE VOLUME OF SHIPPING IN THE PORT OF EXETER 1469-1570
1. THE VOLUME OF SHIPPING ENTERING THE PORT OF EXETER RECORDED IN THE PARTICULARS OF CUSTOMS ACCOUNTS AND PORT BOOKS 1469-1570
YEAR EXETER OR SHIPS FROM NO PORT OF TOTAL SHIPS TOPSHAM OTHER PORTS CONNECTION ENTERING THE SHIPS RECORDED PORT -1469 3 14 0 17 -1471 0 29 0 29 1474-75 0 0 32 0 1482-83 5 23 1 29 1491-92 10 30 2 42 1492-93 11 58 2 71 1493-94 8 40 0 48 1498-99 20 75 0 95 1502-03 10 43 2 55 1506-07 17 50 1 68 1508-09 22 41 3 66 1509-10 23 69 0 92 1515-16 16 70 6 92 1517-18 10 61 7 78 1518-19 8 67 9 84 1520-21 6 38 51 95 1523-24 1 18 19 38 1525-26 7 78 18 103 1528-29 0 69 27 96 1530-31 0 71 27 98 1531-32 0 70 31 101 1532-33 1 72 21 94 1533-34 7 77 29 113 1534-35 10 109 29 148 1537-38 13 70 29 112 1540-41 9 79 26 104 1541-42 4 89 18 107 1543-44 2 38 14 54 1544-45 3 26 11 40 1545-46 1 26 1 28 1546-47 1 41 2 44 1550-51 4 74 4 82 1551-52 7 80 5 92 1554-55 26 76 5 107 1557-58 3 15 0 18 1558-59 6 58 2 66 1562-63 13 41 3 59 -1565 10 37 0 47 1566-67 24 93 0 117 1567-68 19 86 0 105 1568-69 23 43 1 67 1569-70 19 55 0 74
(Source: TNA, E122, E190)
409
2. THE VOLUME OF SHIPPING LEAVING THE PORT OF EXETER RECORDED IN PARTICULARS OF CUSTOMS ACCOUNTS AND PORT BOOKS 1471-1570
YEAR EXETER/ SHIPS NO PORT TOTAL SHIPS TOPSHAM CONNECTED RECORDED RECORDED SHIPS WITH OTHER PORTS -1471 0 22 0 22 1474-75 0 21 0 21 1482-83 4 13 0 17 1491-92 10 24 3 37 1492-93 10 45 1 56 1493-94 9 22 0 31 1498-99 26 43 1 70 1502-03 14 28 2 44 1506-07 18 40 1 59 1508-09 22 29 1 52 1509-10 21 33 2 58 1515-16 17 33 6 56 1517-18 9 39 5 53 1518-19 8 33 12 53 1520-21 2 32 38 72 1523-24 3 16 15 34 1531-32 0 27 22 47 1533-34 6 36 25 67 1534-35 1 13 12 26 1537-38 11 29 22 62 1540-41 9 34 22 65 1541-42 2 41 19 62 1543-44 2 11 9 22 1544-45 0 15 17 32 1545-46 1 24 3 28 1546-47 2 27 1 30 1550-51 4 41 4 49 1551-52 8 55 3 66 1554-55 17 38 0 55 1557-58 4 2 0 6 1558-59 7 31 0 38 1562-63 17 26 0 43 -1565 12 25 0 37 1566-67 18 58 0 76 1567-68 16 38 0 74 1568-69 19 27 0 46 1569-70 18 20 0 38
(Source: TNA, E122, E190)
410
3. THE VOLUME OFSHIPPING ENTERING THE PORT OF EXETER- OVERSEAS AND COASTAL TRADE AS RECORDED IN THE EXETER TOWN CUSTOMS ACCOUNTS
YEAR EXETER/ SHIP NO PORT TOTAL SHIPS TOPSHAM SHIPS CONNECTED RECORDED RECORDED WITH OTHER PORTS 1470-71 2 137 2 141 1473-74 15 81 1 97 1476-77 32 115 6 153 1479-80 12 20 3 35 1480-81 1 3 2 6 (1477-81) 23 35 2 60 1483-84 18 78 2 98 1484-85 20 53 6 79 1486-87 6 46 3 55 1488-89 17 95 4 116 1489-90 16 89 7 112 1490-91 11 81 5 97 1492-93 20 128 3 151 1493-94 13 91 2 106 1494-95 13 111 8 142 1496-97 19 69 3 91 1497-98 29 113 4 146 1501-02 36 90 3 129 1504-05 30 74 16 120 1507-08 38 100 3 141 1526-27 12 78 9 99 1542-43 5 42 21 68 1543-44 2 50 14 66 1544-45 0 6 2 8 1556-57 10 69 5 84 1557-58 3 38 4 45 1558-59 2 51 6 59 1559-60 0 40 5 45 1560-61 3 104 48 155 1561-62 7 63 36 106 1562-63 4 56 38 98 1563-64 3 33 27 63 1564-65 1 33 46 80 1567-68 13 78 10 101
(Source: DHC, ECA, Exeter Town Customs)
411
APPENDIX 11: EXETER MARKETS
CLOTH, WOOL AND YARN MARKET Cloth market for linen and woollen cloth referred to in 1533, for ‘merchants strangers and foreigners coming to the same cite’ or non- freemen bringing cloth into Exeter.
Main instigator of project to establish new cloth market in Exeter Henry Hamlyn in 1538. Played a key role in the life of the city. Likely that his ambition and experience pushed Exeter further in its domination of the local cloth trade by the late 1530s. Market for cloth, wool and yarn established in his second mayoralty against the opposition of Crediton, the main Devon wool market, and from within the city council itself. Opposition overcome with Hamlyn and his supporters providing finances for the project themselves.
By 1541 raw cloth and yarn being sold on Wednesdays and Fridays in new building in the ‘Cokery,’ or ‘’Cookerewe’ (Cook Row) stated to be adjoining the walls and house of the Vicars Choral and also near St George’s church.
Yarn market leased in 1547 and 1554.
By 1555 city was leasing the New Inn, in the High Street near St Stephen’s church, from the Dean and Chapter which had been converted into a hall for the sale of cloth, linen and other merchandise. It was referred to as the Merchants’ Hall.
Raw cloth was also sold in the street. 1556 limited by the city council to Northgate Street from Waterbury Street (Waterbeer Street) down towards the North Gate.
412
Last of a series of changes a separate yarn market was built near St Mary Major church. Built by March 1571. CORN MARKET 1522 reference to a bell in the city’s house (presumably the Guildhall) next to the corn market.
1559 corn market was held on Wednesdays and Fridays. MALT AND LEATHER MARKET City council agreed to a malt and leather market being held at the Little Conduit at the East Gate in 1529 but this was quickly repealed. Also in 1523 tanners, who had standings in the street on market days, were now to be beneath the ‘lytyll style’ ( in St. George’s parish.) OAT MARKET The ‘lytyll style’ site of the oat market and also beneath the location of the shoemakers. (Not clear if this is where they traded or if it was site of their guildhall) FISH MARKET Exeter’s Ash Wednesday Fair and the city itself laws long established as a centre for sale of fish in late Medieval era. In the fourteenth century hostellers and innkeepers had been important in the fish trades. In 1437William Wynard had bought the custom for selling fish in Exeter and the trestles and table for selling fish in the markets and fairs for 21 years. There were few Exeter based fishmongers and fishers. Disputes concerning the sale of fish in Exeter at the Shrovetide fair by Salcombe men in 1564 when they had their fish ‘stayed in theire shops yn the highe streete.’ A fish market was held in the city by 1573 as there were city decrees concerning the sweeping and cleansing of the street in the afternoon after 4pm following it. POULTRY MARKET Poultry market where eggs, pigs, butter, cheese, capons and ducks all sold near the
413
Guildhall re-situated further up the street (presumably High Street) upwards from All Hallows church (Goldsmith Street)in 1558. SALE OF RABBITS The council ordered in 1560 that rabbits were to be sold only at the Guildhall door. SALE OF FELLS AND SKINS 1560 and three years later butchers and victuallers to sell fells and skins in the open market only in the High Street, at the town well, in the side of the street next to ‘our lady chapel. CATTLE AND HIDES MARKET 1562 council stated that all cattle, and raw hides, were to be sold in the High Street at St. John’s Bow.
(Sources: ECA, AB I, AB II, AB III, AB IV, Book 51; TNA, C1, E122, Prob. 11; Exeter Freemen, Tudor Exeter ; L& P Henry VIII)
414
APPENDIX 12: THE WILL AND BIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS BOND, EXETER MERCHANT LIVING IN SPAIN, d. 1501
THOMAS BOND’S WILL 1501 (TNA, Prob 11/13/483)
In the name of god amen know all that this testament shall see how that Thomas Bond englisshe merchaunt neighbour of the cittie of Excettor whiche ys in the Realme of Englond now beyng in the citie of groyne beyng hoole of mynd thanked be god belevyng in the holy faith catholik fader son and holy gost and the Trinitie which liveth and reigneth for ever a every xistyen child oweth to holde and believe dreding deth which is a thing naturall by the which I must pass the which no manner of persons lyving In this world can not eskape Therefore I make this my testament in the which I ordeyne my goods and things to be well ordeynedand departed as herafter shall be shewed that may be to the service of god and the welle andprofit of my soule first geve and I commend my soule to the all myghti god that made hit to his owne ymage and semblance of And I aske for charitie our lady seint mary the virgin seints all the company of heven be myn advocate in the houre of my deth and at the day of the grat jugement and by this my seid testament and codicil I ratifie and afferme for good oon my testament that I made and ordeyned and wrote with myn hand in the seid citie of Excettor in my helth and sealed with my seale at the tyme that I departed from the seid citie to this Realme of Galisia………present for witnesses the cureut of seint pancras and other in the seid testament conteyned the which I left in the hands and power of Johan Bond my wiff The which said testament I woll shall availeand be fulfilled as in thesame it is conteigned not going or doing against hit without it be in amending or correcting of the same I woll that if our lord god deliver me from this present liff in this citie of the groyne that my body be buried in the monastury of Seint domynick in the seid citie before the chapel of our lady of Rosario or ells before the crucifix that shalbe put on the new palour
Item I will that the day of my buring myn executors cause to be said for me in the monestari of seint domynik Ij masses by note and x low masses of Requiem for my soule at the vij day a nother masse by note and vj low masses 415 and I woll that myn executourscause to be made for me a sepulchre of stone and sett upon my body that shall be of the hight above the erthe a cubit litell more or lesse and put thereupon an Epithaphe of my name and that I was dweller of Excetter
Item I will that thei clothe me in a abite of seint dominico and that they pay unto the freers of the seid monastery for the greve and for the abite iij ducats of gold and that myn executors cause to be seid for me a dirge by them that shall bring my body to the seid monastari which shall amounte to ij ducats and iij torches and tapers of wex that shall amounte to oon ducat and half
Item I bequeath to the lights and works of the church of Seint James in the seid Citie of Groyne iiij Realls
Item I bequethe to the churches our lady of campo and of Seint Thomas Seint George and Seint Nicholas of the seid Citie of Groyne every of them for ther lights and works other iiij Realls
Item I bequethe to the monastrier of Sint Frannceys of theseid Citie of the Groyne iij ducat of gold towards a dyner for the seid freers and I wool that theseid freers of the seid monastari say for me in the day of my buring and in other ij days folowyng xxiiij masses of Requiem in the seid monastari and that thei pay for them oon ducatof gold
Item I bequethe to the monastari of Seint Barbara of the seid citie half a ducat of gold
Item I bequethe to all the hospitals of the seid Citie of Groyne and the suburbs of the same to every of the same iiij Realls toward the hepe of mete and drink for the poore people that shall be in them at the tyme of my decesse
Item I bequethe unto the orders of they holy trinitie and our lady de la mersede for to help and redemyn of xistyen people of the lond of the moris and unto the holy cruciat ther half a Riall
Item I bequethe unto the lasers of Seint Lucia aboute the citie of groyne iiij rialls
Item I bequethe unto the fraternities of the holy crosse of the penitents and of our lady of the which ben brethren to the Cordinars and of Seint Mark unto
416 every of them iiij Rialls and that the brethren of them Worship my body and go wt it wt the torches of the seid brotherhodd
Item I woll that myn Executours bye asmoche bred and wynne flishe or fiche at the day of my buring as shal amounte to v ducats and that the departe and gyve them to poore people that thei shall see that bee most necessary
Item I declare that I have in power in this citie of groyne this goods and mony following
Ffirst Liiij castilyans of gold
Lii ducats be worth every oon iiij Rialls
A juell of gold sett wt litell perlys wt a coloured stone
Ij rings of gold sett wt sapheurs and othe ij wt coloured stones called Rubies and other ij rings of gold that wey viij ducatsof gold realls
A goblet of silver that Wey v unc laking a reall
Xii mrc iiij unc of old realls
Also I have in a bag granat stones that cost me iiij ducats a broken suphon wth in a flour a Ring of gold wt a saphor ij litell turkases a Juell wt an Anngel of gold called a balisse a hope of gold of ij folds and a few litell perells in a cloth which ben worth tow ducacats
Thies bey the parcells and plegges that I the seid Thomas Bond have of freere dominico marzon frère Seint dominico a pece of silver and gilt wt Seint James shell in the bottom a girdell of silver and gilt in pledge for xv doucatts a pece of silver of GonsaloSuares fogero ponnced and in the bottom and by the brune gilit iij pledge for vi unc of old realls a pece wt a Seint James shell in the botom iij pledge for a Castillion and vi Realls
Item I will that Robert Bond merchaunt my son shall recovere and receive and take in his possession and power all the aboveseid detts to me owing and restore the pledges to the owners
Item that he receve of Gormes Crewe dweller of pontevedra Lxx maravades as it appereth by a bill of congnoscement served wth his hand and that he
417 demande and receive more of (name blank in document) dweller of Rebadivia Lxxxiii li mardaves which I of truste left in his keeping and deposite and more that Receve of John Maceredo dweller of Seint James all the maravedes and things that he hath in keeping of myn and the which of trust I delivered him And I woll that that the foresaid Robert Bond my son Recorde and receive all theseid detts and duties and all other dueties and all those other my godds and doings and doing gold and plate juells and merchandises that I have and to me appertegning in this Citie of the Groyne and in the Citie of Seint James and I the towne of Rabadeva and in all other parishes and places what soever thei be of this Realme of Galisia for the Recorde
Whereof I geve to the seid Robert my full power and authorite and I woll that he have full and sufficient power for all the premises aswell as though Johane Bond my wif and other my children were present wt him And that he may gyve and confesse for himself and for his seid modwer writing and writings of payment ende a quitamet warnt that it shuld be necessary of any power of myseid wif and children
Item I make the foresaid Robert Bond my son myn executor and fulfiller of this my testament and codicil soo that he may fulfil and pay for my goods and with oute his hurt And also and in like wise I woll that theseid Robert Joyntly wt the fore seid Johane Bond my wif shalbe executors wt his of myn other testament I left made in the power of my seid wif and of this testament and codicil and in all things I woll and make the foresaid Robert my son Johane Richard Julian and Johane my sonnes and daughters myn heyrd universall in all my goods moevable and unmoevable which my children I have goten of theseid Johane my wiff the which Johanne Joyntly wt the seid Robert I woll that both shall fulfil and kepe my testament as in them is conteyned
This seid testament was mad and confermed by the seid Thomas Bond Englishman in theseid Citie of the Groyne the xviij day of the moneth of Juyn in the yere of our lord god Jhesus Crist MV and oon there being present witnesses by the seid Thomas Bond
Roy de Beige merchaunt
Fernand Ruson sadler
418
Gonsalo Denule and Peter Roderigo cordinar dwellers wt in theseid citie
Probate granted 12 July 1503. Robert Bond procurator Robert Bond and Johane Bond executors
THOMAS BOND BIOGRAPHY
Thomas Bond provides the best example in the early Tudor period of an Exeter merchant living and working abroad. Bond entered the freedom in August 1462 having served an apprenticeship with the leading Exeter mercer Robert Smythe.18 By 1470/71 he had become one of the city bailiffs and in 1486/87 served as receiver of the city and Town Customer.He was a member of the town council in 1499.19 In 1482 he was granted a general pardon. He was designated as a ‘merchant; and the pardon did not extend to any debts he owed to customs officials throughout the realm.20 In the Tenth of 1489 he paid 4s tax for himself, so owned property, and therefore we can infer that his career was prospering.21 It also seems possible that in that year he was living in St Petrock.22 He had strong connections that parish at the time he left the city. 23 Bond states that he wrote the will himself in his own hall and that he applied his own seal to it before his departure. This gives the impression that he was a merchant of some standing. He must have been aged about 65 in 1501 when in his will he refers to himself as an ‘englisshe merchaunte neighbour of the citie of Excettor now being in the citie of Groyne.’ (Corunna) in north- western Spain.24 This is unusual as fewer English merchants were resident in Northern Spain than in Southern Spain at this time.25
Thomas Bond’s widow, Johane, was assessed on goods valued at £9 in the Military Survey of 1522 and on lands worth 26s 8d, all in the parish of St
18 Exeter Freemen, p.54. 19 DHC, ECA, MCR 10/11 Edward IV, RR 2/3 Henry VII; Wilkinson, Medieval Council, p.94 based on evidence from MCR 15/16 Henry VII. 20 CPR, Edward IV, Edward V and Richard III 1476-1485, p.261. 21 Tudor Exeter, p.2. 22 Ibid. ppviii-ix, 2. It can be tentatively suggested from the order in which the names appear in the 1489 Tenth that a group of the taxpayers were resident in St Petrock at the time. 23 TNA, Prob 11/13/483. The curate of that parish acted as the joint witness of his initial will. 24 TNA, Prob 11/13/483. 25 Childs, ‘A paradise hit is to behold’. 419
Pancras.26 It seems unlikely, therefore, that he had married a Spanish woman. No Bond appears in the lay subsidy of two years later, though the entries for St Pancras parish are very incomplete.27 Thomas Bond in his will mentions five children, three sons, Robert, Richard and John and two daughters Johane and Julian.28 Robert Bond is designated as a merchant in his father’s will and is given the duty of collecting debts owed to his father from three men, who seem to be Spaniards, living in Pontevedra, Rabadivia and Santiago. The sums owing were 80,000, 59,000 and an unspecified sum of maravedis.29 Bond also had gold, plate, jewels and merchandise in Corunna. He also mentions goods in Santiago, Ribidavia and other places in Galicia in his will. At the very least Bond had goods and debts owing to him worth well over £112.30
No Robert Bond has been traced in Exeter up to 1537. However, in a case dating from 1537 concerning the misdemeanours of a factor called Robert Harvey from Plymouth, one of the ship’s company of the ‘Erasmus’ called Anthony Cornell stated that he had visited the house of a certain Robert, an Englishman at Corunna. This could be the same Robert.31
The surname Bond can be traced back in the records of the freedom of the city as early as 1299.32 There was certainly one mid-fourteenth century draper of the same surname.33 Bonds continued to take up the freedom in later Tudor Exeter such as Roger Bonde in August 1566 as an apprentice of the tailor’s widow, Joan Tuckfield.34 A John Bond appears in Exeter’s later Tudor tax assessments, as a resident in St John’s parish in the early 1590s.35 Bonds can be traced in the parish registers of St Mary Major, St Sidwell’s, Holy Trinity and St David’s parishes in the 1560s and 1570s but the parish registers of St John’s
26 Tudor Exeter, p.10. His wife is called Johane in his will as is the widow in St Pancras in 1522. 27 Ibid., p.38. 28 TNA, Prob 11/13/483. 29 Vanes, John Smythe, p.336. By the fifteenth century it was a medieval Spanish unit of value and account. As a coin it had been abolished in fourteenth century. Originally 3 maravedis was equal to one Real but by 1497 it was equivalent to 34 maravedis. 30 TNA, Prob 11/13/483. 31 Connell Smith, Forerunners of Drake, pp. 12-13. 32 Exeter Freemen, p.6. 33 Ibid., p.34. 34 Ibid., p.87. 35 Tudor Exeter, p.74. 420 and St Pancras are not extant until the later part of the seventeenth century. There is no trace of a Bond in the St Petrock’s registers.36
Thomas Bond has been identified in the customs accounts trading through Exeter in the years from 1470 to 1497, though there is much fuller evidence for his trading in the 1470s.He was recorded in the Town Customs accounts but does not appear in the less complete Particulars of Customs.This could indicate that a good deal of his business involved the re-shipment of imported goods into Exeter from other English ports. A port of connection is given for all of the ships on which he transported goods and there were no foreign vessels.The largest number of ships he used was from Ottermouth and Dartmouth but they included others from a range of Devonian, Cornish and Dorset ports as well as from Southampton.His largest number of imports was of woad and crest cloth but he also brought into Exeter a number of cargoes of tin, wine, sweet wine and madder.There were also shipments of alum, white soap and soap, honey, salt, cards, hops, almonds and sugar.37 Some of these could have been Spanish goods acquired by Bond in Southampton or possibly Bristol. Childs notes the increase in these goods being imported into those ports in the late fifteenth century and that they were not directly brought by the alien merchants to Devon and Cornwall. Dyestuffs, mordants, soaps and cards were needed by the growing cloth industry.38 In September 1497 he shipped in four tons of iron and two tons of wine on the ‘Mary’ of Falmouth. The importing of iron shows his involvement in the trade with northern Spain as most came from the Biscayan ports.39
Bond was also trading directly through Southampton. Published customs accounts have been investigated for that port, which was an important trading link for Exeter in the earlier part of the period studied. D.B.Quinn’s edition of the port’s customs accounts for the reign of Edward IV is un-indexed but a search was made of its contents.40 Thomas Bond is listed as a ‘freeman of Excestre’. He brought ten pieces of tin into Southampton in June 1470, six bales of woad
36 References to Bonds are contained in DHC, Exeter, St Mary Major PR1 (Marriages), St Sidwell PR1 (Marriages and Burials), Holy Trinity PR1 (Burials), St David PR1 (Baptisms, Marriages and Burials). St Pancras registers are extant from 1664 and St John from 1682. 37 DHC, ECA, TC 10/11, 13/14, 16/17, 17/18 Edward IV, 4/5, 10/11, 13/14 Henry VII. 38 Childs, Anglo-Castilian Trade, pp. 107-112. 39 Ibid., pp.112-119. 40 Quinn, Port Books of Southampton. 421 in March 1481 and thirty four pieces of tin in August 1481.In his venture in 1470 five of his co-shippers are noted as being freemen of London. In his second shipment in 1481 two of them were freemen of London and one from the honour of Wallingford.41 In Southampton in the 1470s John Walker and Walter James, as well as Henry Denys of London, were frequent traders and they were also significant traders through Exeter, often associated with Thomas Bond.
Thomas Bond established a wide trading network. In 1489 he brought debt actions in Common Pleas against John Shephard, a Bristol merchant, John Kendale a Bridgwater merchant, the Devon mercer John Hogge from Plympton and William Halle and John Sherman, two Ottery St Mary dyers.42 He was not really involved in trading partnerships and appears in the customs account as a sole trader though in 1474 he did ship tin into Exeter in partnership with John Taillor, one of the port’s leading tin merchants.43
We can be fairly certain that Thomas Bond spent some time out of the country in the 1490s and early 1500s, probably residing in Northern Spain. Bond did not take up the Exeter mayoralty, which he would surely have done had he lived continuously in the city. Also in his will he made several bequests to religious institutions in Corunna.He wished that if he died his body should be buried and masses said in the ‘monastary of saint domynyk’.44 He also wanted a stone sepulchure to be set up which was to record his name and the fact that he was an Exonian. Bond also wanted to be buried in the habit of St Dominic, thus indicating his close attachment to that order.He also bequeathed four reals 45 each to five specified churches and four reals to the city hospital in Corunna for the sustenance of the poor at the time of his death. The ‘lasers’ (lepers) of Saint Lucia in the city were also left four reals each, as was each member of the Fraternity of the Holy Cross of the Penitent and Our Lady.There seems to have been some connection between this brotherhood and the Fraternity of St Mark and the cordwainers in the city.The monks of St Francis of Corunna were also to say twenty four requiem masses and to celebrate a burial day dinner for
41 Ibid., Vol.1, p.18, Vol. 2, pp.158, 172. 42 TNA, CP40/907/1351. 43 DHC, ECA, TC 13/14 Edward IV. 44 TNA, Prob. 11/13/483. 45 See n.21. 422
Bond. Finally the Englishman seems to have had some admiration for the work of the Order of Holy Trinity and Our Lady in the winning of Christian souls in ‘the land of the moris’ (Moors) and therefore left each of the members half a real each. His will was witnessed in Corunna on 18th June 1501 by four citizens of the town: a merchant, a saddler, a cordwainer and one man without a specified occupation.46 Bond had strong links with the Spanish leather crafts.
Thomas Bond was a significant merchant in the port of Exeter in the 1470s and 80s trading especially in tin and woad. He was also involved in trading through other ports, especially Southampton. Bond was a man of civic prominence in Exeter and rose to become the city receiver in 1486. He had a wide trading network at the end of the 1480s.Had he remained in Exeter he would no doubt have served as mayor and the reasons for him not attaining the position are uncertain. He was probably more involved in Spanish trading and residing in Galicia by the 1490s, becoming more involved in the life of that province. His will provides evidence of his considerable involvement there. He became resident in Corunna, where he died in 1501.He provides the best example in the early Tudor period of an Exeter merchant living and working abroad.
