DOCSLIB.ORG

Fish Migration the and During Which Period of the Year

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fish Migration the and During Which Period of the Year r te e a n n i w o t z g l n a n i s io y - t Atlantic a h i JUV t s s ENI S e n LE r a ( f r 3 t -4 r herring e y v e i ec Jan a r D rs A ) a V m e R F o s v e A The area’s name Haringvliet A r o b D o L F N t U L refers to the past, when a T e r M s t e the Haringvliet teemed a c v r i m r O o with juvenile herring. r o F t Herring are born at sea. A p p e r The juvenile larvae then S migrate to coastal waters M g a y u and to the freshwater- A J u l n u saltwater transition zone J where they grow into adults. Subsequently, the adult herring migrate again to sea Fish migration to spawn. European From river to sea and vice versa sea sturgeon JUVEN ILE (2 -4 y In 2018, when the Haringvliet sluices will be slightly opened, the Haringvliet will again e Much effort is put into ec Jan a D rs ) securing the return of this F v e become the gateway to the rivers Rhine and Meuse. In the Haringvliet, migratory fish o b N prominent and impressive J U will then be able to acclimatize in brackish water, before continuing their journey to ) V migratory fish to Dutch s E r M t N a c a e I r L waters. Sturgeons are born y O E the river or to sea. Based on historical data, we have displayed how 16 fish species 2 1 upriver. Juvenile sturgeons - A 8 ( D A made use of the freshwater-saltwater transition zone in the Haringvliet, i.e. during p run downriver and stay U p E e r L L S I T which part of their life cycle and during which period of the year. The fish migration N a considerable time in E V M the freshwater-saltwater U g a u J y A calendar provides insight into developments that can be expected to take place after transition zone and only J l u u n J the Haringvliet sluices are opened in 2018. become adult fish at sea. Mature sturgeons run upriver during the summer to produce offspring. Spring: Autumn: All year round: migration from migration from nursery area for Atlantic sea to river river to sea juvenile fish salmon ADULT Salmon stay the greater The fish migration calendar on From July until December the In addition to being a route of part of their life cycle at ec Jan JU the inside of the leaflet features prevailing migration pattern is passage for migratory fish such D V E F N sea, but just like sturgeons v e a complex mixture of migration downstream, from the river to as salmon and sturgeon, the o b IL N E they depend on fresh water patterns. Throughout the year sea. The predominantly juvenile freshwater-saltwater transition ( 1 - 3 M fish run upstream towards the fish, which were born in the river, zone also plays an important role for their reproduction. y t a e c r a river or downstream towards the such as allis shad, twait shad, sal- as refuge and nursery area for O Throughout the year adult r s sea. From February until July, the mon, sturgeon and sea lamprey, juvenile fish. Juvenile European ) salmon run upriver to A prevailing migration pattern is migrate through the Haringvliet sprat, smelt, river lamprey, p p spawn, showing a peak from r e upstream from sea towards the to sea to forage, to grow into European seabass and herring S May to August. Juvenile river. Species such as stickleback, adults and to spawn. Before any stay sometimes for 1 to 2 years in M a g salmon, also known as y u allis shad, twait shad, sturgeon transition from fresh water to salt this brackish-water zone before A smolts, need a gradual J u l n u water and vice versa it is vital they continue their journey to J and smelt run upriver to spawn. that migratory fish can acclimati- sea or to the river. Juvenile fish freshwater-saltwater ze in an undisturbed brackish-wa- also serve as food for numerous transition in order to be ter zone, which the Haringvliet other fishspecies and birds, able to adapt to saltwater Illustrations: will provide after 2018. including migratory species. © Jeroen Helmer, ARK Natuurontwikkeling conditions. FROM SEA TO RIVER FROM RIVER TO SEA STAYING IN FRESHWATER-SALTWATER TRANSITION ZONE SOURCE: The Fish Migration Calendar has been drawn up by Bart Reeze (Buro Stroming), Martin Kroes Fish Migration Calendar (Kroes Consultancy), Willie van Emmerik (Sportvisserij Nederland) and Jaap Quak (Sportvisserij Nederland) Haringvliet based on historical and biological data. LIFE PHASE JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC EXPLANATION European eel glass eel 1-3yrs Reproduction at sea. Glass eels migrate to coastal waters and various freshwater bodies. Anguilla anguilla yellow eel 2-17yrs Grow also in the estuary and can be found all year round. adult Mature eels migrate to the sea/the ocean to reproduce. European juvenile Reproduction at sea. Juveniles migrate to shallow coastal waters until reaching freshwater river areas. flounder juvenile 2-4yrs Juveniles grow up in the estuary. Platichthys flesus adult Mature adults migrate to foraging grounds in the coastal zone and to the sea to reproduce. Three-spined juvenile 