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O2 Oxygen Measurement Guide

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O2 Oxygen Measurement Guide O2 MEASUREMENT GUIDE By Erich K. Springer R THE MEASURE OF EXCELLENCETM Important Notice Reproduction of any part of this booklet in any form whatsoever without the express written consent of HAMILTON Bonaduz AG is forbidden. The contents of this booklet are subject to change without notice. Technical changes reserved. All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this booklet. However, should any errors be detected, HAMILTON Bonaduz AG would greatly appreciate being informed of them. The above notwithstanding, HAMILTON Bonaduz AG can assume no responsibility for any errors in this manual or their consequences. Copyright © 2009 HAMILTON Bonaduz AG, Bonaduz Switzerland. All rights reserved. Wichtiger Hinweis Die Reproduktion irgendeines Teils dieses Handbuchs in jeder beliebigen Form ist ohne die ausdrückliche schriftliche Zustimmung der HAMILTON Bonaduz AG untersagt. Der Inhalt dieses Handbuchs kann ohne vorherige Ankündigung geändert werden. Technische Änderungen vorbehalten. Es wurde grösstmögliche Sorgfalt auf die Richtigkeit der Informationen in diesem Handbuch verwendet. Sollten dennoch Fehler entdeckt werden, würde sich die HAMILTON Bonaduz AG freuen, darüber informiert zu werden. Ungeachtet dessen kann die HAMILTON Bonaduz AG keine Haftung für etwaige Fehler in diesem Handbuch oder deren Folgen übernehmen. Copyright 2009 HAMILTON Bonaduz AG, Bonaduz Schweiz. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Page 1 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 3 2. OXYGEN...................................................................................................................................... 4 3. THE DISCOVERY OF OXYGEN ................................................................................................. 5 3.1 The Phlogiston Theory .........................................................................................................5 3.2 Carl Wilhelm Scheele...........................................................................................................6 3.3 Joseph Priestley...................................................................................................................7 3.4 Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier ...............................................................................................8 4. THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS.......................................................................... 10 Drawing: The Periodic Table....................................................................................................11 5. THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE............................................................................................ 12 Table 1: Composition of the Atmosphere.................................................................................13 6. PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE............................................................................................................. 15 Table 2: Conversion Factors between Different Units of Pressure ..........................................16 7. SATURATED VAPOUR PRESSURE........................................................................................ 16 Table 3: Saturated Vapour Pressure of Water (at different temperatures)...............................17 8. PARTIAL PRESSURE............................................................................................................... 18 8.1 Dalton’s Law.......................................................................................................................18 8.2 Partial Pressure..................................................................................................................18 8.3 Absolute Pressure..............................................................................................................19 Table 4: Altitude versus Atmospheric Pressure .......................................................................19 9. OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN WATER................................................................................. 19 Table 5: α-values for Oxygen in Water.....................................................................................22 Table 6: Saturated oxygen concentration ................................................................................23 10. OXIDATION - REDUCTION (REDOX)..................................................................................... 25 11. THE MEASURING PRINCIPLE............................................................................................... 26 12. THE MEMBRANE-COVERED CLARK DISSOLVED OXYGEN SENSOR ............................. 28 13. CALIBRATION ........................................................................................................................ 30 13.1 Sensor Zero Calibration ...................................................................................................30 13.2 Sensor Slope Calibration .................................................................................................31 13.2.1 Calibration in Water............................................................................................................... 31 13.2.2 Calibration in Air.................................................................................................................... 31 13.2.3 Calibration with a Calibration Solution .................................................................................. 33 14. INFLUENCE OF SALINITY ..................................................................................................... 33 Page 2 15. THE HAMILTON DO SENSORS ............................................................................................. 33 15.1 The OXYSENS Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ......................................................................35 15.1.1 OXYSENS Technical Data ................................................................................................... 35 15.2 The OXYFERM Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ......................................................................36 15.2.1 OXYFERM Technical Data................................................................................................... 37 15.3 The OXYGOLD Dissolved Oxygen Sensor ......................................................................37 15.3.1 OXYGOLD G Technical Data ............................................................................................... 38 15.3.2 OXYGOLD B Technical Data................................................................................................ 39 16. STABILISATION TIME – POLARIZATION MODULES .......................................................... 39 17. MAINTENANCE OF THE HAMILTON OXYGEN SENSORS.................................................. 40 17.1 OXYSENS ........................................................................................................................40 17.2 OXYFERM........................................................................................................................40 17.3 OXYGOLD G & B .............................................................................................................41 18. CONNECTION TO VARIOUS PROCESS METERS/CONVERTERS/TRANSMITTERS ........ 42 COPYRIGHT This book is copyright protected. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or by any other information or storage or retrieval system without permission by HAMILTON. Page 3 Dissolved Oxygen Measurement Theory and Practice by Erich K. Springer 1. Introduction Oxygen is the most important gas for plant and animal life on our planet earth. Without oxygen, there is no life on land or in water. As oxygen is easily soluble in water it makes life in rivers, lakes and oceans possible. Water owes its content of dissolved oxygen by the fact that it is continuously exposed to the atmospheric air, and the amount of soluble oxygen in water is therefore determined by the partial pressure of oxygen and the temperature. In ecological systems like seas, rivers and lakes the oxygen content has to be monitored in order to determine the state of pollution in these systems. In the treatment of domestic and industrial waste water a high amount of oxygen is required by the micro-organism to decompose organic waste; on the other hand the oxygen content in boiler water and feed water systems must be kept as low as possible in order to minimise the corrosion danger in boiler and pipe walls. To measure the dissolved oxygen amount accurately and continuously and to take the required action will save the industry billions of Rand, Dollars, Yen, Euros and Pounds annually, to name just a few currencies. The purpose of this booklet is to provide the basic knowledge of the dissolved oxygen measurement in a brief and understandable form. The author’s task is fulfilled when this booklet leads to a successful application of a dissolved oxygen measurement. First edition November 2008 Acknowledgements Many thanks goes to Dirk Tillich for providing me with special information and material. I also want to thank Dr. Hannes Bühler of HAMILTON, for reading my manuscript, adviced me on certain subjects and corrected the odd mistakes. Last, but not least, I want to thank my loving wife for her patience and understanding for so many lonely evenings. Erich K. Springer Page 4 2. Oxygen Electron- Oxygen is a non-metallic chemical
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