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Identity Patterns in East-Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective

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Identity Patterns in East-Central Europe in a Comparative Perspective VOLUME 9, NUMBER 2, JULY 2016 LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL CHANGE: 25 YEARS OF TRANSFORMATION IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE Jerzy J. WIATR ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… PRINCIPLED SUCCESS? DO INCLUSIVE, PRINCIPLE-GUIDED CHOICE PROCESSES IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF MIXED ELECTORAL SYSTEMS? Johannes RAABE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... THE QUALITY OF ELECTIONS IN AFRICAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES Suzanne GRAHAM and Victoria GRAHAM ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... EXTENDING THE SPATIAL ANALOGY: HYPERSPATIAL DIAGRAMS OF PARTY COMPETITION Sean FLEMING ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... DEMOCRACY FOR A TERRITORYLESS AND STATELESS POLITY: THE ELECTIONS OF TIBETANS-IN-EXILE Sandeep SHARMA and Pradeep NAIR ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... IDENTITY PATTERNS IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Boglárka KOLLER ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 2 EDITORIAL TEAM General Editor General Editor Miro Haček Peter Csányi ................................................................. ................................................................ University of Ljubljana Alexander Dubč ek University Trenčin Faculty of social sciences, CAAPPI Department of Political Science Kardeljeva ploščad 5 Študentská 2 1000 Ljub ljana , S lovenia 911 50 Trenčin, Slovakia [email protected] [email protected] General Editor Assistant Editor Jurij Toplak Simona Kukovič .................................................................. .................................................................. Alma Mater Europ aea University of Ljubljana European Center Maribor (AMEU -ECM) Faculty of social sciences, CAAPPI Gosposka ulica 1 Kardeljeva ploščad 5 2000 Maribor , Slovenia 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected] [email protected] ...................................................... ................................ Articles appearing in JCP, are abstracted and indexed in following bibliographical databases: EBSCO, International Political Science Abstracts, ProQuest Political Science, International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS), JournalSeek, UlrichsWeb and DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals); Universal Impact Factor. EDITORIAL BOARD Davor BOBAN, University of Zagreb, Croatia Marjan BREZOVŠEK, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Đorđe GARDAŠEVIĆ, University of Zagreb, Croatia Victoria GRAHAM, Monash University Johannesburg, South Africa Pavol HRIVIK, Alexander Dubcek University of Trenčin, Slovakia Lars JOHANNSEN, Aarhus University, Denmark Kenneth KA-LOK CHAN, Hong Kong Baptist University, China Rudolf KUCHARČÍK, University of Economics Bratislava, Slovakia Lisa McINTOSH SUNDSTROM, University of British Columbia, Canada Meredith REDLIN, South Dakota State University, USA Andrius ŠUMINAS, Vilnius University, Lithuania Michael TKACIK, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA Taro TSUKIMURA, Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan Nebojša VLADISLAVLJEVIĆ, University of Belgrade, Serbia Reuben WONG, National University of Singapore, Singapore CO-PUBLISHERS Department of Political Science Alexander Dubček University Trenčin Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčin, Slovakia Centre for analysis of administrative-political processes and institutions (CAAPPI) University of Ljubljana, Faculty of social sciences Kardeljeva ploščad 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Alma Mater Europaea - European Center Maribor (AMEU-ECM) Gosposka ulica 1, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia DESIGN CAAPPI, Ljubljana. Journal of Comparative Politics is published twice a year, in January and July. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL CHANGE: 25 YEARS OF TRANSFORMATION IN POST- COMMUNIST EUROPE Jerzy J. WIATR ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 PRINCIPLED SUCCESS? DO INCLUSIVE, PRINCIPLE-GUIDED CHOICE PROCESSES IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF MIXED ELECTORAL SYSTEMS? Johannes RAABE ............................................................................................................................................................................ 37 THE QUALITY OF ELECTIONS IN AFRICAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES Suzanne GRAHAM and Victoria GRAHAM ............................................................................................................................................................................ 58 EXTENDING THE SPATIAL ANALOGY: HYPERSPATIAL DIAGRAMS OF PARTY COMPETITION Sean FLEMING ............................................................................................................................................................................ 77 DEMOCRACY FOR A TERRITORYLESS AND STATELESS POLITY: THE ELECTIONS OF TIBETANS-IN-EXILE Sandeep SHARMA and Pradeep NAIR ............................................................................................................................................................................ 85 IDENTITY PATTERNS IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Boglárka KOLLER ............................................................................................................................................................................ PARTICIPATE For further information on submissions, please consult the guidelines at http://www.jofcp.org. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 4 LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL CHANGE: 25 YEARS OF TRANSFORMATION IN POST- COMMUNIST EUROPE Jerzy J. WIATR1 ……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………… The importance of political leadership results from the non- deterministic interpretation of history, based on the concept of alternative paths of change, which leave room for meaningful decision-making. The role of leaders tends to be greater in times of crises (wars, revolutions, collapse of regimes, economic crises). Twenty-five years of post-communist transformation in Eastern and Central Europe confirms the importance of the leadership factor. Differences in political background, positions in the institutional system, value orientation and relative success or failure of political leaders constitute the most important aspects of the study of leadership in the process of post-communist transformation. Comparative cross-national studies of political leadership reveals important differences between leaders from Central Europe and leaders from the former USSR, as well as from the mature democratic states. The political culture of leaders plays an important role in the development in new democracies. Predicting the future of new democracies in Central Europe one should take into account the “black scenario” in which the authoritarian leadership may spread to new countries. Nationalism and xenophobia as well as economic malaise create conditions conducive to such change. How can it be stopped and/or reversed depends largely on the activeness of democratic forces and the quality of their leaders. Key words: authoritarianism; democratic transformation; leadership; nationalism; political culture; post-communism; values. 1 Jerzy J. WIATR, has retired from the University of Warsaw in 2001 where he held the chair of political sociology. He was the rector of the European School of Law and Administration in Warsaw (2007–2013) and is now the honorary rector of this school. He was the president of the Polish Association of Political Sciences (1964–67 and 1976–79), vice-president of the International Political Science Association (1979–82) and president of Central European Political Science Association (2000–2003). He received honorary titles from Russian, Slovenian and Ukrainian universities, as well as several Polish state decorations. He served in Polish Parliament (1991–2001) and was Poland’s minister of education (1996–1997). He was the director of the Polish part of the international studies on local leadership (1965–2002). His other scholarly interests include political parties, voting behavior, defense analysis and nationalism. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 5 1 INTRODUCTION “The scientific study of political leadership – wrote Glenn Page - presents a challenge to the entire discipline of political science…The challenge is to recognize the importance of political leadership, to focus scientific attention upon it, and to begin the cumulative process of conceptualization, that eventually will lead to the creation of a subdisciplinary and potentially transdisciplinary scientific field of global significance” (Page 1971, 1). Even forty-five years after its publication, his monumental book remains the most comprehensive analysis of the role leaders in politics. Page’s call for greater attention to be paid to the role of leaders has been only partially responded by the mainstream of political science. The relative neglect of this aspect of political life is due to the dominant influence of two traditions. The first, under the impact of legal sciences, puts the emphasis on institutions. The second, drawing from sociology and social psychology, focuses on mass political behavior. Political scientists who undertake the study of leadership do not reject these two traditions, but believe that they cannot provide a satisfactory explanation of politics without serious attention being paid to the role of the individuals who, because of their prominent place in political systems, play a particularly great role in making key political decisions. In 1988, in the introduction to the special issue of
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