0.5yrs Reproduction in the downstream part of the river. Juveniles migrate to the estuary and coastal zone. stickleback adult Present throughout the year in estuaries and shallow coastal zones (including the Wadden sea). Gasterosteus aculeatus Migrate from the sea to the river to spawn. Thinlip mullet juvenile 9-11yrs Reproduction at sea off the coast. Juveniles live in the estuary’s shore area. Liza ramada adult Present throughout the year in the estuary. Migrate to the estuary and river during spring and in the opposite direction during autumn. Allis shad juvenile 0+yrs Reproduction on the river. Juveniles migrate to the estuary. Alosa alosa juvenile 0-1yrs Continuing their journey to the coastal zone and the sea as from October (or a year later). adult At sea / in coastal waters. Migrate upriver to reproduce. Reproduction in the freshwater area of the tidal zone or slightly more upstream. Twait shad juvenile 0+yrs Juveniles migrate to the estuary. Alosa fallax juvenile 0-1yrs Migrate immediately to the coastal zone and the sea (or a year later). adult At sea/ coastal waters. Migrate downriver to reproduce. Atlantic larva Reproduction at sea. Larvae migrate to coastal waters and the estuary. Herring juvenile 3-4yrs Nursery areas in coastal waters and estuaries. Migrate at a later stage to deeper waters / the sea. Clupea harengus adult At sea. In March-June small numbers stay in the Voordelta/Goereese Gat areas. Spawn in the midstream/downstream part of the river. Houting juvenile Juveniles go slowly downriver to the coastal zone and the estuary. Coregonus oxyrinchus juvenile 2-4yrs and adult Stay all year round in the shallow coastal zone and the brackish-water area of the estuary. Mature adults migrate upriver and downriver to reproduce. larva 3-4.5yrs Reproduction on the river and brooks. After 3-4.5 years the larvae float down the river to the estuary. River lamprey juvenile 1.5yrs Grow up further in the estuary and later at sea. Lampetra fluviatilis adult Live in estuaries, coastal waters and the open sea. Migrate to rivers and brooks to spawn. Reproduction on the river, just upstream of the tidal zone. Smelt larva Larvae grow in freshwater areas and the estuary. Osmerus eperlanus juvenile 2-3yrs and adult Grow up and live in the estuary and the coastal zone. adult Migrate upriver (and downriver) to reproduce. European sprat larva Reproduction at sea /in coastal waters, larvae float to coastal waters or estuaries. Sprattus sprattus juvenile <2yrs Nursery areas in coastal waters and estuaries. Migrating later on to deeper waters/ the sea. adult Adults stay in the estuaries during winter /older adults stay at sea. juvenile Reproduction on the river. Juveniles migrate to the estuary. European sea juvenile 2-4yrs Juveniles grow up in the estuary. sturgeon juvenile 8-12yrs Older juveniles migrate to the coastal zone and the sea where they continue their development. Acipenser sturio adult At sea. Mature adults migrate to the river to spawn. Atlantic Salmon juvenile 1-3yrs Reproduction on the river. Juveniles migrate to the sea and have a short stay in the estuary. Salmo salar adult At sea. Mature adults migrate to the river to spawn, all year round with a peak from May-August. European seabass juvenile 4-5yrs Reproduction at sea. Juveniles migrate to estuaries, harbours and lagoons (warm, shallow waters). Dicentrarchus labrax adult summer Migrate to the estuaries’ foraging sites during summer and to the sea during winter. Sea trout Reproduction at the upstream part of the rivers. Salmo trutta trutta juvenile 2-3yrs Juveniles migrate (rapidly) through the estuary towards the coast and the sea. adult In coastal waters, gathering in estuaries before migrating to the river to reproduce. Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus juvenile 2-3yrs Reproduction in the midstream/upstream parts of the river. Juveniles migrate to the sea. adult At sea. Migrate upriver to spawn. t F o r o r m i v e s r e a t F o r o s e m a r i v e r t r f a r S e n t s s a h i t y - i o s i n a n g l t z w i o n a n t e e r Migratory fish in and around the Haringvliet Visit haringvliet.nu In 2018, the Haringvliet sluices will be slightly opened so that fish will be able to migrate again between the river and the sea.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parasite Communities and Feeding Ecology of the European Sprat (Sprattus Sprattus L.) Over Its Range of Distribution
