"The Nature and Engineering Properties

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

"THE NATURE AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOME RED SOILS FROM NORTH-EAST BRAZIL" BY Siyanbola Samuel Malomo M.Sc. A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, July 1977. "To Jbidunni Akintokun" (i) SYNOPSIS Researcher* over the years have demonstrated the need for the determination of the nature and fundamental properties of soils as an approach to the understanding of engineering behaviour. This has teen shown to be particularly true in the case of tropical soils. This thesis approaches the analyses of engineering behaviour from a standpoint of the study of the intrinsic properties. The mineralogy, chemistry, structure and strength behaviour of three concretionary red soils from Paraiba State in North-East Brazil, have been determined. The mineralogy- of the red soils were determined using X-ray analysis, differential thermal analysis and thermogravlmetric techniques. The microstructure of the red soils has been examined with the optical and scanning electron microscopes. The strength behaviour of compacted specimens was examined in the oedometer, direct shear and triaxial machines. A phenomenon of breakdown of soil particles under stress is isolated. The influence of the phenomenon on the strength behaviour is demonstrated. The soil elements and properties responsible for the phenomenon are discussed. (ii) LIST OF SYMBOLS i shear stress max. shear stress ft normal stress (f effective normal stress major principal stress 6 1 minor principal stress U pore pressure Ua pore-air pressure pore-water pressure £ axial strain ji axial deformation n B Skempton's pore pressure parameters coefficient defining effective stress in partially saturated soils C cohesion C effective cohesion C u cohesion in the undrained test cohesion in the consolidated-undrained test C y residual cohesion ^ angle of friction effective angle of friction ^ angle of friction in the undrained test (S? angle of friction in the consolidated-undrained test Qj) residual angle of friction dry density specific gravity void ratio porosity moisture content degree of saturation liquid index liquid limit plasticity index plastic limit (iv) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express his most sincere thanks to Hr. J.G. Cabrera, Dip.Eng., Dip.Dev., Admin., C.Eng., M.I.M.M. F.R.M.S., under whose supervision this work was carried out. He would also like to express his appreciation: To Professor A.M. Neville, M.C. T.D. D.Sc.(Eng.),, Ph.D., M.Sc., C.Eng., F.I.C.E., F.I.Struct.E., F.Am.Soc.C.E., M.Soc.C.E.(France) F.A.C.I. F.I.Arb, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering, for allowing the use of facilities in his Department. To Dr. I.J.Smalley, Ph.D., D.C.T., C.Eng,, who co-supervised the work. To Mr, ± ,F, Johnston of the Department of Earth Sciences who provided facilities for sectioning. To Dr, E.v7. Roberts of the Department of Ceramics for the loan of a microscope. To Mr. R. Duxbury who took the optical photographs. To The Department of Metallurgy forthe use of the Scanning Electron microscope. The research could not have been carried out without the visiting Assistant Professorship offered to the author by the Co-oraenacao da Postgraduacaa, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Brazil, where most of the experimental work was done. For this, and for the hospitality extended during the author's stay in Brazil, the author would like to thank Professor Jose Luiz Almeida, Professor Jose Elias Borges, Professor Francisco Barbosa de Lucena and Sr. Ailton Alves Dinis. (v) And last by no means the least, the author would like to thank Professor M.O. Oyawoye of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria and Professor O.S. Adegoke of the University of „lfe, lie-'Ife, Nigeria, who helped in providing financial assistance for the work. All who have helped in the production of the thesis, I am most grateful. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND GENERAL REVIEW 4 OP LITERATURE. 2.1 Definition ^ 2.2 Nature of Red Soils 14 2.2.1 Colour and Chemistry 14 2.2.2 Structure 16 2.2.3 Mineralogy -jy 2.3 Engineering Properties -jg 2.3.1 Grain Size 18 2.3.2 Compaction Characteristics 19 2.3»3 Shear Strength 20 2.4 Genesis of Red Soils 22 2.4»1 Historical Background 22 2.4.2 Weathering of Minerals 26 2.4.3 Secondary Minerals Formed 28 2.4.4 Accumulation Theories 31 CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS PECULIAR TO RED SOILS 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3*2 The Peculiar Problems 35 3«3 Causes of Mechanical Instability 37 3.4 Causes of Thermal Instability 39 3.4.1 Iron Oxides and Hydroxides 39 3.4.2 Alumina Oxides and Hydroxides 41 3.4.3 Silica Oxides and Hydrated Oxides 42 3.5 Effects of Mechanical Instability 43 3.5.1 Atterberg Limits 43 PAGE NO. 3®5.2 Particle Size Distribution 44 3.5.3 Compaction Characteristics 44 3.5.4 California Bearing Ratio 44 3.6 Effects of Thermal Instability 45 3.6.1 Atterberg Limits _ 45 306.2 Particle Size Distribution 47 3*6.3 Moisture-Density Characteristics 48 3.6.4 Strength 49 3.6.5 Swelling and YJater Absorption 50 Characteristics. 