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THE OFFICIAL Magazine of the OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY OceanTE H OFFICIAL MAGAZINEog of the OCEANOGRAPHYraphy SOCIETY CITATION Jones, B.H., C.M. Lee, G. Toro-Farmer, E.S. Boss, M.C. Gregg, and C.L. Villanoy. 2011. Tidally driven exchange in an archipelago strait: Biological and optical responses. Oceanography 24(1):142–155, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.11. COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 24, Number 1, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2011 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. do WNLOADED from WWW.tos.org/oceanography PHILIppINE STRAITS DYNAMICS EXPERIMENT T IDALLY DRIVEN EXCHANGE IN AN A RCHIPELAGO STRAIT BIOLOGICAL AND OpTICAL RESPONSES BY BURTON H. JONES, CRAIG M. LEE, GERARDO TORO-FARMER, EMMANUEL S. BOSS, MICHAEL C. GREGG, AND CESAR L. VILLANOY 142 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 AbsTRACT. Measurements in San Bernardino Strait, one of two major connections Period (IOP-09). To our knowledge, few between the Pacific Ocean and the interior waters of the Philippine Archipelago, previous data exist from this region; captured 2–3 m s-1 tidal currents that drove vertical mixing and net landward even the mean net transport is uncer- transport. A TRIAXUS towed profiling vehicle equipped with physical and optical tain (Gordon et al., 2011). The earliest sensors was used to repeatedly map subregions within the strait, employing survey modern observations were collected by patterns designed to resolve tidal variability of physical and optical properties. Strong the US Coast and Geodetic Survey in flow over the sill between Luzon and Capul islands resulted in upward transport and the 1920s (http://www.photolib.noaa. mixing of deeper high-salinity, low-oxygen, high-particle-and-nutrient-concentration gov/htmls/cgs00029.htm), but, to our water into the upper water column, landward of the sill. During the high-velocity knowledge, no data from this effort ebb flow, topography influences the vertical distribution of water, but without the have been published. The Japanese fleet diapycnal mixing observed during flood tide. The surveys captured a net landward passed through the strait on its way to flux of water through the narrowest part of the strait. The tidally varying velocities a surprise attack on the American fleet contribute to strong vertical transport and diapycnal mixing of the deeper water into during the World War II Battle of Leyte the upper layer, contributing to the observed higher phytoplankton biomass within Gulf, providing historical significance to the interior of the strait. the region. Recently, the strait’s strong tidal currents have made it an area of distributions of phytoplankton and interest for tidal power generation (Jones InTRODUCTION particles as well as related properties in and Rowley, 2002). Strong archipelago throughflow, such the region (e.g., Figure 1). However, in San Bernardino Strait is a relatively as that observed in the Philippines, the absence of appropriate ground truth narrow passage on the northeastern side interacts with complex bathymetry measurements, the possible confounding of the Philippine Archipelago. The strait to produce a range of energetic flow optical influences of the coastal region is about 6.5-km wide at its narrowest regimes. Orographic steering by island (e.g., adjacency effects, bottom contribu- point, between Luzon and Capul islands, topography can influence the wind tions) produce significant uncertainty where sill depth is about 90 m at the and thermal forcing of the region, in ocean color products. In addition, channel’s center (Figure 2). Current introducing small-scale lateral varia- remotely sensed ocean color is limited speeds of up to nearly 4.5 m s-1 have tions in the forcing fields (Pullen et al., to the upper few meters of the water been reported near the southern tip of 2008). Subsurface topography, at least as column, limiting its utility for studying Capul (Peña and Mariño, 2009), and, complex as the terrestrial topography, the complex subsurface processes that one of the authors has observed current -1 includes many between-island straits and can affect optical variability. speeds of roughly 4 m s over the sill sills with complex shapes. Historically, This study examines flow dynamics during prior efforts in the area. the interior seas of the archipelago and the resulting distribution of biogeo- Straits and their associated sills have have been relatively underexplored, chemical and bio-optical parameters been the subject of investigation for a with few in situ, subsurface observa- in the San Bernardino Strait region long period in modern oceanography. tions. Remotely sensed ocean color (Figure 1, white box) surveyed during Some of the earliest and most sustained provides some indication of the probable the 2009 PhilEx Intensive Observational interest has been in the Strait of Gibraltar Oceanography | March 2011 143 et al., 