    Parasitol Res (2012) 110:1147–1157 DOI 10.1007/s00436-011-2605-z ORIGINAL PAPER Parasite communities and feeding ecology of the European sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) over its range of distribution Sonja Kleinertz & Sven Klimpel & Harry W. Palm Received: 15 July 2011 /Accepted: 4 August 2011 /Published online: 18 August 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract The metazoan parasite fauna and feeding ecology Mollusca, Annelida, Crustacea and Tunicata. The highest of 165 Sprattus sprattus (L., 1758) was studied from number of prey organisms belonged to the crustaceans. The different geographic regions (Baltic Sea, North Sea, English variety of prey items in the stomach was reflected by the Channel, Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea). A total of 13 parasite community differences and parasite species rich- metazoan parasite species were identified including six ness from the different regions. The feeding ecology of the Digenea, one Monogenea, two Cestoda, two Nematoda fish at the sampled localities was responsible for the and two Crustacea. Didymozoidae indet., Lecithocladium observed parasite composition and, secondarily, the zoo- excisum and Bomolochidae indet. represent new host geographical distribution of the parasites, questioning the records. The parasite species richness differed according use of the recorded sprat parasites as biological indicators to regions and ranged between 3 and 10. The most species- for environmental conditions and change. rich parasite fauna was recorded for sprats from the Bay of Biscay (North Atlantic), and the fishes from the Baltic Sea contained the lowest number of parasite species. More Introduction closely connected geographical regions, the North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay, showed more similar Fish parasites are an integral part of every ecosystem and parasite component communities compared with more play an important role for the health of marine organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Agency
    Coarse Fish Migration Occurrence, Causes and Implications Research and Development Technical Report WI52 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY All pulps used in production of this paper is sourced from sustainable managed forests and are elemental chlorine free and wood free Coarse Fish Migration Occurrence, Causes and: Implications: Technical Report W 152.. MC Lucas (1): T J Thorn (l), A Duncan (2), 0 Slavik (3) (1) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham (2) Royal Holloway. Institute of Environmental Research, University-of London (3) Water Research Institute, Prague Research Contractor:. University of Durham Further copies of thii report are available from: Environment Agency R&D Dissemination Centre, c/o WRc, Frankland Road, Swindon, Wilts SN5 SYF ? WC tel: 01793-865000 fax: 01793-514562 e-mail: [email protected] Publishing Organisation: Environment Agency Rio House Waterside Drive Aztec West Almondsbury Bristol BS32 4UD Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 ISBNNW-06/98-65-B-BCOA 0 Environment Agency 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,. photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Environment Agency. The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Environment Agency. Its officers, servant or agents accept no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance upon views contained herein. Dissemination status Internal: Released to Regions External: Released to the Public Domain Statement of use This report summarises the findings of aliterature reveiw of the occurrence, causes and implications of coarse fish migration in UK rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Kattegat and Skagerrak, Eastern North Sea
    Aquat. Living Resour. 28, 127–137 (2015) Aquatic c EDP Sciences 2016 DOI: 10.1051/alr/2016007 Living www.alr-journal.org Resources Growth and maturity of sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Kattegat and Skagerrak, eastern North Sea Francesca Vitale1, Felix Mittermayer1,2, Birgitta Krischansson1, Marianne Johansson1 and Michele Casini1,a 1 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, 45330 Lysekil, Sweden 2 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, 24105 Kiel, Germany Received 13 July 2015; Accepted 12 February 2016 Abstract – Information on fish biology, as growth and reproduction, is an essential first step for a sound assessment and management of a fishery resource. Here we analyzed the annual cycle of body condition factor (K), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and maturity of sprat from the Skagerrak and Kattegat as well as from the Skagerrak inner fjords (Uddevalla fjords). The results show an inverse yearly pattern for K and GSI in both areas, K being the highest in autumn and lowest in spring, while the GSI index was highest in spring and lowest in autumn. The annual highest proportion of spawning fish was recorded from May to July, indicating the late spring and early summer as the main spawning period for sprat in these areas. Male sprat reached maturity at a higher size in the Uddevalla fjords compared to Skagerrak and Kattegat, while negligible differences were shown by females. The K, GSI and size-at-age were the lowest in the Uddevalla fjords, while K and GSI were the highest in the Skagerrak, potentially related to the different environmental conditions encountered in the different areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Downstream Migrating Salmon Smolt in the River Rhine Using the NEDAP Trail System: 2006 and Preliminary Results 2007