3.7 Implications to Classification 5-I CHAPTER 4 COATING AND AGGREGATION OF SOIL PARTICLES , 53 4.1 General Background 53 4.2 Mechanism of Coating 54 4.2.1 Role of Iron Oxide 54 4.202 Possible Role of other Oxides and 59 Properties. 4«3 Concluding Remarks 60 CHAPTER I GEOLOGY AND SETTING 63 5.1 Location, Physiography and Drainage 63 5.2 Geology 65 5.5 Materials for the Study 69 5.3.1 Sape 69 5.3.2 Cuite and Nova Floresta 72 5.4 Sample Collection 76 5.4.1 Mineralogy and Chemical 76 Invest igations. 5.4.2 Compressibility and Shear Strength 78 CHAPTER I MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY 81 6.1 Methods 81 6.1.1 X-ray Diffraction 81 6.1.2 Thermal Analysis 91 PAGE NO. 6<> 1.3 An Appraisal of the Different 102. Methods. 6.2 Results and Observations 105 6.2.1 X-ray Analysis 105 6.2.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 113 6.2.3 Thermogravimetry and Derivative 118 The rmogravimet ry. 6.2.4 Chemical Composition 122 6.3 Discussion -J32 6.3.1 Form and Distribution 132 6.3.2 Formation of the Deposits 141 CHAPTER 7 STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR OF THE SOILS 146 7.1 Method of Testing N 7.1.1 Compressibility -jr.6 7.1.2 Direct Shear Strength 7.1.3 Triaxial Strength Tests 154 7o2 Results 7.2.1 Direct Shear 156 7.2.2 Triaxial Tests 163 7.2.3 Compressibility 184 7»3 Discussion 192 7.3.1 Direct Shear 192 7.3.2 Triaxial 200 7.3.3 Compressibility 203 CHAPTER 8 MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURE 210 8.1 Introduction 210 8.2 General Comparison of Cuite, Nova 211 Floresta and Sape Soils. 8.2.1 Optical Microscopy 212 8.2.2 Electron Microscopy 231 8.3 The Formation of Aggregation in Red Soils 231 PAGE NO. 8.4 The Need for the Investigation of 239 Microstructure in the Study of Red Soils. CHAPTER 9 THE RELATION BETY/EEN THE PROPERTIES INVESTIGATED 242 9®1 General 242 9o2 Relationship Between Mineralogy Structure 244 and Strength. 9<>2.1 Mineralogy and Engineering 245 Properties. 9.2.2 Structure and Engineering Properties 9 ).£ CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION 249 CHAPTER 11 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH || REFERENCES OCO APPENDIX A - 269 APPENDIX B 272 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Major construction (particularly dams, roads and airfields) in countries lying within the tropical regions of the world, necessitates the use of local materials. Many of these materials are suitable from an engineering point of view, some are not, but the onus of the different­ iation lies with the engineer who, by and large, has been instructed in the methods for materials found elsewhere (temperate regions) which might not be directly applicable to those of these areas0 The main problem wj.th regard to construction with tropically weathered soils is not in non—suitability but lack of adequate knowledge of behaviour under different conditions and at varying states. In the last few years a number of studies have been carried out covering problems, properties and behaviours encountered with the use of tropical soils. Most of this work largely dealt with characteristics observed during testing and evaluation of these materials, but few have actually gone 'beyond the bridge' to procure reasons for these character­ istics. Gidigasu (1970) mentioned that the behaviour of red soils cannot be adequately explained by consideration of physical properties alone, emphasis has to be placed on the intrinsic properties and physico-chemical factors that make for the genesis of the soils. He particularly states that classification of the soils would have to be based on these factors before any reasonable 'sorting' can be achieved. Lohnes and Demirel (1973) agreed with Gidigasu in the use of soil forming factors as a basis for correlation. 2 These factors have influence on the physico-chemical, chemical and mineralogical properties which, in turn, play a hand in the engineering behaviour and, it is felt that any study of the engineering characteristics must be linked with the mentioned properties for full under s t and ing. De Graft-Johnson and Bhatia (1970) called attention to the scarcity of information on the engineering characteristics of these soils, for if knowledge about them is to be advanced, information and behaviour of materials from various parts of the world has to be known for any meaningful correlations.