2000; Sannino et al., 2002). Various studies examined a range of interactions of flow and topography in other strait regions; for example, complex three-dimensional flow struc- ture has been observed in Knight Inlet, BC, Canada (Klymak and Gregg, 2001; Lamb, 2004). Ohlman (2011) examined surface flow along the boundaries of San Bernardino Strait simultaneous with the results discussed here, observing large vorticity and strain rates at sub- kilometer scales along the boundaries of the strait. Although maximum velocities vary widely between different straits, those observed at San Bernardino are large, with reported velocities at other sites often less than 1 m s-1 (e.g., Klymak and Gregg, 2001; Valle- Levinson et al., 2001; Vargas et al., 2006; Gregg and Pratt, 2010). Few of the many studies of flow in straits and over sills throughout Figure 1. Ocean color image of chlorophyll concentration for the Philippine Archipelago the world have included significant between 7°N and 17°N. The image is a composite of MODIS Aqua sensor images for the period of February 15–21, 2009. The area of focus for this paper, San Bernardino Strait, is biological, optical, and/or chemical outlined in white on the right center of the image. Image courtesy of Sherwin Ladner and measurements. In part, difficulties asso- Robert Arnone, NRL Stennis ciated with sampling in regions of strong flow have limited these observations. In this paper, we present observations that (Stommel et al., 1973; Kinder and and Parrilla, 1987) and generation of employ the integration of bio-optical and Parrilla, 1987; Bryden et al., 1994; Gomez internal waves and tides (Longo et al., biogeochemical sensors into a modern et al., 2000; Tsimplis, 2000; Vargas 1992; Richez, 1994; Tsimplis, 2000; tow vehicle to evaluate the variability et al., 2006). Research on Gibraltar has Morozov et al., 2002) as well as changes of physical, bio-optical, and chemical addressed a range of issues, including in Froude number and pressure with the signatures in the very dynamic San aspiration of deeper water (Kinder compressed flow over the sill (Lafuente Bernardino Strait. Burton H. Jones ([email protected]) is Professor (Research), Marine Environmental AppROACH Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Craig M. Lee is Principal The challenge presented in sampling Oceanographer and Associate Professor, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of tidally dominated straits is to repeat- Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Gerardo Toro-Farmer is PhD Candidate, University of edly occupy three-dimensional surveys Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Emmanuel S. Boss is Professor, University rapidly enough to resolve energetic of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Michael C. Gregg is Professor, Applied Physics Laboratory, variability at tidal (in San Bernardino University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Cesar L. Villanoy is Professor, Marine Science Strait, predominately diurnal) frequen- Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. cies. To accomplish this task, we used a 144 Oceanography | Vol.24, No.1 MacArtney TRIAXUS towed, undulating the AC-S spectrophotometer, where all the AC-S variables to ensure consis- vehicle to map the three-dimensional times were recorded in universal time tency of temporal and spatial alignment distributions of physical, chemical, and (UT). Because the absorption at 720 nm of all of the data. inherent optical properties. TRIAXUS has strong temperature dependence, the Four optical variables derived maintained a vertical speed of 1 m s-1 720 nm absorption was compared with from the absorption and attenua- while typically being towed at 7 knots, the conductivity-temperature-depth tion measurements are used in the with along-track horizontal resolution (CTD) temperature data to establish observations presented. Chlorophyll of 1 km or less, dependent on profile the time offset between the two sensors. concentration was calculated from the depth. TRIAXUS carried two pairs of The AC-S data were then shifted in AC-S absorptions at 675 and 650 nm Sea-Bird temperature and conductivity time to minimize the offset between using chlorophyll-specific absorption sensors along with up (1200 kHz) - and the AC-S absorption at 720 nm and the of 0.014 m2 mg-1) (Davis et al., 1997; down (300 kHz)-looking RDI acoustic CTD temperature. Once this alignment Boss et al., 2007). Optical scattering, bλ Doppler current profilers. Optical was accomplished, the other optical (where λ is wavelength in nm), is the sensors included a WETLabs C-Star sensors were temporally aligned with difference between total attenuation (cλ) transmissometer, WETStar chlorophyll and CDOM fluorometers, WETLabs Triplet optical backscatter sensor (532, 660, and 880 nm), and a WETLabs AC-S absorption/attenuation spectro- photometer. A Sea-Bird SBE43 dissolved oxygen sensor on the vehicle measured dissolved oxygen concentration.
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