    Not to be cited without permission of the author International Council for North Atlantic Salmon the Exploration of the Sea Working Group Working Paper 2007/26 Study of downstream migrating salmon smolt in the River Rhine using the NEDAP Trail System: 2006 and preliminary results 2007 by Detlev Ingendahl *, Gerhard Feldhaus *, Gerard de Laak, Tim Vriese and André Breukelaar. *Bezirksregierung Arnsberg, Fishery and Freshwater ecology, Heinsbergerstr. 53, 57399 Kirchhundem, Germany Sportvisserij Nederland, Visadvies, RIZA Running headline: Downstream migrating salmon smolt in the River Rhine Key words: Salmon smolt, downstream migration, River Rhine, Nedap Trail system, Delta Abstract Downstream migration of Atlantic salmon smolt was studied in the River Rhine in 2006 and 2007 using the NEDAP Trail system. In 2006 10 fish and in 2007 78 fish were released into two tributaries of the River Rhine (R. Sieg in 2006 and R. Wupper in 2007). The smolts (> 150 g) were tagged with a transponder (length 3.5 cm, weight 11.5 g) by surgery and introduction into the body cavity. After a recovery period of three days (2006) and ten days (2007), respectively in the hatchery the fish were released into the river. The transponder equipped fish can be detected by fixed antenna stations when leaving the tributary and during their migration through the Rhine delta to the sea. The NEDAP trail system is based on inductive coupling between an antenna loop at the river bottom and the ferrite rod antenna within the transponders. Each transponder gives its unique ID- number when the fish is passing a detection station. Until now 64 fish left the river of release (5 in 2006 and 59 in 2007, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • IATTC-94-01 the Tuna Fishery, Stocks, and Ecosystem in the Eastern
    INTER-AMERICAN TROPICAL TUNA COMMISSION 94TH MEETING Bilbao, Spain 22-26 July 2019 DOCUMENT IATTC-94-01 REPORT ON THE TUNA FISHERY, STOCKS, AND ECOSYSTEM IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN IN 2018 A. The fishery for tunas and billfishes in the eastern Pacific Ocean ....................................................... 3 B. Yellowfin tuna ................................................................................................................................... 50 C. Skipjack tuna ..................................................................................................................................... 58 D. Bigeye tuna ........................................................................................................................................ 64 E. Pacific bluefin tuna ............................................................................................................................ 72 F. Albacore tuna .................................................................................................................................... 76 G. Swordfish ........................................................................................................................................... 82 H. Blue marlin ........................................................................................................................................ 85 I. Striped marlin .................................................................................................................................... 86 J. Sailfish
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Bees in the Hoeksche Waard
    Wild bees in the Hoeksche Waard Wilson Westdijk C.S.G. Willem van Oranje Text: Wilson Westdijk Applicant: C.S.G. Willem van Oranje Contact person applicant: Bart Lubbers Photos front page Upper: Typical landscape of the Hoeksche Waard - Rotary Hoeksche Waard Down left: Andrena rosae - Gert Huijzers ​ ​ Down right: Bombus muscorum - Gert Huijzers ​ ​ Table of contents Summary 3 Preface 3 Introduction 4 Research question 4 Hypothesis 4 Method 5 Field study 5 Literature study 5 Bee studies in the Hoeksche Waard 9 Habitats in the Hoeksche Waard 11 Origin of the Hoeksche Waard 11 Landscape and bees 12 Bees in the Hoeksche Waard 17 Recorded bee species in the Hoeksche Waard 17 Possible species in the Hoeksche Waard 22 Comparison 99 Compared to Land van Wijk en Wouden 100 Species of priority 101 Species of priority in the Hoeksche Waard 102 Threats 106 Recommendations 108 Conclusion 109 Discussion 109 Literature 111 Sources photos 112 Attachment 1: Logbook 112 2 Summary At this moment 98 bee species have been recorded in the Hoeksche Waard. 14 of these species are on the red list. 39 species, that have not been recorded yet, are likely to occur in the Hoeksche Waard. This results in 137 species, which is 41% of all species that occur in the Netherlands. The species of priority are: Andrena rosae, A. labialis, A. wilkella, Bombus ​ jonellus, B. muscorum and B. veteranus. Potential species of priority are: Andrena pilipes, A. ​ ​ ​ gravida Bombus ruderarius B. rupestris and Nomada bifasciata. ​ ​ Threats to bees are: scaling up in agriculture, eutrophication, reduction of flowers, pesticides and competition with honey bees.