46 TNA, Prob. 11/13/483. 423
APPENDIX 13 :EXETER OCCUPATIONS RECORDED IN COURT OF COMMON PLEAS 1470 - 1554 Christian Year Name Surname Occupation Parish Notes 1470 Otto Mayawe yeoman 1470 Richard Lowe schoolmaster 1470 John William(s) dyer Exe Island 1470 Stephen Bragge dyer Exe Island 1470 Richard Moderos dyer Exe Island 1470 John Booth bishop 1470 Christopher Tonte chapman 1470 Arnold Holt goldsmith 1470 William Wilton shoemaker 1472 David John yeoman 1472 John Strange barber 1472 John Booth bishop 1472 William Elyot clerk 1472 Roger Stotte butcher 1472 William Tremayne gent 1472 John Colle mercer 1472 William Paulyn clerk 1472 Nicholas Crese clerk 1472 Thomas Lake chaplain 1472 Thomas Bolter chaplain 1472 Thomas Castell gent 1472 Roger Hakeworthy dyer 1472 Thomas Calwodlegh esq 1472 Richard Clevehanger butcher 1472 Stephen Colbeare draper 1472 William Knyght gent St Sidwell 1472 John Peke smith 1472 Thomas Collys clerk 1472 John Wodelond clerk 1472 Thomas Cole husbandman St Sidwell
424
1472 John Lewys husbandman 1472 Thomas Blower merchant wife Agnes 1472 Vincent Glasier glasier 1472 Thomas Antony smith 1472 William Wylton shoemaker 1472 Philippa Wynne spinster 1472 Walter Kynnecote clerk 1472 Thomas Bray chapman also of Abingdon, Berkshire 1472 John atte Wylle gent/bailiff son of William atte Wylle 1472 John Baker baker also of Dolton, Devon 1472 William Elyngham chapman 1472 Thomas White goldsmith 1472 Richard Bury mercer 1472 William Tregarthyn chaplain 1472 Richard Lowe schoolmaster 1472 William More ostler 1472 John Howell clerk 1472 Henry Hawke merchant 1472 William Robyn hosteler 1472 John Tylham tailor 1472 John Davy tailor 1472 John Bertlot shearman 1472 William Hayne cook 1472 Michael Denys gent 1475 Arnold Holt goldsmith also of Wells, Somerset 1475 John Raulyn merchant 1475 Thomas Petytes glasier 1475 John Willyam dyer 1475 Richard Stoyle clerk 1475 John Booth bishop 1475 Thomas Marlowe gent 1475 Thomas Dogmanton yeoman/gent 1475 John Nytherton gent
425
1475 John Golde yeoman 1475 Robert Brendon sen. yeoman 1475 John Brendon jun. tailor 1475 Oto Compe yeoman 1475 Richard Taillour tailor 1475 John de la Stabell groom 1475 Henry Horne weaver St Sidwell 1475 Robert Hillyng yeoman St Sidwell 1475 Thomas Marshall yeoman 1475 Henry Skynner miller St David's Down 1475 Henry Forde labourer St Sidwell 1475 John Palmer spurrier 1475 Nicholas Pedeler brewer St Sidwell 1475 John Legh gent 1475 William Clyff waxchandler 1475 William Baker husbandman St Sidwell 1475 John Basset weaver 1475 Roger Gibbes husbandman 1475 Thomas Jay weaver wife Thomasine 1475 Agnes Crokker spinster 1475 Stephen Colle mercer 1475 Thomas Castell gent 1475 William Frenshe mercer 1475 John Colchet butcher 1475 Henry Hulle esq tallow 1475 Thomas Bray chandler/merchant 1475 David Enas yeoman 1475 William Elyot clerk 1475 John Peke smith 1475 William Beard pewterer 1475 John Olyver prior Prior of the Hospital of St John the Baptist 1475 Walter Crop baker
426
1475 Roger Dysshe tucker 1475 William Duke merchant 1475 Julian Duke widow 1475 Henry Netherton yeoman 1475 John Warde clerk President of the Bishop of Exeter's Council 1475 William Knyght gent St Sidwell 1475 Richard not recorded prior Prior of St Nicholas 1475 Michael Denys gent 1477 John Sterre mercer 1477 John Rawelyn yeoman 1477 John Booth bishop 1477 Henry Netherton yeoman 1477 Stephen Freend merchant 1477 John Draper yeoman 1477 William Berde merchant 1477 Richard Garland pavier 1477 Nicholas Pedeler brewer St Sidwell 1477 William Duke merchant St Martin 1477 Julian Drake widow 1477 Thomas Lugge mercer 1477 Richard Clerke esq 1477 William Elyot clerk 1477 John Peke smith 1477 Thomas Marlowe gent 1477 John Clyfton barber 1477 William Knyght clerk St Sidwell also of Whaston? 1477 Robert Russell bellmaker 1477 Roger Hyllyng yeoman St Sidwell 1477 Thomas Bray tallow chandler 1477 John Wyt chaplain 1477 Theodor/Derek Goldsmith goldsmith also of Westminster 1477 John Toker tailor 1477 John Paulyn yeoman
427
1477 John Howell clerk 1477 Andrew Scarlet prior Prior of Dominican Friars 1477 John Lake hosier wife Joan 1477 Thomas Dogmanton yeoman 1477 Richard not recorded prior Prior of St Nicholas Priory 1477 John Weston grocer 1477 John Copleston gent 1480 Richard Torner hosier 1480 Michael Burner goldsmith 1480 David John yeoman/gent 1480 John John gent 1480 Walter Geendon scrivener 1480 William Lytell carpenter St Sidwell 1480 Roger Holand gent 1480 William Nordon merchant 1480 Nicholas Gosse clerk Chancellor of Exeter Cathedral 1480 William Foundyng yeoman 1480 Thomas Langeworthy chapman 1480 Andrew Chaldon chapman 1480 John Coll butcher 1480 Robert Hyllyng yeoman St Sidwell 1480 Richard Baker baker 1480 Robert Chubbe tailor 1480 John Ector tailor 1480 John Mathewe tailor 1480 Thomas Penhale tailor 1480 William Elyot clerk 1480 Michael Carvanell clerk 1480 Richard Tournour merchant 1480 Agnes Foxcombe widow 1480 Robert Lote yeoman 1483 Robert Russell bellmaker 1483 Edmund Colchet butcher
428
1483 Thomas Helton/Hille chapman Trowbridge 1483 Simon Mewy cook 1483 William Bragge dyer Exe Island 1483 William Clene fuller 1483 Thomas Calwodley gent 1483 Humphrey Calwodley gent 1483 Andrew Harlewyn gent 1483 John Copleston gent 1483 Anthony Jewyn goldsmith 1483 John Kelche husbandman 1483 John Cole Sr. labourer St Sidwell 1483 Thomas Bysshoppe mercer 1483 Stephen Frend merchant 1483 William Robyns merchant 1483 Richard Waget merchant 1483 John Taillour Jun merchant 1483 Alan Sares notary 1483 John Lewes shearman 1483 Matilda Hamond spinster 1483 Agnes Husband widow St Sidwell 1483 John Braban yeoman 1483 William Water yeoman 1483 Henry Lewes yeoman 1483 John Kelchyfe yeoman 1483 Thomas Byllyngford yeoman 1483 John not recorded prior Prior of St Nicholas 1483 Robert Rondyls yeoman St David's Down 1483 John Dromont chaplain 1483 John Neucombe clerk 1483 Nicholas Gosse clerk Cathedral Master 1483 Peter Courtenay bishop Bishop of Exeter 1484 John Weston apothecary 1484 William Long butcher
429
1484 William Rachlay chapman 1484 John Ruer draper 1484 Philip Well draper 1484 William Rychemond gent 1484 John John gent 1484 Anthony ..awyn goldsmith 1484 Arnold Holt goldsmith 1484 William Asset hardwareman 1484 John Vicars labourer St Sidwell 1484 Richard Nordon mercer 1484 Robert Dawys saddler 1484 John Beton saddler 1484 Thomas Sadeler saddler 1484 John Lewes shearman St Martin 1484 John Harrys smith Cowyke 1484 Stephen Pyle tanner Exe Island 1484 Margaret Standerwyk widow 1484 John Wyggeham yeoman 1484 Nicholas Gosse clerk Chancellor of Exeter Cathedral 1484 John Oliver prior Hospital of St John the Baptist 1484 Agnes Husband widow St Sidwell 1484 John Hervy chaplain St Sidwell 1484 Peter Courtenay bishop 1486 Stephen Smyth butcher 1486 John Tybot tailor and Joan his wife 1486 John Wollecote hosier 1486 Geoffrey Godfrey carrier St Sidwell 1486 Thomas Quyntrell carrier St Sidwell 1486 Walter Vykery carrier St Sidwell 1486 John Triges tailor 1486 Thomas Martyn dyer also of Newport,Shropshire 1486 Thomas Dogmanton yeoman 1486 John Fadman glover
430
1486 Peter Broke weaver 1486 Peter Courtenay bishop 1486 John Wysewold yeoman 1486 Robert Cruys yeoman 1486 John Cosyn fuller 1486 Richard Wodebeare yeoman 1486 Anthony Pynnowe yeoman 1486 Simon Carowe skinner 1486 William Osett hardwareman 1489 Thomas Bonde merchant 1489 Nicholas Edge cap maker 1489 Stephen Mattecote cordwainer 1489 John Mattecote cordwainer 1489 William Trote yeoman 1489 John Arundell dean Dean of Exeter Cathedral 1489 Anthony Iswyn goldsmith 1489 Richard Sangwyn baker 1489 Richard Wagot yeoman 1489 Thomas Denys gent 1489 Richard Foxe bishop Bishop of Exeter 1489 Walter Fitz gent 1489 Thomas Levermore gent 1489 Richard Clerke gent 1489 Robert Dawe saddler 1489 Anthony Raynyff barber wife Alice 1489 William Hamonde dyer Exe Island 1489 Thomas Aleyn locksmith 1489 Peter Ector tailor 1489 Thomas Rede shearman 1489 William Bragge dyer Exe Island 1489 John Toser dyer Exe Island 1489 John Parkar baker 1489 William Blome mercer
431
1489 Nicholas William chapman 1489 John Vadarde yeoman 1489 John Stubbys precentor Precentor of Exeter Cathedral 1489 John Colle butcher 1489 Humphrey Calwodeley gent 1489 John Boteler merchant St Leonard 1489 John Down sen yeoman 1489 John Down jun groom 1490 William Mathewe hosier 1490 Richard Hewet merchant/grocer also of Coventry 1490 Richard Turnour tailor 1490 Anthony Iswyn goldsmith 1490 Walter Yorke merchant 1490 William Lang butcher 1490 Robert Bonefaunt yeoman/merchant 1490 Brian Kykler yeoman 1490 Thomas Austell clerk 1490 Richard Sangwyn baker 1490 Robert Dawe sadler 1490 Richard Foxe bishop Bishop of Exeter 1490 John not recorded prior Master of St John Baptist Hospital 1490 Walter Fitz gent 1490 Henry Swayn baker St Sidwell 1490 Thomas Levermore gent 1490 John Bonefaunt gent 1490 Nicholas Aburne apothecary 1490 Richard Wagatt merchant also Waget 1490 John Parker baker 1490 William Robyns merchant 1490 William Pecok carpenter St Thomas 1490 William Rychemond gent Administrator of Joan Rychemond of Totnes widow 1490 William Bailton yeoman 1490 Stephen Frende merchant
432
1490 Robert Symon yeoman 1490 Robert Chubbe tailor and wife Joan 1490 Robert Lythols goldsmith 1490 Nicholas Kelly gent 1490 Thomas Longworthy mercer 1490 John Boteler merchant St Leonard 1492 Richard Waget gent 1492 Thomas Cowele fisher 1492 John Walsheman dyer 1492 William Eryll baker Exe Island or Gryll 1492 John Davy clerk St Leonard 1492 John Miller yeoman St Leonard 1492 Richard Hervy carpenter 1492 Thomas Calwodelegh esq 1492 John Hamelyn fisher 1492 Robert Lowe schoolmaster 1492 Richard Foxe bishop Bishop of Exeter 1492 Walter Fitz gent 1492 John Cosyn merchant 1492 John Sayer gent 1492 John Wylle plumber 1492 John Byrde labourer St Sidwell 1492 John Boly labourer St Sidwell 1492 John White labourer St Sidwell 1492 John Calwodley gent 1492 John Combes clerk 1492 John Parker baker 1492 Robert Bonefaunt merchant 1492 Anthony Raynyff barber and wife Alice 1492 Elizabeth Ralegh widow 1492 Henry Netherton yeoman 1492 Joan Ryggemond widow 1492 Peter Harwood chapman
433
1492 Henry Senclere gent 1492 John Myleton gent St Sidwell 1492 William Longe butcher 1492 Richard Pavy vintner 1492 John Botler merchant St Leonard 1495 William Ludde franklin 1495 Peter Harewode merchant alias Faynt 1495 Thomas Hewys merchant 1495 Robert Hoker merchant 1495 John Jervys tailor 1495 John Predeaux tailor 1495 Walter Wilkyn tailor 1495 John Tanner merchant 1495 Thomas Brempton plumber 1495 John Mileton gent St Sidwell 1495 John Owen yeoman and wife Isabel 1495 John Quynterell smith 1495 John Scrope knight 1495 Ralph Pudsey merchant 1495 John Ector merchant 1495 Walter Bray chaplain 1495 Henry Leboys yeoman 1495 Thomas Rychardsson chaplain 1495 William Lurdrake chaplain 1495 Henry Longe yeoman St Sidwell 1495 John Fermour yeoman St Sidwell 1495 Henry Roland goldsmith 1495 John Bonefaunt merchant 1495 Robert Bonefaunt merchant 1495 Richard Sangewyn baker 1495 John Symon merchant 1495 Richard Nordon merchant 1495 Richard Faux yeoman
434
1495 William Mershe weaver Exe Island 1495 John Slugge merchant 1495 William Godrgge labourer 1495 Edmund Hacche yeoman 1495 Richard Carter yeoman 1495 John Hulle merchant 1495 John Burgh clerk 1498 Peter Harewode merchant alias Fayne 1498 Thomas Hewys merchant also Huysshe 1498 Robert Hoker merchant 1498 John Tanner merchant 1498 Richard Wagot merchant/yeoman 1498 John Johnson yeoman 1498 William Long butcher 1498 John Downe yeoman 1498 John Miller labourer St Leonard 1498 John Hoge plumber 1498 John Bonyfaunt merchant 1498 Richard Redman bishop Bishop of Exeter 1498 Thomas Damsell butcher 1498 William Hayne merchant 1498 John Pers yeoman Holy Trinity 1498 Walter Yorke mercer 1498 Anthony Yeswen goldsmith 1500 William Wagot yeoman 1500 Richard Seynthill husbandman 1500 William Baker merchant 1500 John Hunkyn yeoman 1500 Thomas Peperell apothecary 1500 Richard Clyff wax chandler wife Englisia 1500 John Combe precentor Precentor of Exeter Cathedral 1500 Thomas Pervyn goldsmith 1500 Thomas Potter chapman
435
1500 John Dowene/Donne yeoman 1500 John Walshe rector Rector of St George, also of London 1500 William Hoker carrier 1500 Thomas Hele merchant 1500 John Mileton esq St Sidwell 1500 Walter Courtenay knight St Leonard 1500 Henry Wylson chaplain 1500 John Slugg mercer/chapman 1500 Geoffrey Currant labourer 1500 Richard Nordon merchant 1500 William Baker bell founder 1500 John Johnson merchant 1500 John Bowedon gent also of London 1500 Henry Clyff chapman 1500 Richard Currant merchant 1500 Wllam Long butcher 1500 John Hull merchant 1500 William White yeoman 1500 John Heyne merchant 1500 John Calwodley esq 1500 John Pers pouch maker 1500 Thomas Kewe/Gewe hosier wife Cecilia 1502 William Bragge dyer Exe Island 1502 Thomasine Glasier widow 1502 John Peers pouch maker 1502 Robert Taillour mason St Sidwell 1502 Stephen Lokyer husbandman 1502 William Wanell mercer 1502 John Goulde gent 1502 William Baker merchant 1502 William Shilston esq 1502 John Hancok yeoman St Sidwell 1502 John Sherman shearman
436
1502 John Weston apothecary 1502 Ralph Pudsey merchant 1502 William Longe butcher 1502 John Snelle smith wife Alice 1502 John Bulwerk chapman 1502 Christopher Cressey yeoman St Sidwell 1502 John Bonefaunt gent/merchant 1502 Richard not recorded bishop Bishop of Exeter 1502 John Symon merchant 1502 John Speke knight 1502 John Vawtrede yeoman 1502 Thomas Riche chapman also of London,grocer 1502 William Naynow carrier 1502 Thomas Spencer tailor 1502 Richard Chamber baker St Thomas 1502 Thomas Penhale tailor 1502 Robert Bonefant yeoman 1505 Henry Caleys gent 1505 Hugh Oldam bishop Bishop of Exeter 1505 William Crugge tin merchant 1505 William Duke merchant wife Julia 1505 John Rede husbandman 1505 John Fulford canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1505 Richard Diryk goldsmith 1505 Emma Hamlyn widow 1505 John Weston apothecary 1505 William Baker merchant 1505 Robert Wyse gent 1505 Robert Clyffe merchant 1505 Matthhew Osbourne smith Holy Trinity 1505 William Whyte fisher 1505 Thomas Clerk gent 1505 Richard Pavy vintner
437
1505 Richard Helyer yeoman 1505 John Delle butcher 1505 John Sadeler sadler also Rose 1505 John Flemmyng groom 1505 Robert Bonyfaunte mercant 1505 John Wyloughby dean Dean of Exeter Cathedral 1505 Isabel Trevronrek prioress Prioress of Polsloe Priory 1505 Nicholas Hamlyn merchant St Olave 1508 John Chesse merchant 1508 John Roger tucker 1508 Thomas Trowe gent 1508 Thomas Parvyn goldsmth 1508 Peter Harewode merchant 1508 John Holte carrier 1508 John Fulford clerk 1508 John Bonyfaunt gent 1508 Thomas Eston gent 1508 Thomas Rydgate vintner also Taverner 1508 Richard Currant merchant 1508 John Orenge gent 1508 Robert Bysshop chapman 1508 John Sharpe chapman 1508 John Scoos gent 1508 John Spyller mercer 1508 Hugh Oldham bshop Bishop of Exeter 1508 John Marcure dyer 1508 Ralph Puddessey merchant 1508 Robert Bonyfaunt yeoman 1508 Matthhew Langworthy merchant 1508 William Symons merchant son of John Symons, Customs Collector 1508 John Symons merchant Customs Collector 1508 Dederik Paynter painter 1508 Stephen Ketyll horner
438
1508 Henry Seyntill franklin 1508 Richard Durrant draper London 1510 Thomas Redgate taverner vintner 1510 Henry Lewys tailor 1510 Henry Courteys baker 1510 Richard Were / Rugge innholder 1510 John Jane miller 1510 Richard Whiddon miller 1510 Robert Davy tailor 1510 Hugh Walssheman labourer 1510 Richard Halcote tailor 1510 John Body carver 1510 William Mathewe tailor hosier? 1510 John Tayllour tailor 1510 Thomas Senyor tailor 1510 John Scryvener merchant 1510 Gregory Sawyer merchant 1510 William Longe butcher 1510 Richard Weyer sadler 1510 John Arundell bishop Bishop of Exeter 1510 William Crugge merchant 1510 William Riggewey butcher 1510 John Tremayne merchant St Sidwell 1510 Richard Huet merchant 1510 Henry Addiscot yeoman 1510 Henry Wotton clerk 1510 Hugh Oldham bishop Bishop of Exeter 1510 Henry Loder miller 1510 Robert Lightfote yeoman 1510 Peter Spryng pewterer 1510 Thomas Kerver groom 1510 John Brownyng sadler 1510 Robert Goteaker sadler
439
1510 John Adam sadler 1510 William Corser cordwainer 1510 Ralph Pudsey merchant 1510 Vincent Scoce brewer 1510 William Frost merchant and wife Agnes 1510 John Orynge gent 1510 John London clerk 1510 John Chace merchant 1510 John Slug mercer 1510 Robert Wyse gent 1510 John Whiteaker groom 1510 William Rawe dyer St Edmund 1510 John Colyer baker 1510 Richard Currant merchant 1510 Henry Seynthill yeoman 1510 William Trowete husbandman 1510 Robert Hoker yeoman 1510 Phyllip Courteney esq 1510 John Doll butcher 1510 William Willesford esq 1510 Thomas Colcherd butcher 1510 Richard Faux yeoman 1512 John Gould gent 1512 John Clyff tailor St Sidwell 1512 Thomas More carrier 1512 John Williams tailor 1512 John Vyncent tailor 1512 John Doll butcher 1512 Roger Thorne carrier St Sidwell 1512 Thomas Thatcher yeoman 1512 William Hardyng yeoman 1512 John Howe carrier 1512 Walter Champeneys merchant
440
1512 Peter Stracche goldsmith 1512 Ralph Greby smith St Sidwell 1512 William Benett wax chandler wife Agnes 1512 Richard Benet yeoman 1512 Peter Faunt merchant 1512 Edward Worth gent St Sidwell 1512 John Skrevener merchant 1512 Thomas Pomfret gent 1512 Richard White skinner 1512 John Maynard yeoman 1512 Thomas Skante butcher 1512 David Wallesh cordwainer 1512 Nicholas Kelly gent 1512 Hugh Oldham bishop Bishop of Exeter 1512 Adam Ralegh gent 1512 William Hoper yeoman 1512 Joan Butler widow Holy Trinity 1512 Thomas Calf yeoman 1514 John Lake husbandman 1514 John Dolle butcher Calwodley 1514 John Sen. gent Exe Island, St 1514 Richard Torryng dyer Edmund 1514 Henry Lowringe miller Exwick 1514 John Wodley husbandman St Thomas 1514 John Wodley husbandman Exwick 1514 John Bulbroke yeoman 1514 William Morys tanner St David's Downe 1514 John Jeke / Jeve tanner St David's Downe 1514 John Spyar tanner St David's Downe 1514 Alvered Peket tanner St David's Downe 1514 Richard Dowell bell founder
441
1514 John Calwodley Jun. gent 1514 Richard Dyxston tucker 1514 Elyas Harrys tailor 1514 Richard Stabbes yeoman 1514 John Vetery merchant 1514 John Bonefant gent 1514 Richard Currant merchant 1514 John Mesyll / Mefyll yeoman 1514 John More mercer 1514 Richard Polyng carpenter 1514 Thomas Courteys barber 1514 John Doll butcher 1514 Thomas Furber furbisher 1514 Henry Hamlyn merchant 1514 William Osett yeoman 1514 John Harrys chapman 1514 Richard Bennet brasier St Thomas 1514 Thomas Farewell merchant 1514 John Jane miller 1514 John Fychet clerk 1514 William Mathewe tailor 1516 Gilbert Waryn fishmonger 1516 Nicholas Flemyng gent St Sidwell 1516 Willam Bense weaver 1516 Thomas Coyle merchant 1516 Thomas Sednam yeoman 1516 Gilbert Kyrkby merchant Kirk 1516 German Ford smith 1516 WIlliam Kylly tucker St Sidwell 1516 William Radclyffe dyer St David's Downe 1516 John Weston yeoman 1516 John Courteys baker 1516 John Calwodleigh gent
442
sen Calwodleigh 1516 John jun gent 1516 Richard Hewet merchant 1516 John Northbroke merchant 1516 Christopher Lambard merchant 1516 Richard Currant merchant 1516 William Hurst mercer 1516 Richard Faux court holder 1516 Hugh Oldham bishop Bishop of Exeter 1519 Thomas Andrew merchant 1519 John Bradmore merchant 1519 Bernard Pagan shoemaker 1519 William Suldebek shoemaker 1519 Reginald De Monte shoemaker Alias Reginald of the Coole 1519 Vincent Scose yeoman 1519 Ralph Smyth yeoman 1519 Walter Courtney esq St Leonard Outside the South Gate 1519 Simon Horwill labourer 1519 John Seller merchant servant of John Cholman, merchant 1519 John Hellyer merchant 1519 John Parker yeoman 1519 William Ratclyff dyer 1519 James Toker merchant 1519 Michael Tynkeler tinker? 1519 Reginald Sadler saddler 1519 William Ruggeway butcher 1519 John Colman baker 1519 Richard Currant yeoman 1519 John Smyth gent 1519 Robert Slogge chapman 1519 Henry Strete sergeant-at-arms 1519 Nicholas Kyrkeham esq
443
1519 Christopher Farryngdon gent 1519 Hugh Oldham bishop Bishop of Exeter 1519 Robert Weston clerk Sub-Dean of Exeter Cathedral 1519 William Crugge merchant 1519 Richard Hyll prior Prior, House and Church of St John Baptist 1519 John Cokkyl not recorded of the same fraternity 1519 Alice Courteney widow 1519 John Chalmour merchant 1519 James Toker merchant 1519 John Doll butcher 1519 William Symon yeoman 1521 John Colchard butcher St Sidwell 1521 Richard Smyth mason St Thomas 1521 William Mathewe capper 1521 John Orenge gent 1521 John Dolle butcher 1521 Alexander Bradford bookbinder 1521 Richard Mawdyt merchant 1521 John Vilvayn baker 1521 Nicholas Abell stainer 1521 John Speke esq 1521 John Dyxston tucker 1521 Richard Dyxston tucker 1521 Richard Lightfoote labourer St Leonard 1521 John Bodlegh merchant 1521 Richard Morth yeoman 1521 Walter Yorke gent 1521 John Wynter baker 1521 Nicholas Rutter tailor 1521 Robert Kentsey esq/yeoman St Thomas 1521 John Duk chapman 1521 Thomas Monday chapman/mercer 1521 Henry Hamlyn merchant
444
1521 Willam Pawlett yeoman St Sidwell wife Beatrice 1521 Halnathan Ascote clerk 1521 John Carewe esq 1521 John Veysey bishop Bishop of Exeter, Rector of Eggemond 1521 Anne Crugge widow 1521 Nicholas Kyrkeham gent wife Elizabeth 1521 Robert Dolle butcher 1521 Matilda Pacche widow alias Grendon 1521 Thomas Wyse clerk 1521 William Ratclyff dyer 1521 Nicholas Flemmyng gent St Sidwell 1521 Henry Denys gent 1521 Elizabeth Yoldon widow 1523 Walter Courtenay esq St Leonard 1523 William Wescott yeoman Holy Trinity 1533 Richard Mawdyt merchant 1523 John Bradmor merchant 1523 John Speke esq 1523 John Vasey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1523 Hugh Oldham bishop Bishop of Exeter 1523 John Ryse clerk Treasurer of Exeter Cathedral 1523 Richard not recorded prior Prior of St John the Baptist Priory 1523 John Crugge gent 1523 Roger Oldam brewer 1523 John Mores butcher 1523 William Browne butcher 1523 Richard Cleveanger butcher 1523 Nicholas Colyn butcher 1523 Thomas Whyteburne butcher 1523 William Lotte butcher 1523 Richard Veller butcher 1523 John Beryman butcher 1523 Nicholas Copp butcher
445
