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Complex River Terrace Development in the Nenana Valley Near Healy, Alaska

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Complex River Terrace Development in the Nenana Valley Near Healy, Alaska Complex river terrace development in the Nenana Valley near Healy, Alaska DALE F. RITTER Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 ABSTRACT The valley of the Nenana River (Figs. 1 and 2), one of the major drainage-ways of the Alaska Range, has great importance in A complex sequence of river terraces in the Nenana Valley NARP because two of the oldest and most significant Early Man was examined to determine whether the surfaces were depositional sites are located in its foothill reach. Thus, the search for more and or erosional in origin. Of prime concern was the identification of older sites requires that considerable attention be given to detailing outwash derived from the Healy (early Wisconsin) and Riley Creek I (late Wisconsin) glaciations. Two terraces were formed during the Healy glacial cycle. The higher level represents the depositional surface of the Healy outwash. The lower level was formed during recession of the Healy ice when approximately 18 metres of that outwash was removed. The erosion was initiated when glacial Lake Moody, dammed behind the Healy moraine, spilled over the drainage divide and began excavation of the Nenana gorge. The surface of Riley Creek ][ outwash has been offset by faulting near the gorge mouth. Isolated remnants of that surface stand at different elevations, complicating the correlation of downvalley outwash with the Riley Creek I moraine. The evolution of the Nenana gorge is associated with spas- modic development of erosional terraces throughout post-Healy time as the Nenana River attempted to establish a new equilibrium condition. This erosional trend has been interrupted only by out- wash deposition during episodic expansion of the Riley Creek ice. INTRODUCTION River terraces are key elements in understanding local and regional geomorphic history. The sequence of terraces formed by the Nenana River was first mapped and described by Wahrhaftig (1958) in his classic report on the Quaternary geology of the Nenana Valley. Although the Nenana terraces probably represent the most complete record of Wisconsin fluvial and glaciofluvial events along the north flank of the Alaska Range, Wahrhaftig paid little atten- tion to their origin, as his pioneer study was concerned more with the age and distribution of deposits rather than their precise mode of development. Recently the Nenana terraces have taken on added significance because of the growing search for evidence of the first humans to occupy North America. As part of that venture, the National Geographic Society and the National Park Service jointly •conceived the North Alaska Range Project (NARP) to integrate the glacial geology, palynology, geomorphology, and archeology in the northern foothills region of the Alaska Range (Fig. I). and Zone A the foothills area. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. 346-356, 7 figs., 2 tables, April 1982. 346 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/93/4/346/3419316/i0016-7606-93-4-346.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 RIVER TERRACE DEVELOPMENT, ALASKA 347 Figure 2. Map showing terraces and deposits of Wisconsin age in the study area. Deposits and terraces younger than Riley Creek I are not shown. bly one of the most complex to be found anywhere." This is perhaps a masterful understatement describing the remains of a geomorphic history so complicated that it defies total comprehension. This study deals with the origin of part of that sequence. Spe- cifically it treats the orgin of the early Wisconsin (Healy) terraces, the identification of gravel representing the initial influx of late Wisconsin (Riley Creek) outwash, and the origin of terraces formed between the early and late Wisconsin stades. As such, this paper is a small part of the total NARP effort and represents a refinement of Wahrhaftig's original observations. Physical Setting The Alaska Range is a 960-km-long, arcuate topographic feature extending west and southwest from the Canadian border to the Aleutian Range. Most of the area studied lies within the north- ern foothill belt of the Alaska Range (Fig. 1). In this area, the foothill zone is ~ 32 km wide in a north-south direction and consists of parallel to subparallel, east-trending ridges and valleys crossed by superposed north-flowing rivers emerging from the Alaska Range. The ridges are -915 to 1,525 m in altitude, and the valley floors are 300 to 760 m in altitude (Wahrhaftig, 1958). The very southern end of the study area is located about 8 km north of the entrance to Mount McKinley National Park. Mount McKinley (elevation 6,194 m), the dominant feature of the Alaska Range, lies south and west of the study area. The northern boundary of the study area approaches the southern limit of the Tanana Flats, or