    [Show full text]
  • Spawning of Bluefin Tuna in the Black Sea: Historical Evidence, Environmental Constraints and Population Plasticity
    CORE Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Online Research Database In Technology Spawning of bluefin tuna in the black sea: historical evidence, environmental constraints and population plasticity MacKenzie, Brian; Mariani, Patrizio Published in: PLoS ONE Link to article, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039998 Publication date: 2012 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Mackenzie, B. R., & Mariani, P. (2012). Spawning of bluefin tuna in the black sea: historical evidence, environmental constraints and population plasticity. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e39998. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039998 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Spawning of Bluefin Tuna in the Black Sea: Historical Evidence,
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Communities of Baltic Coastal Fish Executive Summary: Assessment of Coastal fi Sh in the Baltic Sea
    Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 103 B Changing Communities of Baltic Coastal Fish Executive summary: Assessment of coastal fi sh in the Baltic Sea Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 103 B Changing Communities of Baltic Coastal Fish Executive summary: Assessment of coastal fi sh in the Baltic Sea Helsinki Commission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Editor: Janet Pawlak Authors: Kaj Ådjers (Co-ordination Organ for Baltic Reference Areas) Jan Andersson (Swedish Board of Fisheries) Magnus Appelberg (Swedish Board of Fisheries) Redik Eschbaum (Estonian Marine Institute) Ronald Fricke (State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany) Antti Lappalainen (Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute), Atis Minde (Latvian Fish Resources Agency) Henn Ojaveer (Estonian Marine Institute) Wojciech Pelczarski (Sea Fisheries Institute, Poland) Rimantas Repečka (Institute of Ecology, Lithuania). Photographers: Visa Hietalahti p. cover, 7 top, 8 bottom Johnny Jensen p. 3 top, 3 bottom, 4 middle, 4 bottom, 5 top, 8 top, 9 top, 9 bottom Lauri Urho p. 4 top, 5 bottom Juhani Vaittinen p. 7 bottom Markku Varjo / LKA p. 10 top For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as: HELCOM, 2006 Changing Communities of Baltic Coastal Fish Executive summary: Assessment of coastal fi sh in the Baltic Sea Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 103 B Information included in this publication or extracts thereof is free for citing on the condition that the complete reference of the publication is given as stated above Copyright 2006 by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission - Helsinki Commission - Design and layout: Bitdesign, Vantaa, Finland Printed by: Erweko Painotuote Oy, Finland ISSN 0357-2994 Coastal fi sh – a combination of freshwater and marine species Coastal fish communities are important components of Baltic Sea ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishfriendly Innovative Technologies for Hydropower D1.1 Metadata
    Ref. Ares(2017)5306028 - 30/10/2017 Fishfriendly Innovative Technologies for Hydropower Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union D1.1 Metadata overview on fish response to disturbance Project Acronym FIThydro Project ID 727830 Work package 1 Deliverable Coordinator Christian Wolter Author(s) Ruben van Treeck (IGB), Jeroen Van Wich- elen (INBO), Johan Coeck (INBO), Lore Vandamme (INBO), Christian Wolter (IGB) Deliverable Lead beneficiary INBO, IGB Dissemination Level Public Delivery Date 31 October 2017 Actual Delivery Date 30 October 2017 Acknowledgement This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and inno- vation program under grant agreement No 727830. Executive Summary Aim Environmental assessment of hydropower facilities commonly includes means of fish assem- blage impact metrics, as e.g. injuries or mortality. However, this hardly allows for conclusion at the population or community level. To overcome this significant knowledge gap and to enable more efficient assessments, this task aimed in developing a fish species classification system according to their species-specific sensitivity against mortality. As one result, most sensitive fish species were identified as suitable candidates for in depth population effects and impact studies. Another objective was providing the biological and autecological baseline for developing a fish population hazard index for the European fish fauna. Methods The literature has been extensively reviewed and analysed for life history traits of fish providing resilience against and recovery from natural disturbances. The concept behind is that species used to cope with high natural mortality have evolved buffer mechanisms against, which might also foster recovery from human induced disturbances.