1523 Christopher Myxto yeoman 1523 Richard Benet yeoman St Thomas 1523 Walter Howell cordwainer 1523 Nicholas Lymet apothecary 1523 John Howe yeoman 1523 John Andrewe yeoman 1523 John Chaplayn yeoman 1523 Robert Clevenger yeoman 1523 John Thaccher barber 1523 William Lympany tailor 1523 John Balam baker 1523 John Crugge gent 1523 Richard Russell bellfounder 1523 William Wescote yeoman Holy Trinity 1523 John Amore merchant/mercer 1523 John Hull gent 1523 John Hewet shearman St Sidwell 1523 John Bolde dyer 1523 William Hurst merchant 1523 John Gold butcher 1523 Stephen Grene groom 1523 Thomas Heell merchant 1523 Thomas Hamlyn husbandman Exwick 1523 Roger Kensey gent 1523 John Miller brewer 1523 Matthew White dyer Exe Island 1523 Richard Frye dyer Exe Island 1523 Robert Aphowell clerk 1523 John Newcombe smith 1523 Richard Hart fletcher 1523 Thomas Tafte dyer 1523 John Symonds merchant 1523 William Rede merchant/mercer chapman
446
1523 John Dooke chapman 1523 William Wavell chapman 1523 John Scootte chapman 1523 Margaret Bocknam widow 1523 Richard Mawdyth chapman 1523 Richard Stone carrier 1523 Christopher Partryche tailor 1523 John Thomas yeoman 1523 Robert Kentsey yeoman 1523 Thomas Monday mercer 1523 Thomas Fuller mercer 1523 Alice Vigours widow 1523 John Scot mercer 1523 Thomas Wavell mercer 1523 Richard Verney gent 1524 John Damsell butcher 1524 Martin Gele butcher 1524 Richard Veller butcher 1524 John Skarse gent 1524 William Wigstyd merchant 1524 John Bonefaunt sen gent 1524 Walter Yorke merchant 1524 Nicholas Smote spurrier 1524 John Britnall merchant 1524 John Carter freemason 1524 Geoffey Dunpayn freemason St Sidwell 1524 Walter Howell cordwainer 1524 Roger Wytton clerk 1524 John Dell butcher 1524 John Wolcote jun gent 1524 John Budbroke yeoman 1524 Richard Rowe butcher 1524 John Grendon carrier
447
1524 Richard Faux court holder 1524 Richard Stabbes skinner 1524 William Symons gent 1524 William Forsedae brasier St Thomas 1524 Thomas Hunt tailor 1524 William Pette glasier 1524 Richard Johns yeoman 1524 Walter Hall cordwainer the longer 1524 Thomas Wylebury merchant 1524 William Wykys capper 1524 William Jane chaplain 1524 Walter Courtenay esq 1524 William Browne butcher 1524 Robert Gardener yeoman 1524 John Northbroke jun waxchandler 1524 Richard Hurst skinner 1524 Thomas Brewode clerk 1524 John Helyer yeoman 1524 John Baldin baker 1524 John Crugge gent 1524 William Pette glasier 1524 Robert ap Howell clerk 1524 William Rede chapman 1524 William Crugge tin merchant 1524 Richard Verney gent 1524 Richard Mawdyt merchant 1524 John Scott mercer 1524 Henry Holland gent also London 1524 Thomas Brewode clerk Official jurisdiction of Wolverhampton 1524 John Ryce treasurer Treasurer of Exeter Cathedral 1524 Richard not recorded prior St John the Baptist Priory 1524 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter Cathedral 1525 Richard Verney gent
448
1525 John Dukke merchant 1525 John A More mercer 1525 William Horsey canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1525 Thomas Bonefaunt gent 1525 Robert Weston canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1525 William Underhay cordwainer St Sidwell 1525 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1525 John Wolcote gent 1525 John Bodley merchant 1515 Richard Stubbes skinner 1525 William Browne butcher 1525 Richard Russell bellfounder 1525 Thomas Hunt tailor 1525 Martin Gele butcher 1525 John Wynter baker 1525 Thomas Wannell merchant 1525 Nicholas Spencer physician 1525 William Cole baker St Thomas 1525 Humphrey Andro husbandman/merchant yeoman 1525 Thomas Bowrne yeoman 1525 Thomas Glanfyld yeoman 1525 Matthew Cobbell baker 1525 John Coowffe tanner St Thomas 1525 James Oleyn tanner St Thomas 1525 John Kylberye glover St Thomas 1525 Christopher Bryknell husbandman St Thomas 1525 William Eye glover St Thomas 1525 Thomas Harrys gent 1525 Henry Sprage glasier 1525 Robert Hawkyn yeoman 1525 John Roper smith St Thomas 1525 James Serle chaplain 1525 Nicholas Hogge glover St Thomas
449
1525 John Carewe yeoman 1525 Thomas Wannell merchant 1525 Henry Colton pewterer 1525 Henry Voughell yeoman alias Luter 1525 John Shelder cordwainer 1525 Robert Alwey gent 1525 John Dukke mercer 1525 Charles Copleston gent 1525 William Hussey merchant 1525 Thomas Bonefaunt gent 1525 Peter Stracche goldsmith and wife Margery 1525 Richard Sentle yeoman 1526 John Buller grocer/merchant 1526 Henry Mok yeoman 1526 Roger Wyttom clerk 1526 Nicholas Ruswyll butcher 1526 Thomas Whitburne butcher 1526 Thomas Bowrne yeoman 1526 Thomas Glanfyld yeoman 1526 William Hull merchant 1526 Thomas Lote yeoman 1526 Thomas Mychell clerk 1526 John Blakaller merchant 1526 Robert Northeway shoemaker 1526 John Roper smith St Thomas 1526 James Sevell chaplain 1526 William Brodemede carrier St Sidwell 1526 Edmund Worthe gent St Sidwell 1526 Richard Chubbe tailor 1526 Roger Brampton clerk Doctor of Theology 1526 John Thomas gent 1526 John Crugge gent 1526 William Crugge merchant
450
1526 Humphrey Andro husbandman 1526 William Horsey canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1526 John Vaisey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1526 Thomas Smarte merchant 1526 William Hurst mercer 1526 John Bradmore merchant 1526 John A More mercer 1526 Charles Copleston esq son of Henry Copleston esq 1526 Robert Weston sub-dean Sub-Dean of Exeter Cathedral 1526 John Wolcote gent 1526 Richard Russell bellfounder 1526 John Dampsell butcher 1526 John Wynter baker 1526 Thomas Harrys gent 1526 Peter Streche goldsmith 1526 Henry Voughell yeoman/luter alias Lewter 1527 Peter Caseley canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1527 John Burgeys court holder St Thomas 1527 John Cheryton mercer 1527 William Colompton prior St Nicholas 1527 William Tothyll fishmonger 1527 Peter Maynewaryng chaplain 1527 George Maynewaryng yeoman 1527 George Chowrelyngton yeoman 1527 William Awston yeoman 1527 John Dewe yeoman 1527 William Hochyn yeoman 1527 William Banporte yeoman 1527 John Jordyn yeoman 1527 Joan Lympeny widow 1527 John Duke gent 1527 John Polglasse merchant 1527 Richard Olde brewer
451
1527 not recorded Westcotte tanner St David's 1527 John Huchyns tailor 1527 Thomas Merefeld yeoman and wife Philippa 1527 Anastasia Cosyn spinster 1527 Henry Pughell yeoman 1527 William Hussey merchant 1527 John Hyllyngs merchant 1527 Richard Faux gent 1527 John Bradmore gent/merchant 1527 Charles copleston gent 1527 William Broun butcher 1527 Peter Streche goldsmith wife Margery 1527 William Hurste merchant 1527 John Budbroke yeoman 1527 William Hussey merchant 1527 Richard Verney gent wife Beatrice 1527 John Bold dyer St Thomas 1527 Richard Stone currier? 1527 John Boler grocer 1527 John Vasey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1527 John Crugge gent 1527 John Duke gent 1527 Richard Gilbert canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1527 Richard Tollett canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1527 William Hastyn yeoman 1528 John Davy hosier 1528 Henry Druster yeoman 1528 Henry Bocher labourer 1528 John Garrett capper 1528 William Shapton gent St Sidwell 1528 Robert Bele yeoman 1528 Alice Calwodely widow 1528 Gregory Sayer mercer Holy Trinity
452
1528 John Hyllyngs yeoman Holy Trinity 1528 John Mountstevyn baker Holy Trinity 1528 John More merchant 1528 John Helyer merchant 1528 John Wescote tanner St David 1528 John Motton tailor 1528 Henry Voell minstrel St Sidwell 1528 Margery Voell spinster St Sidwell 1528 Thomas Prestwood merchant and wife Alice 1528 John Morse tucker 1528 Thomas Merefeld mercer/yeoman 1528 John Stephyn pewterer 1528 Richard Russell bellfounder alias Bellfounder 1528 Richard Chubbe tailor 1528 Robert Trowe skinner 1528 Thomas Michell clerk 1528 John Bradmore gent/merchant 1528 John Cheryton mercer 1528 John Crugge gent 1528 Richard Verney gent 1528 Henry Hamlyn merchant 1528 Charles Copleston gent 1528 William Hull merchant 1528 Richard Hewett merchant 1528 Peter Strache goldsmith wife Margery 1528 Joan Tremayle widow 1528 William Hurst merchant 1528 William Wanell merchant 1528 Henry Mok yeoman 1528 John Demsyll butcher 1528 Richard Clevehanger butcher 1528 Nicholas Coppe butcher 1528 John Budbroke yeoman
453
1528 John Boler grocer/merchant also Buller 1528 John Sewarre merchant 1528 John Verney gent 1528 Nicholas Kyrkham gent 1528 Adam Pylkyngton clerk 1528 Adam Traves clerk 1528 Richard Martyn gent 1528 Anthony Peter painter 1528 Richard Mawdit merchant 1528 William Horsey canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1528 William Symon yeoman 1528 John Wall goldsmith 1528 Charles Eccleston gent 1528 Hugh Oldham bishop Bishop of Exeter 1528 John Veysey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1528 Robert Weston sub-dean Sub-Dean of Exeter Cathedral 1528 Roger Kentsey yeoman 1528 Robert Kensey yeoman 1529 William Wynnall carrier 1529 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1529 Richard Gunter gent 1529 William Hurst merchant 1529 William Wall goldsmith 1529 William Sanford yeoman St Sidwell 1529 Charles Copleston gent 1529 John Bodlegh merchant 1529 John Wayett tailor 1529 John Cheryton merchant 1529 William Shapton gent St Sidwell 1529 Thomas Luxston groom 1529 Richard Hewet merchant 1529 John More merchant 1529 William Drayton baker
454
1529 John Mogriche residentary of Exeter Cathedral 1529 William Horsey canon 1529 John Gyll chaplain 1529 William Morys tanner 1529 John Helyer merchant 1529 Richard Bassett goldsmith 1530 Leonard Thomas court holder 1530 Roger Hunt merchant 1530 Thomas Hunt tailor/merchant 1530 John Seller merchant 1530 John bradmore merchant 1530 John Cheryton merchant 1530 Richard Hewet merchant 1530 John More merchant 1530 William Hurst merchant 1530 William Ratclyff dyer 1530 William Drayton baker 1530 Thomas Wanell/Wavell merchant 1530 Elizabeth Germyn widow 1530 Peter Strecche goldsmith 1530 Robert Trowe skinner 1530 John Amore merchant 1530 John Wolcote merchant 1530 Richard Vernay gent 1530 Thomas Bonefaunte gent 1530 Thomas Meryfeld gent 1530 John Vesay bishop Bishop of Exeter 1530 William Symondes gent 1530 Walter Ronell tailor alias Randall 1531 Richard Russell bellfounder 1531 Robert Peryne clerk 1531 Thomas Upton gent 1531 Thomas Pomfrett gent St Sidwell
455
1531 Benedict Glubbe yeoman 1531 John Brycnall mercer 1531 John Duke gent 1531 Thomas Sage clerk/canon alas Wyse 1531 John Toker merchant 1531 Henry Hamlyn merchant 1531 John Davy butcher St Sidwell 1531 John Porter cook 1531 Joyce Noseworthy widow 1531 William Billyng mason St Sidwell 1531 John Saunder mason St Sidwell 1531 John Northbroke waxchandler 1531 John Cheryton merchant 1531 Thomas Hunt tailor 1531 Richard Russell bellfounder 1531 William Parkehouse canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1531 Thomas Wise canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1531 John Crugge gent 1531 Charles Copleston gent 1531 Robert Trowe skinner 1531 Henry Luter luter St Sidwell 1531 Margery hayne widow 1531 Richard Tollett canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1531 Thomas Michell canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1531 John Whytfeld sadler 1531 John Clyff labourer St Sidwell 1531 Margaret Clyff spinster St Sidwell 1531 Eleanor England widow St Sidwell 1531 Joan England spinster St Sidwell 1531 Giles Mugge smith Holy Trinity 1531 Walter Hyllynge smith Holy Trinity 1531 Henry Bruyster arismaker arrasmaker 1533 William Hole yeoman St Thomas
456
1533 Stephen Martyn tailor St Thomas 1533 John Bricnall mercer 1533 Roger Peryham baker 1533 Vitallus Forde yeoman 1533 Thomas Hamlyn husbandman Exwick and St Thomas 1533 William Drayton baker 1533 William Hurst merchant 1533 William Totell fishmonger 1533 William Hussey merchant 1533 John Maynard mercer 1533 Richard Orenge merchant 1533 Hugh Page mercer/chapman 1533 John Reve merchant 1533 Stephen Lorymore tailor 1533 Peter Stracche goldsmith 1533 Adam Wylcockys gent 1533 Henry Atwell gent 1533 Richard Bassett goldsmith 1533 William Cotton goldsmith 1533 Philip Brayne tailor 1533 John Dyxston fuller 1533 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1535 John Bonefaunte gent 1535 Richard Bassett merchant/goldsmith 1535 John Cheriton merchant 1535 Hugh Crugge widow 1535 William Burdon yeoman 1535 John Crugge gent 1535 Barbara Crugge widow 1535 William Underhay cordwainer 1535 William Totell fishmonger 1535 Laurence Bradmore gent 1535 Christopher Conyshed yeoman St Sidwell
457
1535 Peter Strecche goldsmith 1535 Henry Hamlyn merchant 1535 Nicholas Lymet apothecary 1535 Thomas Michell canon Canon of Exeter Cathedral 1535 Peter Shote yeoman St Thomas 1535 Thomas Bricknall merchant 1535 Thomas Hunte draper 1535 Richard Prouse gent 1535 Richard Baker chaplain 1535 John Vesay bishop Bishop of Exeter 1535 Henry Kyng yeoman 1535 Thomas Hunte draper 1535 William Hurst mercer 1535 Richard Verney gent 1535 Thomas Wall goldsmith 1535 John Sydenham innholder 1536 Gilbert Gale gent 1536 John Wayte tailor to the Marquess of Exeter 1536 John Wolcote jun gent 1536 John Nicollys sen baker 1536 William Burdon yeoman 1536 John Bery chaplain 1536 Thomas Taverner merchant 1536 John Bonefaunt gent 1536 John Lane weaver 1536 Walter Hole cordwainer St Stephen 1536 William Lotte butcher St Mary Major 1536 Robert Toker yeoman/beer brewer 1536 Edward Shere tailor 1536 John Bysshop clerk 1536 Stephen Bulleyn yeoman 1536 Gilbert Kyrke merchant 1536 Peter Stracche goldsmith
458
1536 William Hurst merchant 1536 John Tuckfyld tailor 1536 Nicholas Shalcrosse yeoman 1536 Christopher Harvy labourer 1536 Thomas Swetelond mercer 1536 John Smyth shearman 1536 Walter Taylour merchant 1536 Richard Prouse gent 1536 John Buller merchant Exeter and London 1536 Robert Bodley chapman 1536 Humphrey Androwe merchant 1536 Nicholas Kyrkeham esq 1536 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1536 Reginald Pole dean Dean of Exeter Cathedral 1537 John Buller merchant 1537 Thomas Downe chaplain 1537 Benedict Glubbe yeoman 1537 Henry Utlegh clerk 1537 Joan Glubbe widow 1537 Nicholas Flemyng yeoman St Sidwell wife Alice 1537 John Flemying chaplain St Sidwell 1537 Sativole Flemyng shipster St Sidwell 1537 William Hurst merchant 1537 John Vyncent surgeon 1537 John Wayte tailor 1537 Nicholas Kyrkham esq 1537 John Wolcote gent 1537 Nicholas Lymet apothecary 1537 Oliver Loveley chaplain 1537 John Fursdon yeoman 1537 John Smythe shearman 1537 Richard Stone carrier 1537 Richard Vernay gent
459
1537 Peter Streche goldsmith 1537 John Seyntell gent 1537 John Holmer bowyer 1537 Nicholas Walron plumber alias Plummer 1537 John Cheryton merchant 1537 Gilbert Kyrke merchant 1537 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1537 Richard Proues gent 1537 Gilbert Page mercer 1538 John Valence husbandman St David's Downe 1538 Christopher Courshede innholder 1538 Simon Carowe labourer St Sidwell 1538 Robert Carowe labourer St Sidwell 1538 William Pyers carpenter St Sidwell alias Blake 1538 Thomas Cokerham tailor 1538 Henry Atwyll yeoman 1538 Joan Halse widow 1538 William Werelk gent 1538 Richard Ganyclyff husbandman St Thomas 1538 John Robyns merchant 1538 Henry Growffe yeoman 1538 John Baskerfyld yeoman 1538 Maurice Levermore merchant 1538 Richard Denys merchant 1538 Elizabeth Kyrkeham widow 1538 Richard Martyn merchant 1538 Margaret Martyn widow 1538 John Lawgher chapman alias Margene 1538 Benedict Glubbe yeoman 1538 Joan Glubbe widow 1538 John Seller merchant wife Eleanor 1538 Thomas Hunte draper 1538 William Rasshelegh prior Prior of Dominican Friary
460
1538 John Porter yeoman 1538 William Lote butcher 1538 Thomas Medley yeoman 1538 John Vyncent surgeon 1538 John Wolcote gent 1538 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1538 Adam Traves archdeacon of Exeter 1543 Nicholas Stocker painter 1538 Robert Whythorn mercer 1543 John Bleccher cordwainer 1543 Robert Pomeroy tanner alias Samson 1543 John Hylman baker 1543 Anthony Cholaishe butcher St George 1543 William Blowdon yeoman St Thomas 1543 Agnes Tuckfyld widow 1543 John Pawle butcher 1543 John Treby yeoman 1543 William Dawson yeoman 1543 Humphrey Androwe merchant 1543 William Hurst sen merchant 1543 John Cheryton merchant 1543 Gryffyth Amerydth merchant tailor 1543 John Wall goldsmith 1543 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1543 Thomas Mason priest 1543 Robert Cotton mercer 1543 Peter Streche gent/goldsmith 1544 John Helyer yeoman 1544 Thomas Gybbes esq 1544 Miles Banaster tailor 1544 Joan Kyrkeham widow 1544 John Howell clerk 1544 Lawrence Bradmore gent
461
1544 Adam Traves archdeacon Archdeacon of Exeter 1544 John Tuckfield draper 1544 Thomas Mondy merchant/mercer 1544 Thomas Brerewood clerk Exeter and London 1544 John Seynthyll gent 1544 Humphrey Andrewe merchant 1544 Humphrey Barnhowse yeoman alias Barnes 1544 William Parker yeoman 1544 John Laughter chapman 1544 Griffin Ameredith gent 1544 William Hurst sen merchant 1545 Robert Sampson tanner St Sidwell 1545 Robert Whythorne mercer St Sidwell 1545 Hugh Barrey gent 1545 Lawrence Bradmore esq 1545 John Drake merchant/esq 1545 Thomas Hunte alderman 1545 william Poyntell merchant 1545 William Dawston yeoman St Mary Major wife Agnes 1545 William Downeman carrier St Paul 1545 William Whyte yeoman St Petrock 1545 John Maynard merchant St Mary Arches 1545 Thomas Preston husbandman Exilond 1545 Thomas Ratclyffe dyer St David's Outside the Gate of Exeter 1545 John Wygmore chapman/yeoman in 1547 also recorded as a merchant 1545 John Downe yeoman wife Margery 1545 Thomas Thorman clerk 1545 John Cheryton merchant Now in the ship named the Mary Plantagenet 1545 John Crofte gent and London 1545 John Lawgher mercer 1545 John Massy mercer 1545 William Hurst citizen and merchant 1545 Gilbert Kyrke citizen and merchant
462
1545 John Brytnall mercer 1545 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1545 William Gibbes esq 1546 William Person merchant 1546 William Totyll fishmonger 1546 Thomas Sotheron clerk Treasurer of Exeter Cathedral 1546 Elizabeth Lome spinster 1546 Robert Toker mayor Former Mayor of Exeter 1546 Nicholas Mayor labourer St Thomas 1546 Nicholas Hamond physician 1546 John Brytnall mercer 1546 John Oldon carrier 1546 William Stephyns brewer 1546 Thomas Darke carrier 1546 John Savage bellfounder 1546 James Harrys smith 1546 John Buller gent 1546 William Pettye glasier 1546 John Wygmore mercer 1546 Philip Howe gent 1546 John Lawghter merchant alias Morgan 1546 Humphrey Androwe chapman 1546 John Drake merchant 1546 Thomas Preston husbandman Exilond 1546 Thomas Ratclyffe dyer St David 1546 Henry James smith 1546 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1546 Thomas Monday merchant/mercer 1546 Thomas Thornham clerk 1546 William Hurst merchant 1546 Gilbert Kyrke merchant 1546 Christopher Potter merchant/clothier recorded in 1548 as a clothier 1547 John Fytz gent
463
1547 John Wygmore merchant 1548 John Buller merchant 1548 William Barrett husbandman St Sidwell 1548 Walter Toker husbandman 1548 John Olyver miller St Thomas 1548 Christopher Potter clothier 1548 Richard Mawdett merchant 1548 John Stawell merchant and Vice Admiral 1548 John Wulcott merchant 1548 John Dyer town clerk 1548 John Northbroke waxchandler 1548 John Thomas merchant 1548 Robert Walshe vicar St Thomas 1548 Philip Howe yeoman 1548 John Maynerd merchant 1548 Sampson Pomerey tanner 1548 John Blakealler merchant 1548 John Bodleigh merchant 1548 Thomas Hunt alderman 1548 John Drake merchant 1548 Robert Cotton merchant 1548 Thomas Mundey merchant 1548 Nichlas Lymett apothecary 1548 Griffin Ameredith gent 1548 Thomas Gybbys gent St Thomas 1548 Richard Hynkys chapman 1548 Henry Crokker tailor 1548 John Wygmore merchant 1548 William Ratcliffe merchant/chapman 1548 Margery Ratcliffe widow/chapman alias Ratcley 1548 William Poyntell merchant 1548 John Macy merchant St Peter Administrator of Alice Macy 1548 Thomas Smyth carrier
464
1548 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter 1548 Richard Prestwode merchant 1548 John Northbroke waxchandler 1548 Adam Travis clerk/archdeacon Archdeacon Exeter/Prebend Crediton 1548 John Thomas merchant 1548 William Webbe merchant 1548 Gilbert Page mercer 1548 John Broke merchant 1548 John Peream merchant 1548 Thomas Prestwoode merchant 1548 John Smyth tailor 1549 John Mydleton carrier St Sidwell Outside the East Gate 1549 Thomas Paslowe merchant 1549 John Moyn gent 1549 John Bodlegh merchant 1549 John Marsy merchant 1549 Alice Marsy widow 1549 William Hurst merchant 1549 John Smythe tailor 1549 John Northbroke waxchandler 1549 Philip Howe yeoman 1549 John Stawell merchant/vice admiral Vice Admiral of Devon 1549 Adam Traves archdeacon Cathedral/Prebend Poole/Crediton 1549 Robert Cotton merchant 1549 John Maynard sen merchant 1549 Griffin Amerydyth merchant-tailor 1549 William Ratcley merchant alias Ratclyff 1549 Henry Savage tailor 1549 Gawine Carewe knight Sir Gawain Carew 1549 Richard Hynkys chapman 1540 Henry Crokker tailor 1549 Edward Lemett yeoman Lymett, son in law of John Manere sen 1549 John Vesey bishop Bishop of Exeter
465
1549 Margery Ratclyff widow 1554 John Strowbryge merchant wife Elizabeth, formerly wife of Thomas Hunt 1554 Richard Strowbryge merchant 1549 Nicholas Reve brewer 1554 Robert Hunte merchant 1554 Hugh Tucker gent 1554 William Hull Queen's Reserve 1554 Joan Hull widow 1554 Thomas Marshall merchant 1554 Walter Staplehyll gent and Bovy Tracy 1554 Elizabeth Stawell widow former wife of John Stawell 1554 Henry Booth hosier 1554 John Wygmore yeoman 1554 William Ratclyff merchant 1554 Edmund Wolde yeoman alias Olde 1554 Richard Harte gentleman 1554 Ralph Sandeforthe tailor 1554 Roger Chalys tailor wife Joan 1554 Simon Carrowe brewer St Sidwell wife Joan 1554 Richard Vaughan tailor 1554 Giles Greynfyld gent 1554 Morris Levermore merchant 1554 Philip Maye/Meyo merchant 1554 William Barnes yeoman 1554 John Dyer yeoman 1554 Peter Streche goldsmith 1554 Thomas Smyth chapman 1554 Richard Taylor tailor alias Toker 1554 John Brytnall chapman/mercer 1554 William Flere/Fleyer gent/esq St Thomas Without the gates/Cowicke,wife Elizabeth 1554 Nicholas Lymett apothecary 1554 Christopher Potter merchant 1554 William Webbe merchant
466
1554 William Hurste merchant 1554 John Maye merchant 1554 Bernard Duffild gent 1554 Henry Bette draper 1554 William Totell yeoman/fishmonger 1554 Thomas Willing merchant 1554 John Drake merchant 1554 John Wygmore yeoman 1554 Robert Buttyshyde gent 1554 John Northbroke waxchandler
467
Appendix 14: Thomas Andrew’s Tomb, St. Mary Arches Church, Exeter 1518.
