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Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México Facultad UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA TESIS NEUTRALIDAD DE LA RED, PERSPECTIVA DESDE EL ÁMBITO REGULATORIO DE LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO EN TELECOMUNICACIONES PRESENTAN: NURIA LOI CORREA GUERRERO LUIS ALBERTO ANTONIO CHÁVEZ DIRECTOR DE TESIS ING. JESÚS REYES GARCÍA CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, NOVIEMBRE 2015. I Índice General Índice de Figuras………………………………………………………………….. I Índice de Gráficas…………………………………………………………………. III Índice de Tablas…...………………………………………………………………. IV Introducción………………………………………………………………………... V 1. Historia del Internet ……………………….…………………………. 1 Apertura del Internet al comercio e ISPs………………….……... 5 Historia de WWW y Navegadores……………………….……….. 6 Historia de los Buscadores………………………….…………….. 9 Primeras conexiones a la red NSF en México………………...... 16 2. Redes de acceso ………………………………………………………. 20 2.1 Modelo OSI, TCP/IP…………………………………………… 20 2.1.1 Modelo OSI…………………………………………… 20 2.1.2 Modelo TCP/IP ……………………………………..... 28 2.2 Estructura de las Redes………………………………………. 32 2.2.1 Topologías de las redes de computadora…………. 32 2.3 Clasificación de redes ………………………………………… 36 2.3.1 Redes LAN y WLAN………………………………… 37 2.3.2 Redes MAN …………………………………………... 39 2.3.3 Redes WAN…………………………………………... 39 2.3.4 WiMAX………………………………………………… 40 2.4 Aspectos técnicos de Internet ………………………………... 40 2.4.1 Direcciones IP ……………………………………… 40 2.4.1.1 Direcciones IP v4 ………………………. 42 2.4.1.2 Direcciones IP v6 ………………………. 49 2.4.2 Dominios…………………………………………….. 59 Tipos de Dominios………………………………….. 59 Registro y Asignación de Dominios …………....... 61 2.4.3 Dispositivos ………………………………………… 62 Proveedores de Servicios de Internet (ISP)…….. 62 Medios Físicos de Conexión ……………………… 64 Cables de red……………………………………...... 66 Dispositivos para acceder a Internet……………… 68 2.4.4 Backbone…………………………………………… 70 Backbone mundial………………………………...... 71 Jerarquía de la red………………………….. 71 Infraestructura del backbone Mundial…….. 73 Backbone en México……………………………….. 74 Red Nacional de Fibra óptica de Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE)……………... 79 3. Internet …………………………………………………………………... 83 3.1 Definición ……………………………………………………….. 83 3.2 Penetración mundial y mexicana del Internet ……………… 83 3.2.1 Penetración mundial de Internet ………………….. 87 I 3.2.2 Penetración de Internet en México…………………. 91 3.3 Impacto de Internet en la sociedad actual ………………….. 98 3.3.1 Introducción al impacto de Internet ………………. 99 3.3.2 Usos de Internet ……………………..……………… 101 3.3.2.1 Redes Sociales …………….……………… 101 3.3.2.2 Comercio, Gobierno, Educación y Empleo electrónicos ……………………………… 109 3.3.2.3 Delincuencia en Internet ……...…………... 112 3.4 Gobernanza de la red …………………………………………. 118 3.4.1 Definición …………………………………………… 121 3.4.2 Instituciones ..………………………………………. 126 ICANN, W3C, ISOC, IETF…………………………. 126 4. Neutralidad de la Red..………………………………………………… 130 4.1 Definición ……………………………………………………….. 131 4.2 Posturas frente a la neutralidad de la red …………………... 133 Argumentos en contra de la neutralidad de la red ……... 135 Argumentos a favor de la neutralidad de la red…………. 137 4.3 Tipos de neutralidad …………………………………………... 144 4.3.1 Técnica ……………………………………………… 145 4.3.2 Contenido …………………………………………… 157 4.3.3 Social ………………………………………………... 165 4.3.4 Económica …………………………………………. 173 4.4 Neutralidad de la red en el mundo …………………………... 182 4.4.1 Reglamento de las Telecomunicaciones Internacionales …………………………………………….. 182 4.4.2 Neutralidad de la red en E.E.U.U. ……………….. 187 4.4.3 Neutralidad de la red en la Unión Europea……… 197 4.4.4 Neutralidad de la red en otros países ……………. 216 4.5 Neutralidad de la red en México ……………………………... 224 4.5.1 Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos _Mexicanos ………………………………………………..... 224 4.5.2 Reforma de Telecomunicaciones ……………….. 229 4.5.3 Ley Federal de Telecomunicaciones y _______Radiodifusión……………………………………………… 242 4.5.4 Postura de la Asociación Mexicana de Internet _frente a la Neutralidad de la Red ……………………….. 249 Conclusiones………………………………...……………………………………. 252 Recomendaciones Generales………………………………………………….. 256 Bibliografía y Fuentes de consulta …………...………………………………. 258 I Índice de Figuras No. No. Título de la Figura Figura Página 1.1 ARPANET en el año de 1982 …………................................. 4 1.2 Primeros Internet Service Providers ….……………………… 5 1.3 Motores de búsqueda más utilizados durante el 2014 (datos hasta Septiembre) …………………..…………………. 12 1.4 El Internet de las cosas. Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG)……………………………………………..…….. 15 1.5 Equipo del ITSM que se conectó a la red educativa BItNet .. 17 2.1 Representación de transmisión de datos entre dos computadoras de acuerdo al modelo OSI………………….. 27 2.2 Comparativa entre capas del modelo OSI y el modelo TCP/IP……………………………………………………………. 