    [Show full text]
  • Food for the Future
    Food for the Future Rotterdam, September 2018 Innovative capacity of the Rotterdam Food Cluster Activities and innovation in the past, the present and the Next Economy Authors Dr N.P. van der Weerdt Prof. dr. F.G. van Oort J. van Haaren Dr E. Braun Dr W. Hulsink Dr E.F.M. Wubben Prof. O. van Kooten Table of contents 3 Foreword 6 Introduction 9 The unique starting position of the Rotterdam Food Cluster 10 A study of innovative capacity 10 Resilience and the importance of the connection to Rotterdam 12 Part 1 Dynamics in the Rotterdam Food Cluster 17 1 The Rotterdam Food Cluster as the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem 18 1.1 The importance of the agribusiness sector to the Netherlands 18 1.2 Innovation in agribusiness and the regional ecosystem 20 1.3 The agribusiness sector in Rotterdam and the surrounding area: the Rotterdam Food Cluster 21 2 Business dynamics in the Rotterdam Food Cluster 22 2.1 Food production 24 2.2 Food processing 26 2.3 Food retailing 27 2.4 A regional comparison 28 3 Conclusions 35 3.1 Follow-up questions 37 Part 2 Food Cluster icons 41 4 The Westland as a dynamic and resilient horticulture cluster: an evolutionary study of the Glass City (Glazen Stad) 42 4.1 Westland’s spatial and geological development 44 4.2 Activities in Westland 53 4.3 Funding for enterprise 75 4.4 Looking back to look ahead 88 5 From Schiedam Jeneverstad to Schiedam Gin City: historic developments in the market, products and business population 93 5.1 The production of (Dutch) jenever 94 5.2 The origin and development of the Dutch jenever
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology of Fish Migration
    Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This article was originally published in Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Binder T.R., Cooke S.J., and Hinch S.G. (2011) The Biology of Fish Migration. In: Farrell A.P., (ed.), Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment, volume 3, pp. 1921–1927. San Diego: Academic Press. ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATIONS OF DIFFERENT FISH GROUPS Fish Migrations Contents The Biology of Fish Migration Tracking Oceanic Fish Eel Migrations Pacific Salmon Migration: Completing the Cycle The Biology of Fish Migration TR Binder, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI, USA SJ Cooke, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada SG Hinch, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. What is Migration? Environmental Factors That Influence Migration Classifying Migrations Anthropogenic Impacts on Migration Orientation and Navigation Further Reading Energetics of Migration Glossary Fluvial Relating to a river, stream, or other flowing Amphidromy An uncommon subcategory of water.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology O F the Estuaries of Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt in The
    TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY. ROS. J. D. (ED.). SCIENT. MAR . 53(2-3): 457-463 1989 The ecology of the estuaries of Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt in the Netherlands* CARLO HEIP Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research. Yerseke. The Netherlands SUMMARY: Three rivers, the Rhine, the Meuse and the Scheldt enter the North Sea close to each other in the Netherlands, where they form the so-called delta region. This area has been under constant human influence since the Middle Ages, but especially after a catastrophic flood in 1953, when very important coastal engineering projects changed the estuarine character of the area drastically. Freshwater, brackish water and marine lakes were formed and in one of the sea arms, the Eastern Scheldt, a storm surge barrier was constructed. Only the Western Scheldt remained a true estuary. The consecutive changes in this area have been extensively monitored and an important research effort was devoted to evaluate their ecological consequences. A summary and synthesis of some of these results are presented. In particular, the stagnant marine lake Grevelingen and the consequences of the storm surge barrier in the Eastern Scheldt have received much attention. In lake Grevelingen the principal aim of the study was to develop a nitrogen model. After the lake was formed the residence time of the water increased from a few days to several years. Primary production increased and the sediments were redistributed but the primary consumers suchs as the blue mussel and cockles survived. A remarkable increase ofZostera marina beds and the snail Nassarius reticulatus was observed. The storm surge barrier in the Eastern Scheldt was just finished in 1987.
    [Show full text]