Thomas Andrew’s monument shows his recumbent figure under an ogee arch. The spandrils show angels carrying shields displaying the arms of Thomas Andrew. The arms of the Merchant Adventurers are shown at the base of the monument alternating with those of Andrew.
(Source: Photograph: Paul Williams April, 2018; information from B. Cresswell, Exeter Churches, Exeter,1908, pp.93-94). 468
APPENDIX 15: CASH BEQUESTS IN EXETER WILLS 1470-1590
(Here includes only those over £300, to the nearest £)
NAME OCCUPATION YEAR OF WILL AMOUNT John Periam Merchant 1572 £2,698
Thomas Chappell Merchant 1589 £1,258
William Chappell Merchant 1578 £1,113
John Hurst Merchant 1552 £739
John Jones Goldsmith 1583 £682
Thomas Maye Merchant 1583 £572
William Hurst Merchant 1568 £566
Henry James Notary Public 1576 £500
John Drake Merchant 1554 £386
Griffin Ameredith Draper/Tailor 1556 £367
Edmund Wheatcombe Merchant 1564 £343
Thomas Prestwood Merchant 1576 £332
Thomas Grigge Baker 1558 £328
Gilbert Kirke Merchant 1546 £318
Margaret Drake Widow 1570 £318
Edward Lymet Merchant 1564 £303
(Sources: TNA, Prob 11; DHC, ECA, MCR, ED/M, DD, Orphans Court Wills, Holy Trinity PFW1, St Mary Arches PF27A; DHC, WCSL Oswyn Murray Abstracts, Moger Abstracts)
469
APPENDIX 16
EXETER TRADES AND CRAFTS 1450-1600: CATEGORIES
TEXTILES FULLERS SHEARMEN DYERS WEAVERS TUCKERS SILKMEN SILKWEAVERS FELTMAKERS CLOTHIERS ARRASMAKERS EMBROIDERERS SPINSTERS
CLOTHING TAILORS HOSIERS CAPPERS JERKIN-MAKERS FURRIERS MILLINERS SHEPSTERS HATMAKERS
LEATHER SHOEMAKERS CORDWAINERS COBBLERS LEATHER-DRESSERS SADDLERS PURSERS POUCHMAKERS SKINNERS TANNERS CURRIERS POINTMAKERS GLOVERS PARCHMENT-MAKERS BOTTLEMAKERS HORNERS
METAL SMITHS PEWTERERS GOLDSMITHS CUTLERS BELLFOUNDERS SPURRIERS 470
GUNNERS BRAZIERS LOCKSMITHS PINNERS
ARMOURERS BUCKLEMAKERS FURBISHERS WIRE-DRAWERS LORIMERS LANTERN-MAKERS
WOOD BOWYERS FLETCHERS CARVERS STAINERS JOINERS COOPERS BASKET-MAKERS SHUTTLEMAKERS SLEYMAKERS CLOCKMAKERS HOOPERS PAINTERS
BUILDING TILERS GLAZIERS PLUMBERS CARPENTERS HELLIERS MASONS LABOURERS WORKMEN SLATERS THATCHERS WALLERS
FOOD AND DRINK BUTCHERS BAKERS BREWERS FISHERS FISHMONGERS COOKS PERRYMONGERS VICTUALLERS MILLERS
DISTRIBUTIVE MERCHANTS 471
DRAPERS HABERDASHERS MERCERS GROCERS HARDWAREMAN CHANDLERS IRONMONGERS COSTERMONGERS CHAPMEN TINKERS VINTNERS TAVERNERS WAXCHANDLERS PEDDLERS
TRANSPORT CARRIERS BARREL-BEARERS OSTLERS MARINERS CARMEN GROOMS INNKEEPERS INNHOLDERS
PROFESSIONS AND OTHERS APOTHECARIES BARBERS SURGEONS DOCTORS OF MEDICINE PHYSICIANS NOTARIES SCRIVENERS CLERKS ATTORNEYS SCHOOLMASTERS GENTLEMEN YEOMEN BOOKBINDERS STATIONERS BOOKSELLERS BOOKMAKERS WAITS LUTERS MINSTRELS ORGAN MAKERS VIRGINAL MAKERS
472
APPENDIX 17: THE TRADING NETWORK OF RICHARD CHUBBE, TAILOR, 1523-1529
RICHARD CHUBBE AS PLAINTIFF IN DEBT CASES IN COMMON PLEAS: DEBTS OWING FROM PROBABLE CUSTOMERS
COUNTY NAME RESIDENT IN OCCUPATION DATE DEVON Walter Howell Exeter cordwainer 1523 Roger Wytton Exeter clerk 1524 Walter Courtenay Exeter St esq 1525 Leonard George Carew Mohuns Ottery esq 1525 George Stowell Sidbury gent 1526 William Gybbes Feniton esq 1526&1528 Henry Blake Talaton husbandman 1523 John Randell Kingswear fisher 1524 John Hals Plymtree husbandman 1524 John Ford Holsworthy tucker 1524 Nicholas Copleston Tiverton gent 1525 Thomas Carew Shillingford esq 1526 William Massy, John Dryver Drewsteignton gent 1529 & wife Rosie SOMERSET Hugh Wereman Seaborough* clerk 1523 Grace Wood Bath widow 1523&1524 John Stawell Cothelstone esq 1524&1525 John, Lord Zouche Bonham knight 1524&1525 Hugh Fayreman Charlton clerk 1525 Musgrave Patrick White Wells gent 1525 William Pyke High Ham esq 1526 CORNWALL Robert Johnson St Johns husbandman 1524 Thomas Ronell/Rovell? Liskeard yeoman 1524
Seaborough is now situated in Dorset. (SOURCE: TNA, CP40 - http://alt.uh.edu/indices/CP40indices/html )
473
474
TABLE 18 - APPENDIX 18: THE TRADING NETWORK OF THOMAS HUNT, DRAPER-TAILOR, 1524-1548
THOMAS HUNT AS PLAINTIFF IN DEBT CASES IN COMMON PLEAS: DEBTS OWING FROM PROBABLE CUSTOMERS
COUNTY NAME PLACE OCCUPATION DATE DEVON John Hywes Honiton yeoman 1524 John Elys Honiton glover 1524 John Gregory Honiton mercer 1538 Philip Champernowne Modbury knight 1544 John Cary esq. 1544&1546 Joan Kelley Okehampton widow 1546 &1548 Raw Clyst SOMERSET William Pyke Higham yeoman 1530 CORNWALL Geoffrey Cove(r) Launceston Mercer 1546 &1548 Henry Soper Lezant husbandman 1546 BERKSHIRE Thomas Stucley Reading yeoman 1538
(SOURCE: TNA, CP40 - http://alt.uh.edu/indices/CP40indices/html )
475
476
APPENDIX 19: THE WORKING LIFE OF WILLIAM LANT, TAILOR d. 1569
We can gain further insights into the work and life of an Exeter tailor at this time through the surviving inventory of William Lant, which is preserved in the records of the Exeter Orphans Court. His inventory was appraised in May, 1569.47 He had become a freeman of Exeter in September 1545, paying a fine of £1,48 and had been admitted to the Tailors’ guild in April 1545, being abled ‘in all maner of mens garments and hose’ and paying 22 shillings.49 As he paid a fine for the entry to the city freedom he may not have originated from Exeter.He was living in All Hallows Goldsmith Street in 1544 and was assessed at the minimum of 20 shillings on goods. 50 From this amount he could have been just establishing a business then. He progressed within the Tailors’ guild and in 1547 and 1548 served as its single warden.By 1556 he was the master warden and in 1558 and 1564 he served as guild master.51 ‘William Lante and Parnell Masie’ were married in November 1553 in St Petrock’s church in Exeter. She was probably the daughter or widow of John Macey or Massy, who was a wealthy parishioner, churchwarden and city bailiff at the time.52 This was an advantageous marriage for Lant. It could be that he married, and was widowed twice as in his will Richard Bartlett is named as his father in law.53
He was well connected in Exeter as his son John was the godson of the prominent tailor-draper Griffin Ameredith and received 40s in his will in 1556.54 Three daughters are also referred to in Lant’s will but not named.55 Lant also left
47 DHC, ECA, Exeter Orphans Court No.13. A brief biography and full transcript of the Orphans Court inventory have been included by Osborne in her recent thesis: ‘Illuminating the Chorus’, pp.244-245, 513-526. 48 Exeter Freemen, p.76. 49 DHC, ECA, TAB I f.9b. 50 Tudor Exeter, p.53. 51 DHC, ECA, TAB I ff. 12a, 13a, 22a, 25b, 33a. 52 DHC, Exeter St Petrock PR1. John Macye had a son buried in the parish in March 1546(St Petrock PR1); John Massy was assessed on goods worth £30 in St Petrock’s in 1544 (Tudor Exeter, p.50). He had entered the freedom in 1534 paying the large entry fine of £5 (Exeter Freemen, p.72); He was a churchwarden there in 1537/38 and 1538/39 (DHC, ECA, Exeter, St Petrock PW3). He also became a city bailiff in 1542 (DHC, ECA, MCB 33/34 Henry VIII). Massy is recorded in the customs accounts as a trader and was probably a merchant. 53 DHC, Exeter St Petrock PR1; there is a copy of his will with the inventory in DHC, ECA, Exeter Orphans Court No.13. There are also bequests to John, Anastasye and Papell (a woman or girl) Bartlett in his will. 54 TNA, Prob. 11/41/70. 55 DHC, ECA, Orphans Court Inventory No. 13 477 bequests to his ‘gossips’ William Grenewode, Henry Herrys, John Kechell and John Webb. These were probably long-established friends.56 Two were tailors but Greenwood was a cook and Kechell a weaver. They can be traced living in different parishes but from their freedom entries it seems that the men were of a similar age to Lant.
In the list of tailors and hosiers taken by the city council in 1562, at the time of the dispute concerning the use of excessive amounts of cloth in the making of hose, he was listed second in the order of sureties but referred to as a hosier.57 He was involved in the dispute concerning the foundation of the Merchants’ Company.Hugh Symons, a jerkin maker, testified that Lant had sent him a copy of the merchants’ incorporation after Symons had read a copy of it in the Dean and Chapter’s court outside the East Gate.58Lant would have been closely involved in the dispute as much of it took place during his first mastership of the guild and he was accredited as such in the Su pplication of the Commons against the Merchants.59 During the dispute he was designated as a hosier as well as a tailor. Lant may have acquired a more fiery reputation within the guild as there are instances of him being sanctioned by it in its records for misbehaviour towards the master and he was among a group of six who left the election of the Master in 1554 without ’giving voice.’ 60 He did, however, achieve some civic recognition and was appointed as a city bailiff in 1562.61
In 1557 Lant continued to live in the parish of All Hallows Goldsmith Street.62 By 1566 his apprentice, John Hundaller, had completed his term and entered the freedom and Lant was designated then as a tailor. William Hundaller, who had been admitted to the city freedom in 1535 as a tailor, was probably John’s father and he was also a neighbour, resident in the same parish in 1544.63 John Hundaller was not Lant’s only apprentice. In 1562 Henry Smyth was fined by
56 Although the term is feminine and in use as as a term for a companion in childbirth in Harman’s ‘Caveat for Common Cursetors’ it is also used as a term for a childhood friend up to c.1900. 57 DHC, ECA, AB IV ff.178. 58 DHC, ECA, Book 185 No.10. 59 DHC, ECA, Book 185 Nos. 6 and 22. 60 DHC, ECA, TAB I ff. 20b, 22a, 36a. 61 DHC, ECA, MCR 4/5 Eliz.I. 62 Tudor Exeter, p.58. 63 Exeter Freemen, pp.73, 87; Tudor Exeter, p.53. 478 the guild for receiving an apprentice of Lant’s without their permission.64 In August 1566 Hundaller was fined by the guild for working unabled, though on the same day he was admitted to their ranks but only abled in the making of hose.65 This could also be an indication that Lant had been working with him as a hosier. Lant continued his close link with Hullander after the latter became a master hosier and in his will bequeathed him his riding cloak. Two of Lant’s four appraisers were tailors.66 Lant’s connections with the Tailors’ guild continued to the end of his life and in his will he gave them a legacy of a pair of harness.67 Lant worked as both a tailor and a hosier.
Lant’s inventory shows that his main place of business contained a lower shop and a higher shop.He also held the lease of a ‘corner shop under where William Parsons dwells.’ 68 There is a lack of evidence in the inventory that he was working as a tailor at the time of his death.However, within the parlour of his house there was a ‘lookinge glasse, ‘a presse for kerseis’ and ‘a paire of Tappers’. There is, though, an absence of a reference to any shears, which would be expected. There may be evidence of retail activity in the lower shop as within it the appraisers noted ‘a shoppe Borde’ and within the higher shop ‘A Beame with a pair of Schalles’ (scales).From the cloth which he held at the time of his death, referred to in the inventory under the heading ‘Kearsies in the Shoppe’, it seems that Lant may not have been dealing in high quality materials. Many of the cloths were kerseys.69 The stock of kerseys was quite extensive and was listed in a variety of colours: carnation, sky, yellow, ash, black, russet, osett red, and just coloured. This would suggest a degree of specialisation by Lant in using this particular cloth. The total stock of the cloth in the shop was valued at over £22 and kerseys made up most of it. Other cloths mentioned
64 DHC, ECA, TAB I f.30b. 65 DHC, ECA, TAB I f.36a. 66 DHC, ECA, Orphans Court Inventory No.13. Roger Robinson and Thomas Johnson. Robinson became Master of the guild in 1567 and was referred to as a draper in the lease of a garden in Shitbrook Street, south of Paris Street in 1570: DHC, ECA, TAB I f.38a; Exeter Cathedral Archives, Vicars Choral, 3371. 67 DHC, ECA, Orphans Court Inventory No.13. 68 Ibid. 69 Kerseys were generally a relatively cheap cloth made in imitation of the more expensive broadcloth - popular for coats and cloaks for the lower orders and also a kind of coarse woollen cloth. 479 were mostly lower quality woollen cloths such as stamell, bays, frieze and buckram.His stock contained no finished garments.
The higher shop gives further insights into Lant’s activities as it contained an amount of wool; as much as 20 pounds of white wool and 2 pounds of coloured wool. It could be that this was a stock used for the production of knitted hose. The higher shop also contained three pairs of ‘Stoke Cardes with theire Stockes’.Stock cards were packs of short wool which could be as much as 240 pounds in weight.70 He does not appear in any of the customs accounts as being involved in overseas or coastal trade
We can gain further insights into the nature of Lant’s business through the list of debtors which his appraisers drew up.In total he was owed over £95 by 63 debtors in 1569. If we examine the social composition of the group we can see that over half (36) were designated as ‘Mr’ by his appraisers and were therefore men of some substance. A further three were also designated as ‘Mr’ and referred to as servants to the Courtenay, Champernowne and Pawlett families, so were servants of some standing.Servants, in most cases in what appear to be in better off households, were also prominent as 11 of these are recorded. Lant also had some direct contacts with ‘my Lorde Fitzwarren’ and Sir William Courtenay, who both owed him more than £2.He worked for the clergy as a cathedral Chancellor, a minister and a curate were amongst his debtors.Only two women were included in the list, both designated as ‘Mrs’ and owing 6s 8d, and 8d respectively.This may suggest that William Lant specialised in the making of men’s clothing and that is what he had been abled for by the Tailors’ guild, so this seems likely. There were some craftsmen identified amongst his debtors: a tucker, a dyer, a tailor and a baker.However, by far the most significant amount of money, £30, was owed by Richard Berrett, a Bristol merchant. This could have been the Bristol merchant Richard Barrett who is recorded as a master in the Bristol Apprenticeship Book in 1559.71
70 www.oed.com. 71 E. Ralph, Calendar of the Bristol Apprentice Book 1532-1565, Part III, 1552-1565, Bristol Record Society, 43, 1992, p.81. 480
Generally the amounts of money owed to Lant were small. Over half of the amounts of money owed were between 2 shillings and 10 shillings.Six debts were reckoned in pence and the lowest was 7d.Debts were recorded by the appraisers in pounds if they were more than £3 and only four in total exceeded this. The next most substantial debt owed to Lant, after the Bristol merchant, was the £4 19s 8d owed to him by Mr Mark Slader. Mark Slader of North Tawton appears in the Devon Muster Roll of 1569.72 It seems, therefore, that although Lant had dealings with some prominent members of Devon society at the time, their business with him was relatively small scale.
Lant’s appraisers recorded the places where some of his debtors were resident but for many this was not listed. This makes any attempt to reconstruct some of his business network less complete.Comparison has been made with the Devon Muster Roll, which dates from the same year as the inventory, so it is possible to make some identification of Lant’s debtors. From comparison with the Exeter lay subsidies, the nearest being for 1577, 10 debtors from Exeter have been identified. This includes two more tailors and a cook. They were concentrated mainly in Exeter and East Devon but there was also a number in South Devon as shown in the map below.
His son, John, from the date of his freedom entry, was probably about 10 at the time of William Lant’s death.He was apprenticed to the Exeter merchant John Webb. John Lant became a merchant and mercer and rose within the city, living within the most affluent parish of St Petrock and becoming mayor in 1611.73
Despite his prominence within the Tailors’ guild Lant’s business was that of a local tailor and hosier serving the needs of the local community and associated gentry at a time when the tailors were far removed from the greater heights of prosperity and prominence of half a century earlier
72 Mark Slader is described in the document as both esq. and gent. He was a Presenter and an able man in the parish assessed on lands valued at £8. Stoate, Devon Muster, p.107. 73 John Lant was living in St Petrock in 1586 and assessed on goods valued at £3 (Tudor Exeter, p.71). He was living in St Petrock in 1593/5 and assessed on goods valued at £8 (Tudor Exeter, p.76). There were certainly two John Webbs in Exeter at this time, a tailor and a merchant, though it is clearly designated in the records that his master was a merchant. In October 1584 John Lante senior entered the freedom as the apprentice of John Webbe merchant (Exeter Freemen, p.98).
481
(Source: DHC, ECA, Exeter Orphans Court No.13).
482
Appendix 20: THE TRADING NETWORK OF THOMAS BYRD, TAILOR d. 1577
483
(Source: DHC, ECA, Orphans’ Court Inventory no.20)
THOMAS BYRD-TAILOR THOMAS BYRD-TRADING NETWORK
Byrd entered the freedom in 1552 paying the minimum £1. He Byrd had 135 persons owing him money listed in his inventory in 1577. His appraisers did not list played a significant role within the Tailors’ guild serving as their places of residence as only a creditor in Plymouth, one in Wellington, and one living at the single warden in 1554 and 1555, master warden in 1559 and North Gate in Exeter are identified by place. However, the lay subsidy of 1577 for Exeter makes becoming master of the guild in 1566 and 1573. Byrd was one it possible for us to be able to use a document of the same year to try to help to uncover the of the three representatives of the complainants who appeared identity of many of them. The subsidy was used in conjunction with the Devon Muster Roll of before the Privy Council committee in December 1559 when he 1569. 45 of those owing money to Bird have been identified in the city of Exeter and a further 35 was described as one of the tailors lodging at the Bell Inn in in Devon as a whole. A number of Bird’s clients were living in St Lawrence itself. He served Carter Lane in London. He built up a successful business and local worthy, gentry and noble families, though Bird’s appraisers identified them often by the had apprentices completing their term with him and taking up term ‘gent’ rather than ‘Mr.’ There were a number of servants of these more affluent families the Exeter freedom in 1567, 1570/71 and 1575.He lived in St who owed Byrd. Byrd had women owing him money, though the number was still not large. Six Lawrence. He reached the outer ring of civic government when of these women were designated as ‘Mistress’ which may suggest that they were he was appointed as a city bailiff in 1566. businesswomen. The amounts owed by women were all fairly small and the largest sum was owed by his associate, the widow Katherine Richardson at 53s 4d. The appraisers did not designate the occupations of many of those owing money to Byrd though a victualler, a carrier’s clerk, a weaver and a tailor are designated. He also served the clergy as there is reference to a parson and a clerk, though no links with the cathedral clergy are evident. The amounts of money owed to Byrd ranged fairly widely though the largest amount was £14 owed by Robert Awstyn of Whiterowe. Many of the debts owed to Byrd were small and comprised 6 under £2, 35 between £2 to £4 and 40 at £5 to £9.
484
APPENDIX 21: EXETER TAILORS AND HOSIERS PAYING SHOP FINES IN 1522
NAME SHOP ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT HIGHEST NOTES FINE 1522 AND 1524/25 AND TAILORS’ 1522 PARISH PARISH GUILD OFFICE John Mottyn 8d 20s St Stephen Not included Single Freedom (Mutton) warden 1526 fine £1 1518 Lay Subsidy &1525 1544 St Petrock goods 40s Henry Not Nil St Petrock Not Included None Paid a shop Burlace given fine for three years- Payments in kind-in other years: a violet gown and a pair of shears. John Burlace, was a more successful tailor –it seems that Burlace had a father and brother,both called John, who were more established Exeter tailors. Richard Deleted £10 St Petrock £30 St Petrock Master Freedom Hunte warden 1520 fine £1 1525 William Deleted 20s St Paul Wages 20s St None Son of Lyswyll Paul Geoffrey Lyswyll married Alice Bodye – possibly of West Clifford. John Purcer 4d 40s St Petrock Wages 40s St None Petrock John Deleted 13s 4d St Martin Not included Shopholder John Brendon 1520 Brendon his father had 485
become a city bailiff in 1499 and master of the Tailors’ guild in 1500 Roger 4d Nil Holy Trinity Wages 20s Holy None In 1525 was Wellydo Trinity permitted to (Weldon) pay his shop fine in quarterly instalments. Robert 1 pair of 26s 8d St John 40s St John Single Knyght slevys warden 1521&1522 John Rypley 4d 20 marks St 40 marks St Master Freedom deleted Mary Major Mary Major 1526 1520 Fine £40 1544 ‘Ancient of £1 £40 1557 £40 St the House’ city bailiff Mary Major 1558 1535
John 5d 20s Holy Trinity Not given Single Freedom Upprobyns warden 1522. Had 1522/1523/ served as 1524 apprentice with William Davy, tailor. Had a Breton servant in 1522 Son of Thomas Upprobyns who was living in Holy Trinity in 1522 John Keyth 8d 10 marks St 53s 4d St Mary None Servant to Mary Major Major Sir William Courtenay 1522. Had a servant in 1522 and a Breton apprentice in 1524. Lay Subsidy 1544 goods 486
£8 but probably John Keyth junior. John Bartlet 4d Nil St George Not given Shopholder Most of the 1520 references in Exeter are to a carrier of the same name. John Smyth Not Could be St Could be St Was a John Was a John given Mary Major 10 Mary Major 4 Smyth Smyth twice Marks or St Marks warden of paying a Olave Nil Tailors’ shop fine as guild 1513 a draper. John Smyth draper Free 1514. Thomas 4d 40s St John Not recorded Shopholder Warden St Carswyll 1520 John’s Bow 1528/9 & 1529/30 Ivo Codlyn 8d hosier 20s St Petrock £4 St Petrock Shopholder 1522 a 1520 Bryton. 1524 alien. Often paying shop fine as a hosier
Thomas A payer 10s St Olave St Olave wages A sampler as Hawke hossyn nil payment in kind in 1515. An earlier Thomas Hawke involved in 1476 dispute Richard 8d hosier Richard Yonge, 20s St Mary Single Free 1527 Yonge servant to Mr Major warden tailor Robert Weston 1522 & Lay Subsidy in the Close. Nil 1523 1544 St Mary Major goods £4 John Deleted £6 St Olave £6 St Olave None Craddocke John Maye A payer 10 Marks 1522 £6 13s 4d St Single Lay Subsidy of hose Servant to Mr John warden 1544 St John cloth Alnot Clarke St 1518 and £5 John 1519. Freedom Master 1525 warden Apprentice 487
1526 of father John May, John May tailor Church- denied that warden of St he was the John’s Bow ‘ancient of 1522/3, the house’ 1523/4, in 1558. 1536/7, 1537/8, 1554/5 Warden of Exe Bridge 1536/7, 1537/8 Robenet 12d 10s All Hallows Wages 20s All None 1522 Born Robelet Goldsmith Hallows in Street Goldsmith Normandy. Street 1524 Alien Could have been a hosier. Wife Alice took over the business in 1526
(Source: DHC, ECA, TAB I ff.184a-185a)
488
APPENDIX 22: EXETER TAILORS: GUILD, CIVIC OFFICE AND TRADE 1470-1570
Highest guild and/or civic office attained YEAR MASTER NUMBER OF TAILORS- TAILORS not TRADING * GUILD GUILD GUILD CITY CITY CITY including MASTER WARDEN SINGLE MAYOR RECEIVER BAILIFF any free WARDEN sowers or bachelors 1476 31 9 3 6 2 3 2 3
1481 30 9 5 4 4 2 2 4
1493- 40 11 17 3 18 3 1 10
1505
1520 51 7 15 7 8 3 0 8
1559 62 0 18 4 6 1 1 6
1564 66 0 24 9 15 1 1 6
1476: Before the first Tailors’ Act Book commences. Based on ECA, Book 55 ff.53-54. 1481: ECA, TAB 1A f.96. There are eight lists of the members of the Tailors’ guild extant from 1477 to 1481. 1493-1505: No one list is extant for this period. Names drawn from those recorded in the earliest Tailors’ Act Book (TAB 1A) for those years. 1520: ECA, TAB 1A f.105. 1559 - ECA TAB 1 f.27b. 1564 - ECA TAB 1 f.33b.