Lowlands, which begin near Ferry, Alaska (Fig. 1), and slope gently from the foothill belt north to the Tanana River. Major streams flow 35 to 80 km across this zone before they join the Tanana River, a tributary of the Yukon River. The entire study area is located on the Healy C-4, D-4, and D-5 and the Fairbanks A-5 quadrangle maps (U.S. Geological Survey 15' topographic series). The Nenana River heads in the Nenana Glacier on the south side of the Alaska Range but turns sharply to the north through a glacially scoured gap, where it flows into and through the Alaska Range. As the river enters the foothill zone, it occupies a deep gorge excavated during and after early Wisconsin time. The events asso- ciated with the development of the Nenana gorge are intimately related to the history of terrace development downstream from the gorge mouth. Underlying bedrock that is of significance in this study consists of several major units. South of Healy Creek (Figs. 1 and 2), the area is underlain by the Birch Creek Schist, probably Precambrian its Wisconsin history. As part of that goal, it became imperative to (possibly early Paleozoic) in age. Most of the formation consists of know which of the terrace gravels in the downstream portion of the highly contorted and foliated quartz-sericite schist, but locally it valley could be traced upvalley into moraines located in the moun- contains layers of quartzite, black carbonaceous schist, marble, and tains. These gravels, being glaciofluvial in origin, have significance sericite-calcite schist. It is characterized by ubiquitous quartz veins vis-à-vis the regional glacioclimatic sequence. that generally follow the local schistosity. In addition, numerous A major stumbling block to achieving these objectives is the mafic dikes, ranging from 1.5 to 5 m in thickness, intrude the schist. incredibly complex terrace sequence located near Healy, Alaska, North of the gorge, the region is underlain primarily by where 14 terrace levels were recognized by Wahrhaftig. In fact, this Tertiary (Oligocene-Miocene) coal-bearing formations and a thick sequence was characterized by Wahrhaftig (1958, p. 48) as "proba- Teritary conglomerate called the Nenana Gravel. The coal-bearing Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/93/4/346/3419316/i0016-7606-93-4-346.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 348 D. F. RITTER rocks are found in a series of synclinal basins that cross the north- TABLE 1. ESTIMATED AGES OF LATE WISCONSIN ern foothill zone. The group consists of conglomerates, sandstones, GLACIATIONS, NORTH FLANK OF THE ALASKA RANGE siltstones, shales, and coal. The rocks are faulted and folded, and local unconformable contacts are present. Glacial events Age range (yr B.P.) The Nenana Gravel, the dominant formation north of the gorge, consists of conglomerates and sandstones, along with minor Riley Creek 1 25,000-17,000 units of claystone and lignitic coal. Pebbles in the conglomerate Riley Creek II 15,000-13,500 layers normally range from 2 to 10 cm in diameter, but the particle Riley Creek III 12,800-11,800 size increases in the upper part of the formation where clasts up to Riley Creek IV 10,500- 9,500 45 cm are common. At the top of the formation, huge boulders, as much as 12 m in diameter, are present. Note: data from Ten Brink and Waythomas, 1979, personal commun. The Nenana Gravel complicates the geomorphology in the val- ley. The clasts in the gravel are similar in composition to those position. Wahrhaftig also recognized the presence of terrace levels included in the Quaternary terrace gravels, and they are commonly below his Carlo terrace, but he did not directly attribute them to a coated with a yellow-orange, iron oxide stain. In some situations, it glacial event. is not easy to distinguish poorly consolidated Nenana Gravel from Ten Brink and Waythomas recently defined a fourfold division the weathering zones produced on the younger terrace gravels. In of late Wisconsin glaciation, the Riley Creek I, II, III, and IV addition, the Nenana Gravel is rather friable and, therefore, sus- stades, based on the morainal sequence and age dates from a ceptible to lateral erosion by local rivers. Thus, it is often difficult to number of valleys in the Alaska Range (see Table 1). The Riley be certain that Quaternary gravels, presumed to be river deposits Creek glaciation of Wahrhaftig (1958) includes both the Riley having a mountain source, are not in reality Nenana Gravel that has Creek I and II stades. The moraine of Wahrhaftig's Carlo read- been slightly reworked by a laterally migrating Nenana River. vance is the Riley Creek III moraine of Ten Brink and Waythomas, Other bedrock units are present in the region and, in fact, are but the terraces mapped collectively as Carlo by Wahrhaftig have usually represented in the pebble assemblages of both the Nenana been subdivided by Ten Brink and Waythomas as Riley Creek II Gravel and the Quaternary terrace gravels.
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