30 2.3 Topología de Bus……………………………………………….. 33 2.4 Topología de Anillo …………………………………………….. 33 2.5 Topología de Estrella ………………………………………….. 34 2.6 Topología de Árbol o Jerárquico………………………………. 35 2.7 Topología de Hibrida …………………………………………... 35 2.8 Red AD HOC……………………………………………………. 36 2.9 Redes LAN y WLAN……………………………………………. 38 2.10 Encabezado IPv4 ………………………………………………. 45 2.11 Tablas de BGP de 1989 a 2014………………………………. 48 2.12 Comparación de IPv4 e IPv6 …………………………………. 49 2.13 Formato del encabezado IPv6 ………………………………... 51 2.14 Uso del campo “Siguiente encabezado” en los encabezados de extensión…………………………………….. 52 2.15 Modem marca “MOTOROLA” ………………………………… 64 2.16 Ejemplo de un Router marca “CISCO”……………………….. 65 2.17 Ejemplo de servidores marca “DELL” ………………………... 66 2.18 Ejemplo de diferentes categorías de par trenzado………….. 67 2.19 Ejemplo de diferentes calibres de cable coaxial…………….. 67 2.20 Ejemplo de un cable de fibra óptica ………………………….. 68 2.21 Ejemplo de un Refrigerador con acceso a Internet ...………. 69 2.22 Ejemplo de un Televisor con acceso a Internet …………….. 69 2.23 Ejemplo de una Lavadora con acceso a Internet……………. 69 2.24 Red Troncal……………………………………………………… 70 2.25 Jerarquías ISP…………………………………………………... 71 2.26 Conexiones hacia el backbone ……………………………….. 72 2.27 Global Crossing…………………………………………………. 73 2.28 Backbone de Telefónica ...…………………………………….. 74 2.29 MEXNET…………………………………………………………. 76 2.30 Red CUDI………………………………………………………... 76 I I 2.31 Conexiones de la Red CUDI…………………………………... 78 2.32 Red Nacional de fibra óptica de de CFE……………………... 80 2.33 Ilustración del tráfico público conmutado…………………….. 81 3.1 Países menos conectados (PMC), 2012……………………... 89 3.2 Distribución de Usuarios de Internet por grupos de edad 2013………………………………………………………………. 96 3.3 Distribución de hogares con computadora sin conexión a Internet por razón principal, 2013……………………………... 96 3.4 Preferencias de Redes Sociales en México…………………. 100 3.5 Conformación de la Gobernanza de Internet………………… 119 3.6 Conformación estructurada de gobernanza de Internet……. 125 3.7 Logotipo de la ICANN…………………………………………... 127 3.8 Logotipo de W3C……………………………………………….. 128 3.9 Logotipo de ISOC……………………………………………….. 128 3.10 Logotipo de IETF………………………………………………... 129 4.1 Diagrama de Ben de la Neutralidad de la Red………………. 144 4.2 Flujo de los paquetes de un nodo a otro dentro del modelo OSI……………………………………………………………….. 147 4.3 Calidad de Servicio (QoS) y Calidad de Experiencia (QoE).. 152 4.4 Capas del modelo OSI que involucran DPI………………….. 154 4.5 Mapa de Libertad de Internet………………………………….. 162 4.6 Calificación de México en el estudio Freedom on the Net 2014………………………………………………………………. 163 4.7 Impactos económicos de la neutralidad de la red…………… 175 4.8 Modelo de Inversión de los Operadores de Red……………. 176 4.9 Manifestación para proteger el Internet………………………. 193 4.10 Presidente de los E.E.U.U. Barack Obama………………….. 195 4.11 Rueda de prensa FCC…………………………………………. 196 II I Índice de Gráficas No. No. Título de la Gráfica Gráfica Página 1.1 Porcentaje de uso de navegadores de 2009 a 2014............. 8 3.1 Desarrollo mundial de las TIC, 2003-2013…………………… 86 3.2 Penetración de banda ancha móvil…………………………… 92 3.3 Usuarios de Internet entre 2001-2013………………………... 93 3.4 Resultados del ITESM…………………………………………. 97 4.1 Relación entre el Throughput y la latencia; el crecimiento exponencial de la Latencia representa el colapso congestivo……………………………………………………….. 151 4.2 Impacto en costos a los operadores de red………………….. 177 4.3 Impacto en ingresos de la Neutralidad de la Red…………… 178 4.4 Contribución de PIB……………………………………………. 179 4.5 Impacto en el costo del consumidor de la Neutralidad de la Red………………………………………………………………. 180 IIII Índice de Tablas No. No. Título de la Tabla Tabla Página 1.1 Eventos por año ………………………………………………... 14 2.1 Capas del modelo OSI…………………………………………. 21 2.2 TCP y UDP………………………………………………………. 31 2.3 Diferencia entre Estándares…………………………………… 38 2.4 Clases de direcciones IPv4……………………………………. 44 2.5 Dominios de propósito general………………………………... 60 2.6 Dominios restringidos…………………………………………... 60 2.7 Dominios patrocinados.………………………………………… 60 2.8 Dominios ccTLD………………………………………………… 61 2.9 Características del par trenzado por categorías…………...... 66 4.1 Algunos incidentes de violación a la neutralidad de la red, principalmente en E.E.U.U. …………………………………… 138 I V Introducción on el inicio de la era digital, la generación de computadoras, y la comunicación a través de las redes, la humanidad se empieza a comunicar e interactuar con el mundo de diferente forma, por eso es importante C conocer que existen miles de razones para defender el derecho a la libre expresión e información, no solamente en el plano físico sino en el plano virtual como se da en el caso de Internet. Con base en lo anterior, es importante saber que se debe defender
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