*From TNA, E122 Particulars of Customs Accounts and ECA, Exeter Town Customs.
489
APPENDIX 23: THE WORKING LIFE OF HENRY MAUNDER, MERCHANT OF EXETER d. 1564
HENRY MAUNDER’S SHOP BOOK
In the records of the Exeter Orphans’ Court there is a probate inventory for the merchant Henry Maunder made in February 1564.74 Within this there are copies of entries made at the time from ‘hys shoppe booke’. We can study the details listed of his possessions ‘In the Ware Howse’, ‘In the Shoppe’ and ‘In the sealer’. These give us the most complete picture of the working life of an Exeter merchant at this time.
HENRY MAUNDER’S WORLD
Maunder entered the freedom in 1537 having completed an apprenticeship with the successful Exeter merchant John Way.75 Way is referred to in the Exeter records as both a merchant and a mercer.Way rose to become city receiver in 1542 and sheriff of Exeter but died in office in January 1545. John Way is listed in the surveys and subsidies of the time as being a resident of St Mary Arches and was a wealthy man who, in 1524/25, paid in that parish on goods valued at £100. Way had established a successful business as evidenced by the fact that at least seven apprentices completed their term of training and entered the city freedom under his mastership.76 It was a profitable step for Maunder when, on the 16th February 1541, he married Mary Waye, at the parish church of St Mary Arches.77 She seems to have been the daughter of John Way. Way himself had married the daughter of a mercer from Ottery St Mary.78 These connections no doubt aided Maunder who established a prospering business fairly quickly as by 1544 he was assessed on goods valued at £30 in the lay subsidy and was living in St Mary Arches.He was developing respect within the community by that time as he served as one of the two city collectors, reporting to the two chief
74 DHC, ECA, Orphans’ Court Inventory No.2. The original documents were used in this study. However, more recently a transcript has been published in Crocker, Elizabethan Inventories, pp.18-30. Cotton also produced a transcript of the inventory in ‘Glimpses of Elizabethan Households’, TDA, 20, 1888, pp.89-109. 75 Exeter Freemen, p.73. 76 DHC, ECA, ABII f.63b; Exeter Freemen, pp.69, 73, 76, 78; Tudor Exeter, p.39. 77 DHC, Exeter St Mary Arches PR1. 78 TNA, C1/1169/35; Req 2/20/62. 490 collectors for the whole city subsidy.79 He was referred to then as a citizen and merchant. The so-called ‘Devotion Money’ collected by Henry VIII’s government in 1544 gives us a list of the city churchwardens in that year and Maunder is listed as holding the office in St Mary Arches’ parish and paying three shillings and four pence to the King as their contribution.80 A few years later, in 1548, he was chosen as a city bailiff and so had become a noted figure who was advancing into a civic career. Maunder continued to be involved with St Mary Arches as he was assessed on goods worth £11 in the same parish in 1557/8.81 The Orphans’ Court inventory makes reference to the ’Howse in Saynte Marye Arches Lane’ as well as a further ‘howse that John Cotton do late dwell in’. He was not, however, amongst the most wealthy men in the parish as in 1544 six men were considered by the assessors to be better off than Maunder and in 1557/58 eight men were considered better off. Nevertheless this was within one of the most prosperous central parishes within the city. He was accepted into the civic elite in September 1557 when he was elected unanimously as a member of the Twenty Four.82 It is difficult to judge how successful his civic career was as the receivership followed on average seven years after co-option to the Twenty Four and this span of years had not quite been reached by the time of his death.83 By 1560 he was a member of the Merchants’ Company.84 Maunder, however, faced some problems as he was the defendant in a case brought to Chancery by John Bromhill concerning plate and goods in an Exeter house.85
In the Orphans’ Court inventory there is mention of ‘hys wyffs apparel.’ There is a gap in the parish burial registers from February 1556 to June 1558, which was acknowledged there by the contemporary recorder, and it may be that Mary was buried at this time.86 When the inventory was taken in 1564 Henry Maunder had a family of five sons and four daughters. The St Mary Arches parish registers record the baptism of ten of his children between 1541 and 1558. They were specifically listed as the sons or daughters of Henry Maunder, with the
79 Tudor Exeter, p.12. 80 TNA, E179/99/283. 81 Tudor Exeter, p.56. 82 DHC, ECA, AB II f.154a. 83 See 2.1. 84 DHC, ECA, 58/7/11 f.7a. 85 TNA, C3/14/37. The documentation is noted by TNA as being in very bad condition. 86 DHC, Exeter St Mary Arches PR1. 491 exception of his first child, Elizabeth, who was baptised in November 1541.87 Henry Maunder’s daughter, Elizabeth, married William Paramore.Paramore was bound to pay £40 each to the two elder sons and two elder daughters at the time of Maunder’s death. Elizabeth Paramore herself was to receive the same amount. William Paramore was a merchant who entered the freedom in 1562/63 having completed an apprenticeship with his father, John, the city Receiver in 1559, who was assessed in the adjacent St Olave’s parish in the mid-sixteenth century subsidies.88
Henry Maunder himself died in February 1564 and his burial service took place in St Mary Arches church.89 There is no known extant recorded will. Given that he completed his apprenticeship in 1537, we can assume that he must have been about 50. Maunder’s place within the Exeter merchant community is further confirmed by the list of appraisers at the taking of the inventory which included the merchants George Peryman, Andrew Gyre (Gere) and Edmund Whetcombe, all of whom had been assessed in St Mary Arches parish for taxation in 1557/8.90 These men were all neighbours and close business associates of Maunder. Unusually there were six appraisers rather than four or three.The others were the draper George Hunt, William Phyllypps and John Gaydon. George Hunt was the son of the former mayor Thomas Hunt. The other two appraisers were established freemen and Phyllypps was certainly resident in St Mary Arches later.91 Henry Maunder was a well connected Exeter merchant, very much at the centre of the St Mary Arches’ parish community, though not at the top of the city hierarchy in terms of his wealth.92
The fortunes of the Maunder family after his death were mixed and none of his children reached his standing within the city. Maunder’s son, John, entered the Exeter freedom by succession in 1573/4. John Maunder appears as a member of the Merchants’ Company in 1568 and 1570 and he carried on in his father’s occupation. Another son, Silvester, completed an apprenticeship with the successful Exeter baker Peter Vilvayne in 1583 and was assessed in Holy
87 Ibid. 88 Exeter Freemen, p.90. 89 DHC, Exeter St Mary Arches PR1. 90 Tudor Exeter, p.56. 91 Exeter Freemen, pp.78, 82; Tudor Exeter, p.64. 92 MacCaffrey, Exeter, p.252. In his one reference to Maunder MacCaffrey sees him as one of the lesser city councillors in terms of his wealth. 492
Trinity parish three years later. A further son, William, became a weaver, entering the freedom in 1583/4, and advancing to the mastership of the Weavers, Tuckers and Shearmen in 1589/90. He was resident in St David’s parish. His son Thomas could have become a tailor. It seems that, although John became a merchant, for Maunder’s sons, work in the prominent city crafts was considered a respectable enough step.93
THE TRADING ACTIVITIES OF HENRY MAUNDER
Henry Maunder was never a major merchant within the port of Exeter. We can find him first engaged in the overseas trade, from the evidence of the customs accounts, the year after he had completed his apprenticeship. In June 1538 he brought into Exeter a miscellaneous shipment of prunes, vinegar, old and new cards (woolcards), black soap, coarse canvas and thread aboard the ‘Trinity Prowse’. One of the main shippers on this voyage was his master John Waye, who may have helped him with his early ventures.94 Maunder’s trade can then be traced through the extant customs accounts in the following years up to 1562, the year before his death. In that year he was bringing in iron on the ‘Le Nicholas Furseman’ and vitry canvas on ‘Le Dragon’.95 In these instances he was one of the merchants making the lesser valued shipments on board the vessels. The peak of Maunder’s trading was, according to the evidence of the customs accounts, reached in the 1550s when he was making up to seven shipments a year,and generally in this period the volume of his trading was greater. However, in some years of his trading in the other decades it is only possible to trace one, or none at all, per year from the extant records.
Maunder was engaged in the import and the export trade, though, due to the nature of the surviving records, we have more evidence of his imports. He exported tin and also cloth, both dyed and undyed. He was predominantly a sole trader of cargoes using ships with some of the leading Exeter merchants of the day, often as one of the lesser shippers on the vessels. On a few occasions he shipped goods in partnership with another Exeter merchant. The most significant instance we have recorded of this was in August 1544 when on board the ‘Andrew’ of Powderham, in partnership with William Morys, he
93 Exeter Freemen, pp.91, 98, 106; Tudor Exeter, pp.71, 73. 94 TNA, E122/43/11. 95 DHC, ECA, TC 1561/62. 493 brought into Exeter swaro,96 cups, black soap, white soap, ockum,97 hops, pitch and tar, sugar, brown paper, iron, ‘skowerynge tyles’, wire, lath nails, board nails, fullers’ kettles, glue, iron pans, alum and brazil.98 He also shipped goods jointly with a number of the significant Exeter merchants of the day. Often there were three, four or five merchants who banded together, including Maunder, to ship goods. In one instance there were nine in November 1542 exporting goods on the ‘Margaret’ of Topsham.99 There are a number of instances where we can see records of vessels coming into the port which carried some of Maunder’s goods but, although many of the same merchants then sent goods out on the same ship a few days or weeks later, Maunder was not included in the accounts as a trader.100 Often he shipped the lowest, or one of the lowest, quantities of goods aboard the ships. We can link the evidence of Maunder’s trading with the details provided in the Orphans’ Court inventory in 1564 to establish a clearer picture of his business.
HENRY MAUNDER’S SHOP, WAREHOUSE AND CELLAR
THE SHOP
Cotton made little comment on the inventory and was more interested in the household goods than those associated with Maunder’s work. He did, however, consider Maunder to have been ‘a combination of ironmonger, grocer, draper and wine merchant.’ 101 Hoskins makes a few references to Maunder’s inventory. He sees him as having ‘an extensive business in Spanish iron….’ and ‘…besides wine and iron, he dealt in an extraordinary miscellany of commodities….and Heaven knows what else.’ 102 Hoskins listed some of the commodities in the shop. He also enumerated the number of debtors to Maunder and noted that many owed some sums of money but a few, owing larger sums, were probably wholesale buyers. Crocker’s interest was more in his possessions and clothing though she does comment on his ship-owning as
96 Suero is Spanish for serum, whey or a saline solution so it seems likely that this is some kind of liquid from Spain. It does not appear in the Dictionary of Traded Goods 1550-1820. 97 Ockum was the coarse fibres from flax or hemp used as a kind of caulking or dressing. 97 TNA, E122/201/14. 98 TNA, E122/43/15. 99 TNA, E122/201/10. 100 TNA,E122/201/4. 101 Cotton, ‘Glimpses of Elizabethan Households’, p.73. 102 Hoskins, ‘Elizabethan Merchants’, p.171. 494 an example of the range of mercantile activity and his large family as indicative of the better diet and health of the more prosperous Exeter citizens at that time. 103 The intention here is to make a more detailed analysis of Maunder’s inventory in terms of what light it sheds on his working life and to link it with the evidence of his trading provided in the Particulars of Customs accounts and in the Exeter Town Customs records.
Maunder had a shop, a warehouse and a cellar as well as an area ‘tweane doores’ which he used for a little storage.If we can assume that the inventory makers visited the rooms in his household in the order in which they recorded them we can see that they concentrated on the family’s living accommodation first as well as with listing the apparel and napery of Maunder and his late wife. It was only after visiting the kitchen, in which they did note 12 barrels of ‘swarrowe’ worth £3 13s 4d, a commodity which Maunder certainly traded in and by far the most valuable items there.They ventured into the ‘Ware Howse,’ which could have been adjacent to the kitchen. Later they passed ‘In the Tweane doors,’ into the shop, and subsequently to the cellar. ‘Tween doors’ has been identified as a term at this time in Exeter referring to an entry or a side passage which usually ran the whole length of a house.104 We can count fourteen rooms in his house and so,according to a sample of twenty Exeter houses described in inventories between 1564 and 1609, Maunder’s house would be classified as perhaps just reaching the size of that of one of the richer merchants, but clearly smaller than some of the grander ones of the time.105 It probably fronted a major street and had access to a smaller street at the rear which acted as a service road.Recent studies of merchant town houses in Exeter, such as those in North Street, have suggested that some were three rooms deep, built one behind the other, with a side passage along allowing access from the street front where a shop would have been situated. 106
Within the house there are a few indications of Maunder’s work or his contacts with places outside Exeter. The ‘Chamber within the Allyer’ contained a ‘countynge borde’ which was valued at 2s. There is no reference to any counting house or office within the inventory but this may be some indication of
103 Crocker, Elizabethan Inventories, pp. xix, xxi, xxv. 104 Hoskins, ‘Elizabethan Merchants’, p.180. 105 Ibid. p.178. 106 Thorp, ‘Construction, Appearance and Development’. 495 his accounting. The Chamber over the Parlour had ‘a old shyppe coffer’ listed in its furnishings, though we can only speculate if this is any indication of travelling by Maunder or his family. There are also a few references to possessions from other places or countries such the ‘London carpett’and ‘ij pictures of fflaunders worke’ in the Fore Hall, the ’greate fflanders cuppe with a cover’ in the Chamber next to the stairs and within his listed napery there was a ‘Spanyshe tester.’ Within the work rooms there are also some insights into how his work was conducted.Inside the shop there were five sets of balances listed which comprised a great pair, three other pairs and a little pair. The great pair had the most significant value of any of these work goods at 6s 8d and so may have been substantial. The shop was fitted as within it there were ‘ij shelfes Rownd abowte the shoppe with the borders’ which had a high value of ten shillings. The cellar lists one shelf with ropes.The warehouse seems to have accommodated the movement and weighing of bulkier goods as it contained ‘a Flander beame and skales’ as well as ‘weyghts of ledd’ and ‘braysen weights.’
The most important commodities listed in Maunder’s shop were kerseys. Five entries for kerseys, listed at the end of the shop contents, account for nearly half of the total value of the shop goods listed, being in total worth over £27.There are different types of kerseys valued at 16 shillings a kersey, 20 shillings the piece, 25 shillings the piece and 32 shillings the piece. In addition there were two ‘Raw kyrsyes’ appraised at being worth 36 shillings in total. These were probably locally manufactured, with Crediton being noted for its finer quality kerseys and Tiverton and Cullompton also being well known centres of manufacture for this cloth.107Kerseys were being exported from the port by Exeter merchants in large quantities in 1565.
Dowlas cloth was the second most highly valued commodity in his shop at the time of his inventory at over £11.108 In this case we can clearly see from the customs accounts that Maunder was involved in the import of dowlas linen cloth, probably from Brittany, at this time. He had been one of twelve shippers bringing into Exeter a large consignment of dowlas on the ’George’ of Topsham
107 E. Kerridge, Textile Manufactures in Early Modern England, Manchester, 1985, p.25. 108 Dowlas was originally from Deolas or Doulis a town South East of Brest in Brittany. It was a coase linen cloth which was widely used in the sixteenth century. http://www.british- history.ac.uk/no-series/traded-goods-dictionary/1550-1820, University of Wolverhampton, 2007. 496 in November 1560.109 Maunder’s shop contained some other types of cloth and especially five lots of canvas. This was either Vitry canvas from Brittany or what is referred to as a smaller amount of ‘Normandye’ canvas as well as some just designated as ‘canvas’. Here again we can see from the customs accounts that Maunder was importing canvas. As late as May 1562 he had brought in Vitry canvas on ‘Le Dragon’.110 Other Breton cloth is listed in his shop including four lots of Tregar 111 as well as some ’bryttene clothe’. The former is not listed separately as a type of cloth on the Exeter shipments into the port at this time.
However, Maunder’s most frequent import over the period in which we can trace his trading activities within the customs accounts, was ‘crest cloth’. This general term may well cover a variety of coarser linen cloths which had been imported for many years into Exeter and served the needs of the local working people. He also imported some buckram. Within his shop Maunder stocked some small quantities of imported Irish frieze and black silk. He was serving the needs of the local people with a range of both imported and locally produced cloth.He was not stocking quantities of higher quality cloth such as velvet, taffeta, satin and damask, though this was well known to him as some of his own and his wife’s clothes, listed in the inventory, were made of these materials.Budge was also used to face some of his own gowns as well as rabbit.Neither did his inventory mention any worsted, camlet, brown blue or lace which appears in his own wardrobe.Nor was Maunder stocking any of the new cloths which appear as being exported in the 1565 Port Book,112 such as Bridgewaters,Reading Kerseys, Moltons, or lockram113 nor the Ghentish cloth or Guernsey cloth being imported in that year. Maunder’s cloth, as stocked in his shop, was it seems, both locally sourced and imported, fairly traditional, of lower quality and serving the people of the city.
109 DHC, ECA, TC 1560/61. 110 DHC, ECA, TC 1561/62. Vitry originally from Vitre in Brittany was a light durable canvas or sailcloth originally made in Brittany. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/traded- goods-dictionary/1550-1820. 111 Treager or Tregar was a linen fabric from Brittany. P. McGrath, Merchants and Merchandise in Seventeenth Century Bristol, Bristol Record Society, 19, 1955, p.298. 112 TNA, E190/925/6. 113 Lockram originally from Locronan in Brittany was a linen cloth of variable quality used to make wearing apparel or household linen: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/traded- goods-dictionary/1550-1820. 497
Cloth constituted the major products within Maunder’s shop both in terms of value and also in the interests of the appraisers.They appraised them first and, in the case of the kerseys, last in the making of the inventory of the shop. This may also reflect where they were kept within the shop lay-out. The rest of the contents seem to have been appraised far more indiscriminately and were also not of the same value. Some of the other contents reflect the stock-in-trade of the mercer, or haberdasher.
We do, however, see some of the items which Maunder imported, from the evidence of the customs accounts, within his shop stock. The most notable was soap. It is referred to within them as black soap (presumably for the woollen industry), white soap (for household use) and just as soap.This, along with crest cloth, was the commodity which we can most trace Maunder importing. It is referred to within them as black soap (presumably for the woollen industry), white soap (for household use) and just as soap. In the shop there was ‘xvij li of castell soope at vij the pound.’ The last reference to Maunder bringing in soap occurs in January 1557 when, on the ‘Genyte’ of Exmouth, he brought in 28 tons of fruit along with 3C hundreds of soap shipped in conjunction with Maurice Levermore, Richard Mawdytt and John Paramore.114 It seems more likely that this was part of direct trade with the Spanish ports rather than via Antwerp. Other commodities which Maunder imported, such as aniseed and treacle, also appear. He held a large quantity, thirty one barrels, of ‘triackell’ (treacle) in the shop valued at 5s 2d. The ‘agnes seede’ (aniseed) was just a pound valued at 8d. There were a few other spices such as pepper, and mustard seed and a small amount of saffron. Maunder did import sugar, which does not appear in the shop contents, though there was two pounds of sugar candy valued at 2s. There was also a sugar chest in his warehouse. Surprisingly there is hardly any reference to dyestuffs being stocked in Maunder’s shop at the time of his death yet we know from the customs accounts that he did import some madder and brazil and also the mordant alum. Some brazil, a ‘whyte maund (large basket) with brasell’ was found in his warehouse.
Maunder was certainly stocking other commodities which would service local industries. We know that he imported cards for the woollen industry. Amongst
114 DHC, ECA, TC 1556/57.
498 his shipments into Exeter were both old cards and new cards. These were perhaps sold directly to the craftsmen.He also brought in some fullers’ kettles. For the building industry there were nails and lath nails, the latter which he imported on a few occasions. Imported nails occur fairly often in the customs accounts and were often imported into England from Spain.115 There is no reference in his inventory to the other hardware items we can see him importing in the customs accounts such as ‘skowerynge tyles’, wire, broad nails, glue, iron pans and cups. Steel was also mentioned and very occasionally processed iron was shipped to England from Spain.116 The appraisers, after their valuation of his cloth, had moved to the large quantities of brown paper held in the shop. At the time there were seventeen reams valued at 18d per ream. Maunder certainly imported brown paper, possibly for wrapping goods. On occasion, at the end of a larger shipment of goods by merchants such as Maunder, we have a reference in the customs accounts to other miscellaneous goods being shipped and of course this could include smaller or less valuable items which were stocked in the shop.
The shop contained the most diverse range of goods within Maunder’s business. He was clearly acting here as a retailer stocking primarily imported and locally produced cloth. However, the range of other goods, which were both imported goods and ones obtained from local craftsmen and traders,were serving a range of local customers and industries.
THE WAREHOUSE
The Warehouse was being used much more specifically within Maunder’s business. Here there was a much smaller range of goods being housed. Larger amounts of cloth were being stored. In particular, there were two fardels of canvas valued at £28, listed first by the appraisers, and this was the most valuable single item noted in Maunder’s total stock.Trading in canvas was a key elements of his business. In addition to this there was also a substantial amount of the Breton linen cloth, treagar.All of this would either have been imported by Maunder or, from the quantity, it seems likely bought up by him from other merchants. Here we have evidence of Maunder acting more as a wholesaler.
115 Childs, Anglo-Castilian Trade, pp. 115-116. 116 Ibid., p.116. 499
Maunder’s warehouse space must have been taken up primarily, however, with metal goods. Some was unwrought, such as the twenty five ’endes of Iron’ stored there. We know that some of Maunder’s iron stock certainly came from the Bilbao region as the provenence of some iron for which he was owed money is listed with one of his debtors. However, the rest was manufactured goods: brass pans, ‘cawderons, crocks, chaffers, chaffyn dyssshes, and also skylletts. There were also latten goods such as basins and flower pots as well as tin flower pots, varieties of different sized pots, and also tin chamber pots. These may have been the work of the smiths who feature prominently in the list of those who owed money to Maunder, considered at the end of their work by the appraisers. They certainly suggest Maunder’s close links with local metal craftsmen. Maunder was also involved in dealings in metal in other ways however, as tin was by far the largest export commodity.Perhaps some of the tin found its way back to Exeter and was sold locally. Maunder certainly exported tin throughout his working life. We can see shipments of it being made by him out of the port of Exeter as early as 1540 and as late as 1558. Nearly, but not all, of Maunder’s ventures into the export market contained some tin amongst the cargo. It was exported on a wide variety of ships and usually by Maunder on his own account and not in partnership with any other merchant. It was nearly always exported in hundred weights and sometimes the amounts were quite substantial such as the 16 hundreds sent out on the ‘Mary John’ of Burporte (Bridport?) in May 1545, though most shipments were less than half of this bulk.117 On one occasion it was exported differently as four pieces and two packets of tin in bars, on the ‘John’ of Lymington in August 1555.118 There is no evidence from the inventory that Maunder was holding tin within his warehouse in the city for export. The cloth he held there had been imported.It seems unlikely that the warehouse in the city was being used for storing goods ready for export and clearly this was done elsewhere, no doubt much nearer the port facilities. Maunder’s other export goods were almost wholly comprised of cloth. We have less full information on exports as they were not the concern of the Town Customer. He exported relatively small quantities of undyed cloth throughout most of his time trading. Sometimes this was with a cargo of tin but just as often it was his sole commodity being exported on the vessel.
117 TNA, E122/43/15. 118 TNA, E122/45/1. 500
The rest of Maunder’s warehouse goods were miscellaneous. The only other commodity of significant value was the thirty six gallons of coyte valued at £6 in total.119 There were well over two and a half hundreds of tallow and a barrel of ockum. There was also a little evidence of dealing in dyestuffs. The small quantity of pitch there could have been imported as he did bring in some pitch and tar in his incoming cargoes. There is some indication of how goods were stored as there were five empty hogsheads thought by the appraisers to be worthy of valuation.
THE CELLAR
Henry Maunder also had a cellar at the premises. This contained ten hogsheads of ‘yolledge’ wine.120 The value was not too high, at 53s 4d.In fact Maunder used the space ‘Tweane doores’, possibly the entry or side passage, to store his wine. There he had a butt of malmsey and half a butt of seck valued together at £8.The butt of seck was half full. We can certainly see from the customs accounts that he did bring in some non-sweet wine. This was not one of his main concerns and some of the shipments were fairly small but in 1555 he was involved in bringing in three shipments of wine, amongst other cargoes, with a range of partners. The last one, in May 1555, involved the import of 48 tons of non-sweet wine on the ‘Charite’ of Dartmouth with the Exeter vintner Thomas Richardson as well as with John Thomas and Thomas Kellye.121 Wine was, from the evidence of his inventory, not a main concern of Maunder’s business, but it no doubt proved another valuable diversification within it. The rest of his cellar was stocked with ‘an ale Toste of xii gallons’ valued at only at 8d and apart from a few fixtures and fittings, just some small quantities of tin and lime.
MAUNDER’S TRADING NETWORK
As their last task on the day of drawing up Maunder’s inventory the appraisers turned to his business papers to consider the extent of the money which he was owed. They listed ‘Detts dewe unto the sayde Harrye Maunder as appereth by
119 Coyte was a thin beer and is Old Flemish in origin. 120 This could be a form of blended wine created when casks which were not quite full were filled up. There are many variants of the term. Vanes, John Smythe, p.332. 121 TNA, E122/201/14. 501 hys Shoppe booke’. After listing these they also noted ‘Detts dewe unto the seyd Harrye Maunder by Specialltyes’.There were just six of these debtors. Three of them owed Maunder money under a bill obligatory 122 but one, George Hunt, owed the largest sum of these, £12 10s under several bills obligatory. The main list of debtors gives us some insight into Maunder’s record keeping as they are in alphabetical order of surname.This may well be how Maunder kept this record in the relevant part of the original Shop Book. These records are referred to in the summarising at the end of the inventory as ‘Detts by his bucke in the shop’. The main list of debtors was extensive and included 112 separate entries. The sum of these debts was high at £185 9s 11d. Hoskins, in his brief consideration of the inventory, just included these and not the other debts by specialty, though he did consider that Maunder must have had wholesale and retail customers owing him money at the time of his death.123 The total number of persons owing money to Maunder was 118 overall.
The Shop Book mostly indicates what the debt was for and so this gives us a good insight into the nature of Maunder’s business. Some of the debts were substantial. The higher ones were for: £18 9s 8d owed by Thomas Richardson; £12 10s, by John Shyrwell of Newton Bushel (modern Newton Abbot); the same amount owed by ‘Mystrys Shylston of Kyrton’; (Crediton); £11 10s 9d by Edward Redman; and £10 9s 3d by John Maynoord (Maynard). Another five debtors owed between £5 and just under £10. It is likely that some of these were wholesale customers. Thomas Richardson was an Exeter vintner and merchant and Edward Redman and John Maynard were Exeter merchants. Other known Exeter merchants owed Maunder larger amounts such as Philip Yard (for seck) and Andrew Gyre (Jere) (for ‘wares’) and Maunder’s son- in- law, William Paramore (for ‘wares’). It seems likely that Maunder had sold goods on to these men in bulk, many of which were probably sourced locally as well as some being imported. Most of the men listed were more substantial overseas traders than Maunder himself as they appear more frequently in the extant customs accounts. Owing for ‘wares’, as a general term, occurs frequently in Maunder’s book and in no way completely equates with wholesale wares, however, as a number of the sums owed for these were small, such as the less than 4s owed
122 A bill obligatory was a kind of promissory note, a bill acknowledging a debt and promising to meet it. 123 Hoskins,‘Elizabethan Merchants’ , p.118. 502 by ‘Harrye Seaward of Woodbery’,(Woodbury) ‘Wyslakes wyffe of Tapsam’ (Topsham) and ‘John Dyer Mr Custemers man’.
The commodities which his debtors had bought from Maunder give us an idea of the goods he concentrated upon selling. It is surprising here that the greatest number of debts owed was for iron. This was a commodity that did not feature largely as being stored in Maunder’s premises. The only reference is to the twenty five ‘endes of iron’ stored in his warehouse, weighing just under 7 hundreds and only valued at £3 9s 6d. We know from the customs accounts that he imported large quantities of iron, such as the twenty two tons, in partnership with five other merchants on the ‘Michael’ of Teignmouth in June 1559 and another five tons on board ‘Le Nicholas Furseman’ in January 1561 when Robert Midwinter and William Bodleigh also imported iron. He had imported some iron earlier in his trading such as in 1545 on the ‘Andrew’ of Powderham, amidst a large consignment of goods he brought in with William Morys, but Maunder generally, throughout his trading life overall, appears only a few times in the records importing iron.124 In his Shop Book there are sixteen entries which specify that money was owed to him for iron.One is different from the rest and is it is from the merchant Edward Redman ‘for yron and other wares and monye lente hym’ and totals £11 10s 9d, far more than any of the other debts involving iron. Most of them are for small amounts of less than £1. One, by far the smallest amount at 14d owed, noted that ‘’Peter the Smythes man oweth for the rest of one ende of yron.’ The provenance of the iron is suggested in one entry as money was owed ‘for bylbowe (Bilbao) yron’. In one case Maunder had been supplying ‘yron and style’ and in another’ yron and coles’. Robert Cosyns also owed Maunder 8s for a quarter of ‘coles’.He was clearly involved with the working activities of the local smiths.This is further evidenced as Maunder was owed money for iron by smiths ‘without Estgate’, two ‘without South gate’, ‘within Westgate’ and ‘without Westgate’. In one other instance ‘Ducke the Smyth’ ‘without Sowthgate’ is noted as owing Maunder 23s 6d and his wife, distinguished by being referred to as such elsewhere in the document, also owed 18d. This all gives us an insight into the location of the blacksmiths’ work in Exeter, outside the main residential areas of the city. Maunder also dealt with smiths in other parts of Devon including two from
124 DHC, ECA, TC 1558/59, 1561/62; TNA, E122/43/15. 503
Halberton, one from Cheriton Fitzpaine and one from Cheriton (which could also have been Fitzpaine) one from Hemyock and one from Lympstone.
There were also a number of debts outstanding for supplying cloth. Linen cloth is most frequently listed but also other cloth such as canvas, calico, dowlas, poldavy and tregar (treagar). The amounts of money owing for linen cloth varied but by far the largest was by John Shyrwell of Newton Bushel, being £12 10s, which seems to suggest wholesale selling by Maunder. However, it could be that Thomas Dyer of Shogbroke (Shobroke) and Thomas Canne of Woodbury were shopkeepers in those villages who he was supplying. There were also individual customers who had perhaps visited his shop and bought small amounts of linen cloth for which they still owed money such as,‘Chycks wyffe upon Styppcott hyll’ owing 12d and John Croston ‘the shryffesbayle’ (sheriff’s bailiff) owing 15d. With the exception of poldavy the types of cloths which Maunder traded in were either imported by him or stocked in his premises. There is no mention of specific debts owed for kerseys being bought. One of the debts, of 18s for ‘canvas and callow cowe,’ was owed by Maunder’s neighbour and fellow merchant John Barstaple. Maunder certainly associated with him in some of his business dealings and so it may be that Maunder had supplied him with larger quantities of the cloth as a wholesale deal. With other types of cloth differing kinds of business can be discerned. Smaller sums such as 4s were owed by ‘Gearmyns wyffe the bowcher’ for dowlas whereas John Monncke of Awtrye (Ottery) had contacted a recent debt in the previous December for half a piece of tregar valued at the much more substantial 38s 4d.
Henry Maunder had been involved in bringing in quantities of fruit to the port of Exeter.There is not much reference to this being kept on his premises, just the forty three pounds of ‘Reasons of Coryn’ in his shop valued at 14s.However, there is more evidence of debts being owed to him for the sale of fruit.In the latter shipments recorded for him he more commonly brought in prunes but he certainly also imported one large consignment of fruit in conjunction with three other merchants.Five customers owed him for raisins and two owed him for figs provided. There is no evidence from the customs accounts that Maunder imported figs, though ‘Le Mary Ffloure’ arrived in Exeter in December 1562 with a cargo of figs brought in by five merchants. The quantities were large including 289 pieces of figs being brought in by John Waldron and 280 by John Blackall. 504
The smallest shipment on board, of 40 pieces, was made by William Paramore, Maunder’s son- in- law. This may be some evidence of Maunder working with his family as part of his business activities.125
The record of Maunder’s debtors evidences his connections with a range of local craftsmen.We know that his main export commodity was tin.However, he supplied some locally too.Gaynge, who is referred to as being a pewterer of Dorchester, owed him 3s 6d ‘for the reste of certyn tynne’. John Collyngwood owed just 11d for the same and had provided a pewterer as surety for his debts. Maunder’s connections with the textile trades are also attested to by the list of his debtors. A man called Potter owed him for the supply of a pair of woollen cards, possibly the merchant and clothier Christopher Potter.Maunder certainly imported these. He also imported, stored and supplied the mordant alum as Trowberfyld of Honiton owed him over £3 for ‘allombe’.There were also connections with the Exeter weavers, as a weaver living outside the East Gate and a weaver’s wife were both amongst his debtors.He supplied essential equipment for other workers such as the grinding stone which he supplied at a cost of 6s 8d to Richard Collyns, a cutler. A dyer called Rudge also owed him the more substantial 22s. Maunder therefore was supplying a range of local trades.
It is in his dealings in wine and also in hops that evidence can be found of Maunder’s links with some more affluent customers. Mr Lyle of Honiton owed him £9 2s 8d for seck and some other goods. Lyle is only one of two men to be designated ‘Mr’ in the list of debtors, the other being Mr Hearnyman who owed him for linen cloth. William Houle of Zeale owed him £4 17s 6d for seck.Other purchasers of seck were the merchants Philip Yard and Gilbert Saywell. Yard owed £9 6s 8d and Saywell £6 13s 4d, so they had both made substantial purchases. Both were very established merchants in the city by this time and Saywell also held office as one of the taverners of the city in 1557.126 It seems possible that in the case of the merchants at least Maunder was acting as a wholesaler. Maunder imported wine and held seck within his stock. The cheaper ‘yolledge’ wine which was kept in Maunder’s cellar could also have been sold in bulk to Thomas Hocketts of Exmouth, who owed him £3 for 8 hogsheads of it.
125 DHC, ECA, TC 1562/63. 126 DHC, ECA, AB II f.160b. 505
Robert Cotton owed Maunder the smaller sum of 34s 4d. This man was probably the merchant and neighbour in St Mary Arches parish, Robert Cotton, who was appointed as one of the city controllers of wine prices in 1553, and who was one of those dismissed from being a wine controller in Exeter in 1557. 127 It is likely that Maunder did provide wine on a wholesale basis both to fellow merchants and vintners in Exeter and elsewhere and also to members of the Devon gentry. The scale of his dealings was, however, probably fairly small.
In the case of hops Maunder had his most illustrious customer listed as Sir Peter Carew who owed him 56s 4d for his purchase of hops. Carew’s close political links with the city no doubt brought him into contact with Maunder and provided the opportunity for some business. Two other debts for providing hops were recorded in the Shop Book, one of John Coyell of Topsham. There is no record of hops being stored on Maunder’s premises though they were occasionally amongst the cargoes which he brought into the port across the span of his trading life.
The geographical basis of Maunder’s trading network can be suggested from the list of those who owed outstanding debts to him as sixty-four entries mention the place where they lived, as shown in the map below.128 Eighteen of these were within the area of the city of Exeter.Five of his customers lived outside the South gate and four outside the East gate. Some of the others were from the West of the city, two being from outside the West gate and also one from beyond Exe Bridge.There were customers with outstanding debts from within the city in Stepcote Hill and St Rocks Lane.Some of these were, therefore, from the poorer areas of the city.In Devon as a whole there is no obvious pattern within the network of contacts. Contacts to the East of the city were more prominent overall and Honiton and Woodbury have the highest representation amongst his known debtors at the time of his death. Topsham was one of the main places he had contacts with. The only other place which has any significant representation is the village of Doddiscombsleigh, eight miles to the South West of Exeter.There is hardly any mention of contacts with West Devon and, apart from one reference to Torrington, little with North Devon. The place furthest afield was Dorchester. Many of Maunder’s customers
127 DHC, ECA, AB II f.129a, 152a. 128 See map below. 506 did come from the city itself but others were fairly widespread though especially from East and South Devon.
MAUNDER’S RETAIL CUSTOMERS
Women are listed separately as customers of Maunder who owed him money in twenty-one instances. In two-thirds of these they were designated as wives and their husband’s surname was given. In three cases there is also the addition of the husband’s occupation; a carrier, a butcher and a weaver. Three others were designated as ‘Mystrys’ and in one case ‘Mother.’129 In three cases the surname and Christian name of the woman was given. The two most substantial sums were owed by two of the women called ‘Mystrys.’ By far the most significant was ‘Mystrys Shylston of Kyrton’ (Crediton) who owed £12 10s.It seems likely that she was a businesswoman. ‘Mystrys Waggott’ also owed 26s for unspecified wares.The other,‘Mystrys Conwaye’, had purchased a mustard mill from Maunder and owed him 3s 4d.There is no discernible pattern for those women who were given their Christian and surname in Maunder’s book. One had been lent money, one owed a debt for unknown goods, one owed for wares and one owed a small amount for playing cards. The sums involved varied from 16s to 18d. It seems likely that Mother Alse of St Rock’s Lane was a poorer older customer who owed just 17d.
Certainly Maunder had a number of retail customers who owed small sums of money. Eleven debts were for 18d or less.Only five of these were, however, women. Three of them were noted as wives, though we do not have any mention of the commodities for which they owed Maunder money. The smallest debt was of 1d. This was owed by Lawrence Chollys of Exminster ‘for the rest of the canvas’. Apart from Chollys only one other of the smallest debtors was shown to have been from outside Exeter. This was William Rychards of Bickleigh. In some cases the goods for which the small debts were owed were listed being: linen, canvas, tin and playing cards. These customers were probably some of the poorer local people who visited Maunder’s shop but there is no evidence to suggest that they were mostly women who were providing for their families.
129 ‘Mistress’ was usually a respectful term for a more economically and socially substantial woman and probably a businesswoman, ‘Mother’ was a friendly term for a woman from a less well off background aged over about 40. 507
MAUNDER AS A MONEY LENDER
Another facet of Maunder’s working life may be revealed by the Shop Book.He seems to have been working as a small scale money lender. Nine entries state that they owed him for money lent to them.The sums varied though, the merchant Edward Redman owed over £11 in addition to iron and other wares. Three others who owed £5, £4 and 42s, the next largest amounts, can be identified as Exeter merchants. Henry Ellis had recently completed an apprenticeship in 1560 with Maunder’s neighbour and trading associate John Barstaple so may well have been a young man seeking to borrow money.130 Hubert Colwill was an established merchant by this time and had been elected as city bailiff in 1559. Peter Lake was also an established merchant who had become a member of the Twenty Four in 1557. However, he was frequently involved in disputes and litigation concerning defamation, the price of woad, money received, properties in Exeter and Plymouth, and most exotically of alleged piracy with John and William Hawkins of Plymouth by some Lucchese merchants.131 It is perhaps not surprising that he owed one of Maunder’s outstanding debts. Maunder was clearly acting as a money lender in these cases. There were also a number of smaller debts, the lowest being 4s owed by Hercules Clement of Heavitree. Clement and a ‘Rowe of Alfyngton’ (Alphington) were the only people who had outstanding loaned money from outside the city precincts and in both cases the places were nearby. Margery Rolston was lent 16s by Maunder and is listed in the Shop Book in her own right, which would certainly have been unusual for a woman at that time. Money lending, perhaps on a small and local scale, seems to have been yet another business activity into which Maunder diversified.
DEBTORS BY SPECIALTY AND SURETIES FOR DEBTS
At the end of the list compiled by the makers of Maunder’s inventory they included six ‘Dettes dewe unto the sayd Harrye Maunder by Speciallytes’. These consisted of two bills obligatory drawn up with one debtor, single bills obligatory drawn up with another three, and two more simple obligations.These debts were therefore formally registered under seal. The latter debts, totalling
130 Exeter Freemen, p.87. 131 DHC, ECA, AB II f.167; Book 51 f.353a; TNA, C1/1306/1-2, C1/1452/35-37. 508
£12 10s were owed by George Hunt, who is clearly identified as an Exeter draper. He held a shop in St Petrock’s parish.He was one of the six men who drew up Maunder’s inventory but Hunt himself died in 1565.132 The sums owed by the other debtors under specialty were not too large, varying from as little as 6s 8d to £7 13s 4d, but Maunder obviously considered that these more formal measures were necessary in dealing with these particular customers.They were owed by men from Topsham and Woodbury and from further afield from Cullompton and Ugborough, but the inventory contains no other details apart from the total sums of money outstanding. Robert Bennett, was identified as from Exeter and owed the lowest amount, but only men called Robert Bennett from well before and after this date have been traced in the city records.
Some of Maunder’s debtors provided men as sureties, who were recorded in Maunder’s Shop Book. There were nine of these but there seems to have been no consideration of the amount of money owed as the lowest was a surety for a debt of 11d provided by ‘the pewterer’ for John Collyngwood for the rest of a piece of tin and the highest was by Richard Strowberydge (Strobridge) for Mr Lyle of Honiton’s debt of £9 2s 6d for seck and other wares. Strobridge also acted as a surety for the merchant Gilbert Saywell’s purchase of seck. He entered the city freedom in 1547 paying the enhanced entry fine of £2 13s 4d, indicating that he was a migrant to the city then with an established trade or profession.133 Maunder had taken sureties for the majority of the debts which were owed to him for purchases of wine, so this may have been more usual practice within this area of his business. Richard Collyns, the cutler, appears both as a customer and as a surety for money which Maunder had lent to John Bowcher. Sometimes it seems that other arrangements could be made for the surety as appears in the case of the debt of Roper the smith, who lived outside West gate.His surety, Henry Rooper, possibly a relative, is noted as ’sewryte for to paye iiijs quarterly the summe of 32s 9d’.This would at least have given Maunder some security for the amount of the debt owed to him. We can also gain a little insight into Maunder’s business dealings as five of the entries for debts noted by the inventory makers were for ‘olde reckenynges’. It is not possible to tell if this was a judgement made by the appraisers or if Maunder
132 TNA, C3/129/93; Prob. 11/48/29. 133 Exeter Freemen, p.77. The family came from Colyton. See 5.2. 509 had recorded them in his book in this way, but the impression given is that it could well have been the latter. The sums involved again varied considerably from the 18d owed by ‘Pryddys of Torryton’ (Torrington) to the £4 17s 6d owed by William Hoole of Zeale. All this evidence suggests that Maunder was fairly well organised in his business practice, perhaps more so than the organisation of his shop and warehouse seems to suggest.
MAUNDER’S READY MONEY
There was also over £69 worth of ready money in Maunder’s possession at the time of his death. The appraisers listed mostly the types of coins and their value. It is significant that the largest value was the £26 13s worth of ‘Spanysse monye’ which was discovered. This gives us a clear indication of the major direction of Maunder’s trading interests. This can be linked with the ‘bylbowe yron’ which Robert Smyth, one of his customers who lived outside the South gate, owed him 11s for. The fact of him having some Spanish currency in ready money testifies to his active involvement with traders from Spain. It is not possible to know if he kept it for his own dealings or ventures either abroad or in Devon. There is no record of an apprentice or factor working for Maunder who might have made use of the currency but there may have been someone who has not been traced in the extant records.
The other currency listed was English.Crowns of the Rose, which were worth 4s 6d, were being used by John Smythe in Bristol and are referred to in his ledger. Maunder had nineteen of these described as being ‘old’ and worth £5 13s. He also had a quantity of groats, ‘halfe face grotes’ and ‘gonne holle grottes’ which were estimated together as being worth 15s.Groats were also being used by John Smythe and were worth just 4d each.134 Maunder’s own ready money was also made up of ‘halfe sufferons (sovereigns) with other crownes’ valued at over £14 and ‘comon monye’ worth over £16. He also had a quantity of ‘base monye’, which his appraisers dismissed. It seems from the ready money he had at his disposal that Maunder had an active business at the time of his death and that this certainly encompassed foreign dealings.
134 Vanes, John Smythe, pp.336-337. 510
MAUNDER’S SHIPPING
The inventory makers also considered Maunder’s possessions ‘In shyppynge’ and noted his ownership of ‘halfe a quarter of a barke callyd the Dragon of Tapsam’ (Topsham).This was therefore a small ship. They valued his eighth share of the vessel at being worth £8. A vessel called ‘Le Dragon’ was certainly entering into the port of Exeter by 1556 but this seems to have been a vessel with Plymouth as a port of connection. However, by 1561 the ‘Dragon’ which Maunder part owned was certainly trading to and from Exeter very regularly and has Topsham as a given port of connection.135 Members of the Trosse family are usually listed as the ship’s master. William and John Trosse are noted but then this more consistently, though not always, becomes Richard. There is mention of a Richard Trosse in Maunder’s inventory. Richard Trosse of Woodbury was one of the men owing Maunder money under a bill obligatory, in this case he owed £4. John Trosse was an Exeter merchant at the time.The other part owners would also have made use of the vessel regularly and William Hurst and Simon Knight occur as by far the most frequent shippers of goods on the ‘Dragon’; Hurst fourteen times and Knight eleven between 1561 and 1565. It is highly likely that they had a stake in the vessel. Their shipments could also have provided some of the goods for Maunder’s business. Many of Maunder’s other merchant associates appear as shippers but not with the same amount of frequency as to suggest any possible ownership with the ship.
MAUNDER’S PROPERTY HOLDINGS
The inventory is of Maunder’s principal residence, where he was living and working. This was situated in the parish of St Mary Arches. He was continually assessed for taxation as a resident in that parish. There are references to other properties within the inventory.Goods were also assessed ‘In the Howse in Saynt Marye Arches Lane’, in ‘the howse that John Cotton dyd Late dwell in’ but these were only rated as being worth 53s 4d.In 1563 there was a dispute existing, under which Maunder had pursued an action against John Gaydon, and his wife Margery, concerning a house and garden in St Mary Arches Lane. 136 Within the final summary at the end of the inventory there is also a
135 DHC, ECA, TC 1561/2. 136 RAMM, Sue Reece Index from DHC, ECA, MCR 4/5 Eliz m17. 511 reference to ‘the lease for terme of yeres of his mothers’ house’. In 1566 his son John, with Thomas Fursdon, an Exeter butcher, sold part of a tenement and cellar, which had been in the tenure of Alexander Trygges, in St Mary Arches parish on the East side of Milk Lane.137 The property was sold to the merchant William Martin. The Martin family were emerging as a more powerful one in the city by that date. Maunder’s son John sold a house and garden in St Mary Arches to Thomas Martyn in 1575. There are also references to a messuage, a shop and a hall with a solar built over it, in the documentation concerning this. In the same year he sold a stable and garden to Robert Waye, an Exeter yeoman, and it seems likely a family member.138 To what extent any of this property was part of Henry Maunder’s estate is unknown. The Orphans’ Court did not generally concern itself with land holding. As Maunder did not leave a will we do not have any additional references to any other property ownership. Overall there is little evidence to suggest that Maunder’s business involved much property dealing compared with many of the other merchants of the day in Exeter.
CONCLUSION
Henry Maunder was very much at the centre of the community which was established in the parish of St Mary Arches in Exeter.He had close family and business links with many of his neighbours. He was progressing steadily on his civic career and was probably part of the outer ring of the Twenty Four in terms of his political influence. The lack of an extant will does limit, to some extent, what we know about him but other records can be used to build up quite a full picture of his activities.He was not a major trading merchant through the port of Exeter though he did take part in some significant import and export ventures. His shop was well stocked with imported and locally sourced cloth and with a wide range of haberdashery and other commodities. His warehouse housed many metalware goods and he also provided the iron which was imported into Exeter for the local smiths.His cellar shows a small scale interest in the wine trade. Maunder was a more organised and cautious businessman than initially appears from the impression of his shop we have from the inventory.
137 Ibid. from DHC, ECA, Misc. Roll 22 m.14. 138 Ibid. from DHC, ECA, Misc. Roll 22 m.33b-34a. 512
Maunder diversified as a retailer, a wholesaler, an overseas and coastal trader, a moneylender and a small scale investor in shipping and was therefore typical of many of the general Exeter merchants of the time. With Maunder we have a sense of a man who was really enmeshed in the local community and who served both its wealthy and also its poorer members. He was a merchant who really typifies the links within the trading community of the previous generation. Maunder would have been well known to, and had close business links with, the city artisans of the day. He was not taking steps into the local property owning, industrial investment or land market in the way, or certainly on the scale, that some of his contemporaries were.He was a merchant of the past and did not have too much in common with those merchant families who were advancing in the city of Exeter by the time of his death.
513
514
APPENDIX 24: THE WEALTH OF THE EXETER TRADERS OF 1488/1489 IN THE TENTH OF 1489
NAME TOTAL PAID IN TENTH OCCUPATION JOHN SIDENHAM, 33s LAWYER/GENTLEMAN JOHN HOKER, 20s 7d MERCHANT/MERCER PETER WYLLYAM, 14s 1d MERCHANT JOHN BONEFANT, 13s 4d LAWYER ROGER HOLLAND 11s 8d LAWYER WALTER YORK 11s 4d MERCHANT/MERCER JOHN WALSH 9s 8d UNKNOWN PHILIP ATTWYLL 7s 8d MERCHANT JOHN SLUGGE 7s 4d MERCHANT NICHOLAS HAMELYN 7s 1d MERCHANT JOHN BEARE 6s 11d UNKNOWN JOHN COLSHILL 6s 8d MERCER WILLIAM DREW 6s 8d UNKNOWN THOMAS CRUYS 6s 8d UNKNOWN ROBERT HOKER 6s LAWYER THOMAS LANGWORTHY 5s 4d MERCER JOHN ECTOR 5s 4d TAILOR JOHN STERRE 5s 2d MERCER JOHN SAYER 5s 2d LAWYER HENRY HANNEFORD 5s MERCHANT/MERCER WALTER CHAMPEONS 4s 11d MERCHANT JOHN SYMON 4s 8d MERCHANT MARTIN BENETT 4s 8d UNKNOWN
JOHN COSYN 4s 8d FULLER JOHN WHITE 4s 1d MERCHANT ELIZABETH WERTH 4s WIDOW OF ROGER WERTH, MERCHANT JOHN LECHE 4s SKINNER THOMAS BOND 4s MERCHANT/MERCER JOHN GUMBY 3s 8d WAXCHANDLER JOHN THOMAS 3s 7d SKINNER MATHEW ALYNTON 3s 4d MERCHANT WILLIAM PETER 3s 4d BAKER RICHARD WAGOTT 3s UNKNOWN
515
RICHARD SKELTON 3s UNKNOWN WILLIAM LANG 3s BUTCHER ROBERT NEWTON 2s 4d SADDLER JOHN DOWNE 2s 1d UNKNOWN JOHN WYLKENS 2s MERCHANT JOHN TAYLOR 1s 11d UNKNOWN JOHN HAMOND 1s 10d UNKNOWN JOHN PAYNTER 1s 4d UNKNOWN JOHN DANASTER 1s 4d MERCHANT
STEPHEN FREND 10d MERCHANT NICHOLAS A BURNE 9d APOTHECARY WALTER KEVER 0d SMITH JOHN RISBY 0d UNKNOWN
(Sources: DHC, ECA, TC 4/5, 5/6 Henry VII; Tudor Exeter pp.1-5)
516
APPENDIX 25: THE MERCHANT PARTNERSHIP OF WILLIAM HURST AND JOHN COLSHILL 1506-1509
William Hurst entered the Exeter freedom in 1504/5 having served an apprenticeship with John Colshill the elder.Two years earlier Colshill’s son, John, had entered the Exeter freedom having served an apprenticeship with the merchant Richard Undy.139
John Colshill the younger and William Hurst are recorded as partners bringing in goods on the ‘Trinity’ of Topsham in both March and May 1506 and in the latter case were the largest shippers on the vessel, bringing in 64 pieces of linen cloth together. Both ventures involved a large number of merchants, being 32 shippers in March and 34 in May. These were some of the most significant cargoes coming into the port at this time.140 They made other joint shipments on the ‘Trinity’ in July 1508 exporting undyed cloth, Devon tin and friezes and in May 1509 importing crest cloth and honey.Hurst and Colshill worked together on a number of other ventures in the years at the end of the reign of Henry VII. In December 1507 on the ‘Jermyn’ of Exeter wine, fruit, sugar, and almonds were brought in and in April 1508 on the ‘Christopher’ of Taunton a significant import was made by them of crest cloth worth the very large sum of £70,in addition to some canvas and poldavis.141 In July 1508 they exported undyed cloth, tanned calfskins and Devon tin on the ‘Margaret’ of Teignmouth, and in September 1508 more undyed cloth on the ‘Jamys’ of Kenton.142
These ventures were by far the most consistent partnership formed by any merchants trading through Exeter in the earlier part of the period studied.The Colshill family were members of the London Mercers’ company from the mid- fifteenth century up to the mid-sixteenth century. John Colshill the younger was to become, by 1519, one of the four Assistants and Councillors to the Governor of the Mercers’ Company, representing all of the English provincial towns. William Hurst was to become Exeter’s most prominent merchant in the early Tudor period, serving as mayor of Exeter five times. It seems that in the early years of their careers they were making some shipments together as they would
139 Exeter Freemen, p.64. 140 DHC, ECA, TC 20/21 Henry VII. 141 Poldavis were a type of sailcloth manufactured in the Breton town of Pouldavid on the Bay of Douarnenez. 142 DHC, ECA, TC 23/24 Henry VII; TNA, E122/201/3. 517 have been well known to each other through Hurst’s service in the Colshill household. They both traded independently through the port of Exeter at this time. Colshill, despite his involvement in London, continued to trade through Exeter right up to the end of his life and was bringing in a range of goods on the ‘Nicholas’ of ‘Salt Aysche’ (Saltash) in October 1518.143 He was, therefore, still very much involved in the local trade. They also shipped goods independently on the same vessels through this period as was the case with Bristol partnerships.144 Hurst was not mentioned in Colshill’s will, made in 1518, and was not an overseer or witness of it, though some other Exeter merchants were. 145 They were two of the more ambitious of the Exeter merchants at this date but we can only speculate about their joint overseas ventures from the evidence we have in the customs accounts.
143 TNA, E122/42/4. 144 Sacks, Widening Gate, p.69. The same was true of the Exeter partnership of the 1530s, Bodley and Gale. 145 TNA, Prob. 11/19/11. 518
APPENDIX 26: THE MERCHANT PARTNERSHIP OF JOHN BODLEY AND GILBERT GALE 1533-1535
A second clearly identifiable partnership was the coming together of John Bodley of Exeter and Gilbert Gale of Crediton who are recorded in the Exeter customs accounts making 22 joint shipments of goods in the period from June 1533 to August 1535.The evidence of their partnership is strengthened further as they brought debt cases jointly to the Court of Common Pleas in 1535 against a Taunton merchant, a Honiton inn-holder and a yeoman from St Sidwell’s, Exeter. Others followed in 1536 against a Yeovil man and an Otterton yeoman.146
Bodley was a member of the Exeter merchant family.147 Gilbert Gale was a leading figure in Crediton.148 Their joint business at this time involved both imports and exports.Nearly half of the shipments were made on two vessels: the ‘George’ of Topsham and the ‘Margaret Bonaventur,’ for which no port of connection is noted. A number of different masters are recorded for these ships at this time so there is no pattern of working with one or two particular masters. They were rarely sole shippers on the vessels and did lade goods on vessels with up to more than twenty other merchants. The ships they used were either local or Breton, especially from Morlaix. The principal commodities they imported were salt and non-sweet wine as well as crest cloth and some fish. The value of the crest cloth shipments reached the highest value at £100 on the ‘Mary’ of Morlaix in March 1534. Most of their joint cargoes were, however, of much lower value. They exported primarily tin and undyed cloth but also some
146 http://aalt.law.uhu/edu/Indices/CP40/html; CP40/1084, 1092. The debt cases were against: John Adams, merchant of Taunton (who appears as a regular trader in the port of Exeter in the customs accounts); John Hewyshe an innholder of Honiton and Christopher Conyshed a yeoman of St Sidwells’s. The date suggests that this may be at the end of some partnership agreement. The 1536 joint cases were against John Bowes of Evell (Yeovil), Somerset and William Wheton an Otterton yeoman. In 1538 the case was still continuing against Conyshed who is referred to as an Exeter innholder at that time. 147 MacCaffrey, Exeter, pp.189, 206, 255. 148 Stoate, Devon Subsidy Rolls 1524-7, p.60; Stoate, Devon Lay Subsidy Rolls 1543-1545; TNA, C1/316/57; W. Pope, Glimpses of the Past In and Around Crediton, Tiverton, 1927, p.18. In 1524 Gale paid the lay subsidy on goods assessed at £66 13s 4d, being the second richest person in Crediton. He was also assessed in Crediton in 1544 on goods worth £20. His connection with Exeter is not clear though we know that he had earlier brought a case to Chancery against Peter Tayllour concerning property in the city. It could be that both men had links with Crediton as there is a view that Sir Thomas Bodley was born at Dunscombe near Crediton and certainly the family held that property in the later sixteenth century. 519 tanned calfskins, lead and broadcloths.In this period both men did ship some goods independently but to a far lesser extent than on their joint ventures.149
149 TNA, E122/43/4, 43/5, 43/7, 43/8, 43/10, 201/9. 520
APPENDIX 27: LEADING EXETER BUSINESSES AND THEIR APPRENTICES 1470-1570 (those with three or more recorded apprentices)
Leading Businessmen/Masters- names in bold type.
Dates indicate the year in which their apprentices entered the city freedom.
WILLIAM HURST, MERCHANT (Entered Freedom 1504/05) Robert Heel 1524 Thomas Sweytlond 1524 John Thomas 1524 John Phelyppe 1531/32 William Hurst 1536 (son) John Hurst 1536 (son) Walter Eliott 1536 Nicholas Hoke 1537 Thomas Marshall 1543 William Whetecombe 1546 Simon Knyght 1552 Philip Yerde 1557 Andrew Jere 1557 Laurence Elsdon 1559 Richard Denys 1561 Nicholas Martyn 1562 (grandson) Richard Herding 1568 William Martyn 1568 (grandson) Gilbert Cotton 1568/69 Robert Webber 1571, ‘of late William Hurst’ JOHN PETER, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1553) Robert Lamball 1559 John Peter 1562 (son) Richard Bevis 1566
521
Valentine Toker 1568 John Toker 1570 John Follett 1573/74 John Hakewill 1575 Roger Tooker alias Davy 1582, ‘of late John Peter’ ROBERT SMYTH, MERCER (Entered freedom 1448) Thomas Bonde 1462 Thomas Burdeaux 1463 Thomas Lugge 1467 Stephen Cole 1467 Richard Holand 1470 Richard Smyth 1470 John Colshyll 1472 Thomas Gewe 1472 THOMAS PRESTWOOD, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1528/29) Richard Prestwood 1540 John Bodlegh 1541 Richard Haselwode 1551 Richard Bodley 1554 Philip Cane/Roberts 1554 John Cane 1557/58 Thomas Quyntrell 1565 JOHN MIDWINTER, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1520) Peter Lake 1543 Thomas Wyllyng 1546 Michael Wynter 1553 Henry Mydwynter 1555 (son) John Jelys 1557/8 John Watkyns 1560/61 Robert Midwinter 1567 (son)
522
JOHN BUCKENHAM, MERCHANT/MERCER (Entered freedom 1483/84) John Cardmaker 1501/02 Thomas Fuller 1505/06 William Bucnam 1514 Thomas Monday 1518/19 John Scotte 1523/24 John Ryche 1529/30 JOHN WAY, MERCHANT/MERCER (Entered freedom 1513/1514) Roger Gregory 1523 John Smyth 1523 Richard Mylle 1523 Henry Maunder 1537 Richard Way 1543 ALEXANDER (SANDY) NAPPER, TAILOR/DRAPER (Entered freedom 1541) John Wolf 1554 John Warryn 1566 John Pikeford 1569/70 William Newcombe 1579 William Mussell 1580 JOHN PERIAM, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1531/32) Richard Selwod 1552 Richard Dorchester 1568 John Aplyn 1568 John Periam 1573 ‘of John Periam, deceased’ (son) WILLIAM BUCKNAM, MERCER (Entered freedom 1513/14) Richard Hunt 1541 William Hunt 1542 Robert Catell 1542 William Warde 1556 JOHN BLACKALLER, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1514/1515)
523
Thomas Colman 1526/27 Hugh Tanner 1530/31 George Brittan 1537 Thomas Blackaller 1548 ROBERT MIDWINTER, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1529/30) Eustace Olyver 1550 John Wekes 1556 William Bodley 1559 Thomas Midwinter, 1570/71 (son) JOHN MAYNARD, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1523/24) William Morys 1539 Richard Maynard 1539 John Maynard jun. 1545 Edward Redman 1561/62 SIMON KNIGHT, MERCHANT (Entered freedom 1552) John Naper 1568 John Knyght 1568 Thomas Buggyns 1579 George Drake 1579 RICHARD CHUBBE, TAILOR (Entered freedom1492) Thomas Hunte 1511 John Tuckfylde jun. 1514 John Southey 1531 John Parre 1531 WILLIAM SMYTH, GOLDSMITH (Entered freedom 1526/27) Francis Smyth 1554 John Drever 1554 William Nycollas 1554
(Source: Exeter Freemen)
524
APPENDIX 28: THE TRADING NETWORK OF WILLIAM HURST, MERCHANT 1523-1554
COMMON PLEAS CASES BROUGHT BY WILLIAM HURST
DATE TYPE OF DEFENDANT PLACE OF CASE RESIDENCE/OCCUPATION GIVEN 1523 Debt Philip Brownyll Pinhoe, husbandman 1523 Debt John Canterell Ugborough, husbandman and tinner 1523 Debt John Sessell Bristol, mercer 1526 Debt Troilus Hayne Dunster, Dorset- near Christchurch chapman 1526 Debt John Bery Selworthy, Som. chapman 1526 Debt John Pykett Ashburton, merchant 1526 Debt Robert Stowford Downeton south of Dittisham gent. 1526 Debt Henry Ryvell Ugborough, husbandman 1527 Debt Joan Lympeny Exeter, widow 1527 Debt Osmund Taunton, gent. Walrond 1527& 1528 Debt Robert Grene South Molton, tucker 1527& 1528 Debt Robert Pynne Lyme, Dorset, merchant 1527 Debt Thomas Payhembury, chapman Truslowe 1528,1529& 1530 Debt Robert Pynne Axminster, merchant 1528 Debt John Lympeny executor of Joan Tremayle of Exeter, widow 1528 Forcible George Rede Cornwood, yeoman Entry 1528 & 1530 Debt Edward Poltimore, esq. near Exeter Bampfylde 1530,1533&1537 Debt John Ford and Bickleigh, yeoman and tucker William Ford 1530 Debt John Hamond Taunton, chapman 1530 Debt George Stowell Cuddylston? Som. gent. 1530& 1546 Debt John Monke Honiton, mercer, yeoman 1530 & 1533 Debt John Dowdeneye Uffculme, husbamdman 1530 Debt Robert Bere Southehey, clerk north of Upottery 1530 Debt Edward More Morchard Bishop, yeoman 1530 Debt Edward Berry Pomeroy, knight Pomereye 1530 Debt John Zouche Lord Zouche of Bonham, Somerset. 1533 Debt William Person Sidbury, merchant 1533 Debt Charles Bicton, gent Copleston 525
1533 Debt Thomas Angell Kyrton (Crediton), dyer 1535 Debt William Martyn Barnstaple, dyer 1535 Debt Thomas Taunton, merchant Messelyn 1535&1537 Debt John Wynter Newton Poppleford husbandman
1536 Waste Richard Lovell 1536 Debt John Taylour Budleigh, merchant 1537 Debt John Fote Shaw (Shaugh Prior), tucker 1543 Debt Richard Hooke Dartmouth, merchant 1543 Debt Robert Opye St. Lawrans, Cornwall, gent. 1543& 1544 Debt Alexander Wyatt Meway? gent. 1543 Debt John Hals Sherford, Kingsbridge gent 1543 Debt John Skynner Tiverton, merchant 1543 Debt Mark Sladder North Tawton, gent. 1544 Debt Nicholas Clapp Ottery St Mary, dyer 1546 Debt Richard Eyesham yeoman 1546 Debt William Hyllyng husbandman 1546&1548 Debt Thomas Monday Exeter, mercer, merchant 1546 Debt Robert Pynney Whychurche, Dorset.Whitchurch Canonicorum 1548 Debt William Trevosper Morenstowey, gent
1549 Debt Humphrey Keyns Compton Pensford, esq. Som. 1554 Covenant William Symon Administrator of John Etherydge and wife Joan, Kenwell, Devon. 1554 Debt John Fulford esq. Fulford
CASES AGAINST WILLIAM HURST
None identified.
526
CHANCERY/REQUESTS/STAR CHAMBER CASES
CASES BROUGHT BY WILLIAM HURST
DATE/REFERENCE TYPE OF CASE DEFENDANT PLACE C1/689/3 Seizure- of frails of William Wodelegh, raisins-exposed in John Amore and The house of John the High Street and wife Margery Amore (which wasted (property of belonged to Baldwin William Hurst) Mallet esq.) Exeter C1/821/6 Detention of goods- Henry Herford Whiteway relating to Kingsteignton, East messuages, a and West Teignmouth, limekiln and lands- Tidbury bought from John Dryver C1/1231/64 Detention of deeds Andrew Underhaye Teignmouth, Whiteway relating to a and wife Margaret. Exminster, Toddhaye? messuage and land STAC 2/23/231; Detention of lands Lawrence Bradmore Exminster 19/364; 6/8-10;19/324 and messuages
CASES BROUGHT AGAINST WILLIAM HURST
DATE/REFERENCE TYPE OF CASE PLAINTIFF PLACE C1/1016/24 Action -for Richard Johnson Exeter- actions accusation of include mayor, telling a falsehood aldermen and in a confession bailiffs C1/1110/14-15 Debt- legacy of Katherine John Sheldon Channons (who was indebted to Hurst as his apprentice) C1/1124/26 Mispleading of William The servant action of debt in Godolphin, knight carrying his London by instructions had attorney died on the road to London C1/1206/69-70 Reversion of a Robert Cotyng Manor of tenement promised Woodacott, to the plaintiff by Thornbury, Devon Roger Gifford, knight REQ2/40/48 Debt of £43- which Nicholas Wadham,
527
Hurst claims he executor of John has paid ( relates to Peter will of John Peter)
528
529
APPENDIX 29: THE TRADING NETWORK OF GILBERT KIRK, MERCHANT 1523-1546.
COMMON PLEAS CASES
CASES BROUGHT BY GILBERT KIRK AND HIS FAMILY
DATE TYPE OF CASE DEFENDANT PLACE OF RESIDENCE/ OCCUPATION GIVEN 1523 Debt John Roper Crewkerne, Somerset, innholder 1536 Debt Thomas Cornysche Northam, husbandman 1536 Debt John Monke junior Honiton, merchant 1536 Debt John Page Lympstone, husbandman 1536 Debt Richard Symmes Honiton, innholder 1537 Debt William Hyllyng Northam, merchant 1544 Debt Humphrey Keynes Winkleigh esq. 1545 Debt Ralph Tybbes Charmouth, Dorset. yeoman 1545 and 1546. Debt John Bear, executor Vayche?, Cornwall. of William Trewynnard esq. and wife Thomasine 1546 Defamation Gregory Cary, gent. Highampton DATE TYPE OF CASE- NAME OF PLACE OF GILBERT KIRK PLAINTIFF RESIDENCE-IF DEFENDANT GIVEN 1516 Dean and Chapter Exeter
CHANCERY CASES BROUGHT BY GILBERT KIRK AND HIS FAMILY
REFERENCE TYPE OF CASE DEFENDANT PLACE C1/731/29 Action by Gilbert Lawrence Bradmore Kirk, alderman, for declaring that he was a Scot. C1/836/47 Price of sack Alice, executrix and late the wife of John Growdon C1/837/36 Breach of William Hyllyn (and 530
apprenticeship and Thomas Hyxte) embezzlement of goods
C1/1017/64-67 Debt Anthony Pollard, overseer of will of William Cokkyshed, deceased C1/1388/49 Money and rent John Southcott of Recovery of money, recovery -brought by Shillingford, gent. stock of a shop in Mary, daughter of (Mary’s stepfather) Exeter and half the Gilbert Kirk and her rent of a tenement in husband Geoffrey Silverton Tothill C1/1476/39 Price of coal and Martin Smythe of Exeter iron. Brought by Exeter Mary, his daughter, and her husband Geoffrey Tothill
CHANCERY CASES BROUGHT AGAINST GILBERT KIRK AND HIS FAMILY
REFERENCE TYPE OF CASE PLAINTIFF PLACE C1/616/42 Costs of a legal suit John Carsewill Gilbert Kirk as mayor of Exeter C1/685/35 Breach of covenant John Votell of Possession of two Exminster cottages and a stone quarry in Exminster- Gilbert Kirk as mayor of Exeter C1/734/2 Detention of deeds John Bonyfant Four messuages in ‘Bulhylstrete’ (Exeter) Against Kirk and three others C1/1-10/31-32 Detention of deeds John Helyer Messuages in Bulhylstrete, St Mary Major, Exeter. (Against Gilbert Kirk and John Lake and his wife Joan) C1/1501/73-75 Debts William Fleare of Alice (widow of Exeter, merchant Gilbert Kirk, and Elizabeth his separated by order wife, former wifer of the law 531
of John Bricknall. ecclesiastical from husband John Southcote esq. of Shillingford) REQ 2/5/375 Debt Nicholas Dixton Release of Peter Strech (goldsmith) imprisoned in Exeter Gilbert Kirk as mayor of Exeter
532
533
APPENDIX 30: DESIGNATED PLACES OF RESIDENCE OF COASTAL TRADERS IN THE PORT OF EXETER 1565-1570.
The Coastal Port Books give the dwelling place of some of the traders involved in the coastal trade at the port of Exeter.
TOWN NUMBER OF TRADERS DEVON EXETER 36 EAST DEVON TEIGNMOUTH 4 TOPSHAM 3 EXMOUTH 3 KENTON 1 CREDITON 1 STOKEINTEIGNHEAD 1 BUDLEIGH 1 SEATON 1 HEMYOCK 1 HALBERTON 1 SOUTH DEVON DARTMOUTH 9 TOTNES 3 SALCOMBE 3 STOKENHAM 2 CHARLETON 1 KINGSBRIDGE 1 WEST DEVON PLYMOUTH 3 ASHBURTON 1 PLYMPTON 1 NORTH DEVON BIDEFORD 1 MOLTON-NORTH OR SOUTH? 1 CORNWALL PENRYN 4 TRURO 1 FOWEY 1 HELSTON 1 LOOE 1 ST KEVERNE 1 ST ANTHONY 1 ST MAWES 1 DORSET POOLE 9 LYME 3 CHARMOUTH 3 WEYMOUTH 1 MELCOMBE REGIS 1 BRIDPORT 1 SOMERSET ILMINSTER 1 BRISTOL 1 WALES CARDIFF 1 LLANELLI 1 SWANSEA 1 WALES- NO TOWN GIVEN 3
534
WILTSHIRE SALISBURY 1 HAMPSHIRE PORTSMOUTH 1 SOUTHAMPTON 1 SUSSEX CHICHESTER 2 BRICKELESY (BRIGHTON) 1 SUSSEX- NO TOWN GIVEN 2 LONDON 17 KENT DOVER 1 SANDWICH 1 ESSEX OSTEND 1 NORFOLK LYNN 2 YARMOUTH 1 NORFOLK-NO TOWN GIVEN 1 YORKSHIRE HULL 4 BARTON-UPON-HUMBER 1 CHANNEL ISLANDS 1 ALIENS 3 NO TOWN GIVEN 80
(Sources: TNA, E190 925/14, 926/9, 927/3, 927/11)
535
APPENDIX 31: MARGARET DRAKE: EXETER’S PREMIER WOMAN TRADER
Margaret Drake was the daughter of Exeter’s patriarch, William Hurst. She was married to two of the most prominent citizens of the day; firstly Richard Martin and secondly John Drake. Richard Martin was mayor of Exeter in 1533 and was the second son of Sir William Martin of Athelhampton, the country estate in Dorset.150 Richard Martin took up the freedom of the city in 1517/18, when he was stated to be a gentleman and paid a high fine of £2 13s 4d for the privilege.151 He was also designated, in Exeter as a gentleman in the Military Survey of 1522 and considered worth 100 marks. Martin was a man of substance as three of his servants were also detailed to provide military service.152 Through this marriage Margaret was to become the mother of three of Exeter’s mayors: Nicholas, Thomas and William Martin. Margaret was therefore in her early life the mistress of a wealthy Exeter household. Her first husband died in August, 1538.153
The survival of the earliest parish registers for St Petrock’s and St Mary Arches, the centre of the merchant community at the time, helps to give us some details of her family, especially by the time of her second marriage. Margaret Martyn is recorded marrying John Drake at St Petrock’s in February 1541.154 John Drake entered the freedom of the city in May 1542 and was expected by the city council to pay £5 for the privilege but they agreed at their meeting that he only needed to pay fifty shillings.155 He was a member of the Drake family of Exmouth, being referred to as a gentleman and held the lease of the ferry and passage boat there.156 He was assessed on goods worth £40 in St Petrock’s in the 1544 lay subsidy.157 In no more than three years Drake was elected as a
150 MacCaffrey, Exeter, p.257 states that he was the son of Richard Martin of Athelhampton; DHC, ECA, Book 51 f. 342b. 151 Exeter Freeman, p.67. 152 Tudor Exeter, p.18. 153 TNA, C1/1245/26-29. This date for his death is given in a Chancery case brought against Margaret and her new husband, John Drake. This was just before the inception of parish registers. 154 DHC, Exeter St Petrock PR1 Marriages. 155 Exeter Freemen, p.75; DHC, ECA, AB II f.49b. 156 DHC, ECA, AB f.47a. 157 Tudor Exeter, p. 50. 536 member of the Twenty Four.158 His acceptance within the city elite was rapid and by 1548 he was the city receiver. Three daughters and a son of Mr John Drake, merchant, were baptised at St Petrocks between August 1542 and November 1549.159 A Chancery case was brought against Margaret and her new husband by Adam Martin, a gentleman, concerning their holding of the lease of some tenements in St David’s parish outside Exeter’s North Gate which had been the property of her first husband.160 John Drake was buried at St Petrock’s in November 1554.161 He had made a will, dated the day before his burial, in which he stipulated that he wished to be buried there.In his will he left bequests to two unmarried daughters, to three sons in- law (the Martins, who were his step sons) and to his wife.162 Margaret Drake continued to be resident in St Petrock’s and was assessed, as a widow, on goods worth £30 in the 1557 lay subsidy.163 Margaret herself lived until 1570 and was buried at the same church in April of that year.164 By the time of her death her three Martin sons had married and two of them had families. It seems from her will that she also had two daughters by her first marriage to Richard Martin, married to Thomas Maye and Thomas Reymonde.By 1570 they also had children. There is no mention of the daughters of her second marriage. Her centrality within the merchant community is further emphasised as her sister Johanne had married the merchant Philip Yard. She left bequests to two maids in her will and one of these, Anne Jeere, received the sum of 40 shillings plus some gowns. Anne could have been a relative of the Exeter merchant Andrew Jeere, possibly spending some time in service with Margaret.Much of Margaret’s life must have been overshadowed by the presence of her powerful father, William Hurst, who had been buried at St Petrock’s just over two years before her, in March 1568.165
Margaret Drake is first mentioned as trading through Exeter when she brought in 25 pieces of crest cloth on the ‘John’ of Topsham in December 1554.166 She
158 DHC, ECA, AB II f.61a. 159 DHC, Exeter St Petrock PR1 Baptisms. 160 TNA, C1/1245/26-29. 161 DHC, Exeter St Petrock PR1 Burials. 162 TNA, Prob 11/37/20. 163 Tudor Exeter, p.57. 164 DHC, Exeter St Petrock PR1 Burials. 165 Ibid. 166 TNA, E122/201/14. 537 remained involved in trading for the next seven years, carrying on the business of her second husband. Many of the cargoes she imported consisted of crest cloth but also canvas and dowlas. Sometimes these shipments also included quantities of prunes. There was some variety in her trading as in October 1556 when she brought in four poncheons of prunes and four cases of glass on the ‘Prymrose’ and in January 1558 when she had five reams of paper on board the ‘George’ of Topsham. Her last recorded shipment into the port on the ‘Bonaventur’ in March 1561 included wool cards, prunes, French nuts, boulter, imperlings, thread, Roane twine , paper, brushes, combs, playing cards, trenchers and soap. The goods she exported were largely undyed cloths though there was also one cargo which included friezes and one including tin.167 She is also recorded in an account of the export of native cloth shipments in 1557/58. 168 Margaret Drake always appears as a sole trader in the customs accounts. Her shipments were never at the top end of Exeter merchants in terms of value or bulk. She often shipped goods on vessels in where there were a fairly large number of traders. She often shipped goods on a vessel on which her father William Hurst was also transporting them and he must surely have been a great guidance to her in her trading work. Most of her cargoes were laded on Topsham vessels.She also used ships on which Francis Gale was the master and the Topsham man must have worked closely with her.
Margaret Drake was very much enmeshed within the merchant community especially after the death of her second husband. She appears in a list of members of the Exeter Merchant Adventurers’ in 1560 as ‘Mrs Drake’.169 By 1568 she was still a member of the Company, as she is noted in the Company’s contributors to the Queen’s Lottery of that year as ‘Mrs Drake wydow’. She bought one lot, the same as those who purchased the lowest number of lots, though in the listings in three instances two members did share the purchase of a lot, so she was not one of the very lowest ranking members.170 In terms of the Company’s rankings Margaret Drake is always towards the end of the listings. She does not appear as a member of the Company court and does not seem to have held any position within the Company. Margaret Drake does not appear in
167 TNA, E122/55/9, 45/12; DHC, ECA, TC 1560/61. 168 TNA, E122/45/12B. 169 DHC, ECA, 58/7/11 f7a. 170 Ibid. ff.28b-29a. 538 the next full list of Merchants’ Company members, made in June 1570 as she had died just two months earlier.171 However, she does appear twice in the book of the proceedings of the guild. In July 1561,when her son Thomas Martin had been made a member of the Company, he had paid only the fees of the court, a lesser amount ’in consideration of the charges Mrs Drake his mother hath been in the charges of this company’. In May 1562 the Company had agreed that she could sue John Cliff, another member, at the common law for debts which he denied, showing the regard with which she was held.172
She was the woman who received the most formal recognition of her role in trade over the whole of the century studied with her inclusion in the Exeter Merchants’ Company. A month before her death in 1570 she made her will. In it she bequeathed forty shillings to the corporation of the Merchants’ Company of Exeter. This was unusual as few of the merchants in early Elizabethan Exeter actually left bequests to the Company. Margaret Drake must have retained a loyalty to the Merchants’ Company after her active trading seems to have ceased. By this time her sons were increasingly playing a significant role in the trade of Exeter.
171 Ibid. f.33b; DHC, Exeter St. Petrock PR1 Burials. 172 Ibid. ff.10b, 13a. 539
APPENDIX 32: THE PRINCIPAL MERCHANTS IN EXETER’S COASTALTRADE 1565-1570
1 .EASTER-SEPTEMBER 1565
NAME OF MERCHANT NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS DESIGNATED PLACE OF RESIDENCE GEORGE WALPOOLE 4 NORFOLK, husbandman WILLIAM HURST 3 EXETER HENRY REPLE 3 KENTON, brewer THOMAS EDON 3 LONDON, mercer/merchant JOHN DOR 2 EXETER THOMAS BAYLY 2 HULL GEORGE BAKER 2 KING’S LYNN JOHN SMYTH 2 HULL
(Source: TNA, E190/925/7)
2. SEPTEMBER 1566-SEPTEMBER 1567
NAME OF MERCHANT NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS DESIGNATED OF RESIDENCE WILLIAM HURST 8 EXETER JOHN PETER 7 EXETER JOHN PERYAM 5 EXETER NICHOLAS HOLLAND 2 DARTMOUTH JOHN TORRYNG 2 DARTMOUTH THOMAS FYDO 2 LONDON, salter WILLIAM WAKMAN 2 TOTNES
(Source: TNA, E122/925/14)
3. SEPTEMBER 1569-SEPTEMBER 1570
NAME OF MERCHANT NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS DESIGNATED PLACE OF RESIDENCE GEORGE PERYMAN 7 EXETER NICHOLAS MARTIN 5 EXETER THOMAS SMYTH 4 EXETER ROBERT LAMBALL 3 EXETER THOMAS FYDO 3 LONDON, salter GEORGE BAKER 3 KING’S LYNN
(Source: TNA, E122/927/3, 927/11)
540
APPENDIX 33: THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT MERCHANT GROUPS IN TRADE THROUGH PORT OF EXETER 1492-1563
YEAR WEALTHIEST % LESSER % TOTAL % OTHER % ALIENS % TOTAL EXETER EXETER EXETER ENGLISH MERCHANTS MERCHANT MERCHANTS MERCHANTS S VALUE £ % VALUE £ % VALUE £ % VALUE £ % VALUE £ % VALUE £ IMPORTS 1492/93 297 5 904 17 1201 22 2370 45 1875 33 5446 1524/25 641 16 527 13 1168 29 2205 55 667 16 4040 1542/43 985 28 836 24 1821 52 474 14 1916 34 3491 1562/63 1474 23 3084 48 4558 71 1730 27 138 2 6426
EXPORTS 1492/93 390 9 834 19 1224 28 2245 51 921 21 4390 1524/25 830 18 422 9 1252 27 2938 64 436 9 4626 1542/43 735 23 300 9 1035 32 1408 44 780 24 3223 1562/63 533 21 1026 41 1559 62 871 34 95 4 2525
(SOURCE: TNA, E122/41/15, 42/7, 43/14, 46/11)
541
THE NUMBER OF SHIPMENTS THROUGH THE PORT OF EXETER 1492-1563
YEAR WEALTHIEST % LESSER % TOTAL % OTHER % ALIENS % TOTAL EXETER EXETER EXETER ENGLISH MERCHANTS MERCHANT MERCHANTS MERCHANTS S IMPORTS NUMBER % NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER 1492/93 7 4 24 15 31 19 76 48 52 33 159 1524/25 12 9 13 10 25 19 97 72 12 9 134 1542/43 10 12 23 27 33 39 34 40 18 21 85 1562/63 7 6 33 30 40 36 68 61 3 3 111
EXPORTS 1492/93 7 6 17 13 24 19 73 56 33 25 130 1524/25 11 10 11 10 22 20 72 67 14 13 108 1542/43 7 11 11 17 18 28 25 38 22 34 65 1562/63 6 8 25 32 31 40 41 53 5 7 77
(SOURCE: TNA, E122/41/15, 42/7, 43/14, 46/11)
542
APPENDIX 34: TOWNS OF ORIGIN OF MERCHANTS TRADING THROUGH THE PORT OF EXETER 1470-1568.
1. TOWNS OF ORIGIN OF MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS IN THE 1470s AND 1480s
1470/71 1476/77 1483/84 1489/90 PLACE NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER EXETER 34 36 43 36 TAUNTON 11 30 18 26 DARTMOUTH 13 6 6 6 TOPSHAM 6 3 4 6 LONDON 5 1 5 2 SOUTHAMPTON 4 4 BUDLEIGH 1 1 1 ASHBURTON 1 OKEHAMPTON 1 LODDISWELL 1 1 PLYMOUTH 1 FOWEY 1 STOKENHAM 1 BRIDGWATER 1 1 TIVERTON 1 1 SALTASH 1 BARNSTAPLE 1 CULLOMPTON 1 CARDIFF 1 BRISTOL 1 1 COLYTON 1 LISKEARD 1 MORLAIX 2
(DHC, ECA, TC, 10/11 Edward IV, 16/17 Edward IV, 1/2 Richard III, 5/6 Henry VII)
2. PLACES OF RESIDENCE OF TRADERS: THE TRADING COMMUNITY OF THE PORT OF EXETER IN 1488/89
PLACE OF RESIDENCE RESIDENCE TRADERS WHO ARE RESIDENCE DESIGNATED IN KNOWN FROM LISTED IN TENTH TOWN OTHER SOURCES OF1489 CUSTOMS EXETER 6 28 44 TAUNTON 17 5 DARTMOUTH 4 4 TOPSHAM 1 6 TIVERTON 0 2 3 NEWTON BUSHEL 1 SALTASH 1 LISKEARD 1 LONDON 1 SOUTHAMPTON 1 ALIENS 23* 543
TOTAL TRADERS 228 INCLUDING UNIDENTIFIED
*Identified as foreign merchants (aliens) mostly from the ports of connection given for the ships and from the names of the traders.
(Sources: DHC, ECA, Exeter Town Customs; DHC, CR 557; Tudor Exeter, pp.1-5)
3. TOWNS OF ORIGIN OF MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS IN THE 1490s AND 1500s
YEAR 1493/94 1497/98 1502/03 1507/08 PLACE NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER EXETER 34 34 28 42 TAUNTON 31 27 28 32 TOPSHAM 6 5 11 9 DARTMOUTH 4 9 5 4 TIVERTON 3 3 8 6 LONDON 4 1 3 3 MORLAIX 4* LYME 2 2 1 1 SOUTHAMPTON 2 1 SALISBURY 1 2 BILBAO* 2* BRITTANY* 2* BARNSTAPLE 1 5 7 4 ILMINSTER 1 1 1 1 KENTON 3 2 HONITON 1 3 SALCOMBE 1 1 1 NORTHAM 1 3 TOTNES 1 2 STOKENHAM 1 2 LOSTWITHIEL 1 2 MOLTON 2 OTTERY ST MARY 1 1 BUDLEIGH 2 WELLINGTON 1 1 CULLOMPTON 1 SALTASH 1 BRISTOL 1 SEATON 1 BRIDPORT 1 UFFCULME 1 WYVELISCOMBE 1 PLYMOUTH 1 HOLSWORTHY 1 MINEHEAD 1 BIDEFORD 1 TORRE 1 SOUTHWOLD 1 PENRYN 1 NEWTON ABBOT 1 FOWEY 1 GRAMPOUND 1 HULL 1
544
CREDITON 1 CHARD 1 ANTONY 1 WATERFORD 1 GUERNSEY 1 BEKYNGTON? 1 SPAIN* 1
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 9/10, 13/14, 18/19, 23/24 Henry VII)
4. KNOWN PLACES OF RESIDENCE OF TRADERS IMPORTING GOODS INTO THE PORT OF EXETER IN 1526/27 AND IDENTIFIED IN THE LAY SUSIDY OF 1524/25.
PLACE OF PLACE PLACE IDENTIFIED TOTAL NUMBER RESIDENCE DESIGNATED IN LAY SUBSIDY OF TRADERS IN TOWN ONLY CUSTOM EXETER 31 31 TAUNTON 19 19 DARTMOUTH 7 7 TOTNES 4 4 TIVERTON 3 1 4 TOPSHAM 4 4 COLYTON 4 4 SOUTHAMPTON 2 2 OTTERY ST MARY 1 1 2 CULLOMPTON 2 2 DAWLISH 2 2 KINGSKERSWELL 2 2 YARCOMBE 2 2 LONDON 1 1 PORTSMOUTH 1 1 CHARD 1 1 BRADNINCH 1 NEWTON BUSHEL 1 PAIGNTON 1 1 BRIXHAM 1 1 HALBERTON 1 1 WOLBOROUGH 1 1 HONITON 1 1 EAST BUDLEIGH 1 1 MALBOROUGH 1 1 WEST ANSTEY 1 1 CHAWLEIGH 1 1 MARYSTOW 1 1 YEALMPTON 1 1 COCKINGTON 1 1 WOODBURY 1 ALIENS 23 23 UNIDENTIFIED 83
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 18/19 Henry VIII; Tudor Exeter, pp. 35-44)
545
5. PRINCIPAL PLACES OF RESIDENCE OF TRADERS IMPORTING GOODS INTO EXETER IN THE 1550s AND 1560s IDENTIFIED IN THE EXETER TOWN CUSTOMS ACCOUNTS*
PLACES OF 1556/57 1557/58 1560/61 1561/62 1567/68 RESIDENCE EXETER 42 36 52 63 53 SALCOMBE 10 8 11 10 4 TOPSHAM 9 1 4 4 - EXMOUTH 5 - 3 4 2 PLYMOUTH 3 2 5 1 - LONDON 2 1 6 1 1 LOOE 1 1 8 - - GUERNSEY 1 - 3 2 3 DARTMOUTH 2 3 2 1 1 HELFORTH 3 2 3 1 - TAUNTON 3 3 1 - 1 KENTON 5 - 3 - - TOTNES - - 1 2 2 TIVERTON - - - - 4 KINGSWEAR 3 - - - 1 CHARD 2 - - 1 1 TORRE 2 2 - - - STOKENHAM - 2 1 1 - JERSEY - - 4 - - MORLAIX - - - 3 - CULLOMPTON - - - - 3 DITTISHAM - - - 1 2 DAWLISH 1 1 - 1 - MILBROOK - - - 1 2 BRYKELSEY - - - 1 2 LONGE SANDS? - - - - 3
*Places with three or more entries have been included.
(Source: DHC, ECA, TC 3-4/4-5, 4-5/5-6 Philip and Mary, 2/3, 3/4, 9/10 Elizabeth I)
6. PLACES OF RESIDENCE OF MERCHANTS IMPORTING GOODS INTO AND EXPORTING GOODS FROM EXETER IN 1567/68.
PLACE OF RESIDENCE NUMBER OF NUMBER OF MERCHANTS MERCHANTS EXPORTING IMPORTING EXETER 47 36 TIVERTON 5 6 KENTON 6 4 TOPSHAM 5 3 TAUNTON 0 5 CULLOMPTON 1 4 LONDON 3 2 HEMYOCK 2 2 EXMOUTH 2 1 TOTNES 0 3 546
CHARD 1 2 DAWLISH 1 1 TEIGNMOUTH 1 1 DARTMOUTH 2 0 LYME 2 0 LYMPSTONE 2 0 NORTH MOLTON 2 0 BARNSTAPLE 1 0 POOLE 1 0 KENTISBEARE 1 0 HONITON 1 0 SIDMOUTH 1 0 PINHOE 1 0 STAVERTON 1 0 TORRINGTON 1 0 GUERNSEY 1 0 STOKEINTEIGNHEAD 0 1 ALIENS 18 17
(Source: TNA, E190/926/1)
547
APPENDIX 35: ABSTRACT OF RENTAL OF THOMAS PRESTWOOD 1573/74
City of Exeter
All Hallows Goldsmith Street £31 11s 6d
St Paul £1 4s 10d
St Stephen £6 11s 4d
St Lawrence £1 10s 8d
St Pancras £5 16s 9d
St Kerrian £1 18s
St John Arches £3 16s 1d
St Mary Steps 9s 8d
St Edmund £15 10s 10d
St David £10 ------Total City of Exeter £86 5s 6d
Parish of St Thomas (in manor of Hayes and Cowick) £1 14s 8d
Manor of Vennytedburn (in parish of Crediton) £2 5s
Hempston Cantelowe and Biggeton Carlewe £6 12s 6d (in parish of Hempston Cantelowe)
Manor of Butterford (in parish of North Huish) £22 1s 3d
Parish of Ugborough £19 2s 8d
Parish of Harford £1 13s 4d
Parish of Ermington 8s
Parish of Kelly £1 3s
Manor of Tynnacre (in parish of Chariton next to Holsworthy) 6s
Total County of Devon £55 6s 5d
SUM TOTAL OF ALL LANDED INCOME: £141 11s 11d 548
with 8 capons and 1 pair of gloves
(Source: West Devon Record Office 72/279A)
549
APPENDIX 36:THE ‘PORTS OF CONNECTION’ OF EXETER’S COASTAL TRADE
1471-1568
JAN- JUN- OCT APR- SEPT OCT OCT- NOV OCT APR SEPT 1492- SEPT 1502- 1543- NOV 1557- 1567- 1471 1471 SEPT 1494 SEPT SEPT 1544 OCT SEPT 1493 1503 1544 1558 1568
DEVON
Dartmouth 2 1 29 10 7 5 2 4 1
Kingswear 3 4 4 2
Ottermouth 1 1
Plymouth 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
Salcombe 4 7 3 3 5 7 5
Topsham 2 1 10 1 5 1 1 1
Torbay 1
Torre 2 1
Brixham 3 2 2
Teignmouth 1 2 2
Portlemouth 3
Ilfracombe 1
Dawlish 3 3
Dittisham 1 1 1
Mylton 1
Sidmouth 2 1
Budleigh 1
Paignton 1
Seaton 1
Kingsbridge 1
Powderham 1
Kenton 2
Yealmpton 1 550
Hope 2
Stonehouse 1
Stokenham 5
Blackawton 1
Exmouth 1
CORNWALL
Fowey 3 3 2 5 2
Polruan 2 1 4 2 3
Mousehole 1 1 1
Falmouth 1
Looe 1 2 3 1
Charlestown 1 1 1
Helford 4 3 3 2 2
Truro 1 1
Land’s End 1 1
Padstow 1
Saltash 1
Penzance 1
Penryn 5
DORSET
Poole 1 3 1 1
Lyme Regis 1 1 3
Charmouth 1
Weymouth 1 1
OTHERS
Southampton 4 1 1 1
Portsmouth 1 1
Bristol 1
551
Taunton 1
Wells 1
Tenby 2
Monmouth 1
Southwold 3 1
Norwich 1
Colchester 1
Leye(Leigh) 1
London 1
Croydon 1
Not Stated 2 1 4 2
Unknown 1 1 2 2
(Sources: TNA, E122/41/3, 41/4, 201/1, 41/14, 41/15, 41/18, 41/25, 43/14, 43/15, 45/111; E190/926/1; DHC, ECA, TC 10/11, 20/21 Edward IV, 4/5, 8/9, 9/10, 18/19 Henry VII, 34/35 Henry VIII, 4/5-5/6 Philip and Mary, 9/10 Elizabeth I)
PORTS OF CONNECTION- See Appendix 1 for a definition of this.
See Section 5.4 for Exeter’s Coastal trade.
See Section 1.3 for a discussion of the customs accounts. Use was made of the parallel Town and Particulars of Customs accounts for January to April 1471, June to September 1471, October 1492 to September 1493, April to September 1494, September 1502 to September 1503, October 1543 to September 1544, October to November 1544, November 1557 to October 1558, October 1567 to September 1568. The Particulars of account for 1480-81 and 1488-89 are in poor condition.
The table shows the importance of Dartmouth and Kingswear in Exeter’s coastal trade. Salcome was mostly important for the trade in fish. A range of Cornish ports and, increasingly, the Dorset ports, were also involved as well as places further afield in Eastern and Southern England.
552
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCES
The National Archives, Kew, London
C1 and C3 Court of Chancery (Early Chancery Proceedings) (1467-1579)
C142 Inquisitions Post Mortem
E101 Exeter Aulnage Accounts (1475-1483)
E122 Exeter Particulars of Customs Accounts (1470-1563)
E122 Particulars of Accounts Dartmouth, Bridgwater, Lyme, Plymouth
E122/195/1 Information by Thomas Williams against Thomas Gale, a collector of customs at Exeter (1442)
E150 Inquisitions Post Mortem
E179/97/186 Exeter Anticipation (1523)
E179/99/283 Exeter Devotion Money (1543)
E179/99/285 Exeter Benevolence (1545)
E179/169/154 Taunton Lay Subsidy (1525)
E179/170/193 Taunton Lay Subsidy (1541)
E190 Exeter Port Books (1565-1570)
E190/46/25 A note of suche disagreing as was fownd apon searche’ (Commission directed to Sir Gawen Carew, wine landed at the port of Exeter, 1575)
E36/223 Household Book of Katherine, Countess of Devon (1523/24)
HCA 3 High Court of Admiralty: Instance and Prize Records
HCA 24 High Court of Admiralty: Libels, Allegations, Decrees and Sentences,
HCA 38 High Court of Admiralty: Warrant Books
PROB 11 Prerogative Court of Canterbury: Wills
REQ2 Court of Requests Proceedings temp. Henry VII –Elizabeth I
STAC 1-4 Court of Star Chamber Proceedings (1485-1558)
553
Devon Heritage Centre, Exeter
1. Exeter City Archives
Exe Bridge Wardens’ Accounts (1470-1570)
Exeter City Act Books I, II, III and IV (1508-1570)
Exeter City Receiver’s Accounts (1470-1570)
Exeter Deeds (ED/M)
Exeter Mayor’s Court Rolls
Exeter Receivers’ Account Book No.1 (1523/24)
Exeter Receivers’ Account Book No.2 (1539-1578)
Exeter Receivers’ Voucher Box 1 (1549-1562)
Exeter Town Customs Rolls (1470-1568)
Town Customs Law Papers
Exe Island Accounts (1551-1570)
Exe Island Court Rolls
Exeter Holy Trinity PFW1 (will of John Palmer 1487); PFW12 (will of Elizabeth Buckenam 1567)
Exeter St Mary Arches PF27A (wills of Johanna Guscot 1508, Robert Bronne 1513)
Exeter Z1/44/14 (will of Hubert Colwell 1581)
Exeter Manor of St Nicholas (Harold’s Fee) Account Rolls (1526/27, 1530/31)
Exeter Orphans Court: Wills and Probate Inventories
Exeter Tailors’ Records Act Book I (1533-1599), Act Book 1a (1478-1533), Letters Patent (1466), Charters, Grant of Arms (1564)
Book 51 John Hooker’s Commonplace Book
Book 55 The Freeman’s Book
Book 57 John Hooker’s Waste Book (also includes some copies of Town Customs Rolls 1560-1565)
Book 60h John Hooker’s Parliamentary Journal 1571 and Order of Parliament (contains A History of the Manor of Exe Island with copies and translations of records by Hooker).
554
Book 100 Presentments of Nuisances at the Sessions of the Peace (1550- 1570)
Book 156a Military Survey Exeter (1522)
Book 156b Book of Exeter Shop Fines (1528-1542)
Book 183 John Hooker’s Book of Accounts as Bailiff of Exe Island, St John’s and St Nicholas (1556-1585)
Book 184A Rental of lands late of St Nicholas Priory c.1535
Book 185 Merchant Adventurers’ Papers (1558-1560)
Book 186A-B Rental of Properties of the Mayor, Bailiffs and Commonalty of Exeter (1564)
Book 187 A Book of Survey of the Lands and Tenements of the Mayor, Bailiffs and Commonalty of the City of Exeter (1585)
Book 229 Exeter City Corn Accounts (John Hooker’s account of money received and paid for grain bought at Plymouth, 1562)
Manor of Duryard Account Rolls (1470-1563)
Miscellaneous Parish Documents: All Hallows Goldsmith Street (PX14); Holy Trinity (PW43, PW52, PFT2, PFT3-4, PFT6, PFW1-2, PFW12); St Mary Arches (PZ2, PF24A add, PF27A add, PF32A) (1487-1569)
Miscellaneous Roll 48 Exe Island Account (1494/95)
Miscellaneous Roll 92 ‘A Remembraunce of certayne matters consernyng the port of Exeter….’ ( temp.Henry VIII)
Records of the Free Chapel of St Mary, Exbridge Chantry and the Parish of St Edmunds
Exeter Quarter-Sessions Rolls, Sessions Papers (1557-1570)
58/7/11 Exeter Merchants’ Company Court Book (1558-1570)
Exeter City Letter Book 1: L4, 24, 33, 34, 44, 52, 53, 61, 64, 71, 72 (1550-1569)
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2. Devon and Other Collections
1718add/PW2 Exeter Holy Trinity Fraternity of St George (1477-1483)
555
CR 557 Tiverton Tenth (1488)
DD 36767-36772 Exeter St John’s Bow Churchwardens’ Account (1470-1570)
DD Devon Deeds
DD 70896-70928 Exeter St Mary Steps Churchwardens’ Accounts (30 years dating from 1469 to 1570)
DD 70904 Rental of lands and tenements appertaining to St Mary Steps (1493)
ED/M/ Exeter Deeds Miscellaneous
Exeter Parish Registers: All Hallows Goldsmith Street, PR1; St David, PR1; St Edmund, PR1; Holy Trinity, PR1; St Kerrian, PR1; St Martin, PR1; St Mary Arches, PR1; St Mary Major, PR1; St Paul, PR1; St Petrock, PR1; St Sidwell, PR1; Heavitree, PR1; St Thomas, PR1
MS11 A Synopsis Chorographical of the Province of Devon by John Hooker, Berry Pomeroy MS
PW1 Exeter St Mary Arches Churchwardens’ Account (1507/8)
PW1 Exeter St Mary Major Churchwardens’ Book (1530-1570)
PW1-6 Exeter St Mary Steps Churchwardens’ Accounts (1552-1558)
PW2-4 Exeter Holy Trinity Churchwardens‘ Accounts (1470-1556)
PW3 Exeter St Petrock Churchwardens’ Accounts (1470-1570)
W1258M/G/6/50-53 Topsham: Minster’s Account, Court Rolls and Deeds-Dean and Chapter of Exeter, Russell (1453-1603) contains 6 court rolls for the manor of Topsham including material for 1518,1519,1541,1542
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Vicars Choral Indentures, Memorandum
556
West Devon Record Office, Plymouth
72/279A Rental of the Property of Thomas Prestwood (1573/74)
Somerset Heritage Centre, Taunton
D/B/bw/1428-1441 Bridgwater Water Bailiffs Accounts (6 accounts extant, 1504-1565)
Duchy of Cornwall Office, London
DOC/WBAcc/1-20 Dartmouth Water Bailiffs Accounts (16 accounts extant 1508- 1568)
British Library, London
Additional Seals CL1, 41 (Exeter Tailors’ Guild)
Harleian MS 5872 Hooker’s Synopsis Chorographical of Devonshire
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Ex-Classics: The Acts and Monuments of the Christian Church by John Foxe, www.exclassics.com
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