Recommended publications
  • Study on the Behaviour of Red Soil Cement Concrete
    International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-3, Issue-3, Jun.-2016 STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF RED SOIL CEMENT CONCRETE 1JAMES ALEXANDER.S, 2ANTONY GODWIN, 3S.ALEXANDER 1Department of civil engineering Karunya University Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. 3Superintending Engineer (Retired), Tamilnadu P.W.D Former Principal,Dean & Professor of Engineering Colleges & Consulting Engineer (Civil) Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract- Many researchers are dealing with various types of admixtures to improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. In this present investigation, red soil is taken as an admixture to enhance the performance of concrete. An experimental investigation is carried out to study the behaviour of concrete by replacing the fine aggregate with locally available red soil. It involves a certain tests to find the quality improvement of concrete when red soil is added to it. The partial replacement of sand with red soil has been done according to the specific mix proportion to gain good strength in concrete and to calculate the imperviousness of red soil and also to find the special features of red soil which has the anti pest control in it. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and durability properties such as porosity, water permeability tests has been carried out for red soil mixed concrete and plain concrete to differentiate the strength and imperviousness in it . From the chemical properties of red soil, it is found that by replacing the fine aggregate with red soil turns the concrete as anti pest control.
    [Show full text]
  • The High Deccan Duricrusts of India and Their Significance for the 'Laterite
    The High Deccan duricrusts of India and their significance for the ‘laterite’ issue Cliff D Ollier1 and Hetu C Sheth2,∗ 1School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A. 6009, Australia. 2Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India. ∗e-mail: [email protected] In the Deccan region of western India ferricrete duricrusts, usually described as laterites, cap some basalt summits east of the Western Ghats escarpment, basalts of the low-lying Konkan Plain to its west, as well as some sizeable isolated basalt plateaus rising from the Plain. The duricrusts are iron-cemented saprolite with vermiform hollows, but apart from that have little in common with the common descriptions of laterite. The classical laterite profile is not present. In particular there are no pisolitic concretions, no or minimal development of con- cretionary crust, and the pallid zone, commonly assumed to be typical of laterites, is absent. A relatively thin, non-indurated saprolite usually lies between the duricrust and fresh basalt. The duricrust resembles the classical laterite of Angadippuram in Kerala (southwestern India), but is much harder. The High Deccan duricrusts capping the basalt summits in the Western Ghats have been interpreted as residuals from a continuous (but now largely destroyed) laterite blan- ket that represents in situ transformation of the uppermost lavas, and thereby as marking the original top of the lava pile. But the unusual pattern of the duricrusts on the map and other evidence suggest instead that the duricrusts formed along a palaeoriver system, and are now in inverted relief.
    [Show full text]
  • Pomegranate Culture in Deccan Plateau of India
    ® Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology ©2010 Global Science Books Pomegranate Culture in Deccan Plateau of India Ram Chandra* • Deodas Tarachand Meshram National Research Centre on Pomegranate, NH-9 By-pass Road, Shelgi, Solapur 413 006, Maharashtra, India Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau in India, making up the majority of the southern part of the country, ranging in elevation from 100 m in the north to 1000 m in the south. The main pomegranate producing areas are distributed between 300 and 950 m above mean sea level in hot arid and semi-arid regions having tropical and subtropical climate. Interestingly, the major production of pomegranate in India is from Deccan Plateau, especially from Maharashtra followed by Karnataka. The agro-climatic condition of Deccan Plateau is congenial for staggering of pomegranate production throughout the year. Maharashtra contributes about 84% in area and 75% in production of pomegranate in Deccan Plateau. Mainly three flowering seasons viz. winter (January-February flowering), rainy season (June-July flowering) and autumn season (September-October flowering) are promoted for fruit production in this plateau. In the present paper, information pertaining to Deccan Plateau and its climatic and soil conditions and existing cultivation practices of pomegranate has been envisaged. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: climatic conditions of Deccan
    [Show full text]
  • Note to Readers
    Note to readers: This chapter, taken from The Physical Environment: A New Zealand Perspective, edited by Andrew Sturman and Rachel Spronken‐Smith, South Melbourne, Vic. ; Auckland [N.Z.] : Oxford University Press, 2001, has been reproduced with the kind permission of Oxford University Press (OUP). OUP maintain copyright over the typography used in this publication. Authors retain copyright in respect to their contributions to this volume. Rights statement: http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/ir/rights.shtml The Physical Environment A New Zealand Perspective Edited by Andrew Sturman and Rachel Spronken-Sm ith OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 253 Normanby Road, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3205 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Port Moresby Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan OXFORD is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Andrew Sturman and Rachel Spronken-Smith 2001 Authors retain copyright in respect of their contributions to this volume First published 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Within New Zealand, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1994, or in the case of reprographi c reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by Copyright Licensing Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Amelioration of Soil Related Constraints for Improving Extra Long Staple Cotton Production
    - 190 - AMELIORATION OF SOIL RELATED CONSTRAINTS FOR IMPROVING EXTRA LONG STAPLE COTTON PRODUCTION K.K. Bandyopadhyay, C.S. Praharaj, K. Shankaranarayanan, P. Nalayini Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore The National productivity of cotton (503 kg lint/ha) is far below the world average (715 kg lint /ha). This low productivity may be attributed to the fact that major area of cotton cultivation (65 per cent) is under rainfed condition, where there is no control over distribution of water. Further soil management has not been paid adequate attention as deserved compared to the cotton growing countries where the productivity is quite high. It is pertinent in this context, to review the soil management practices according to soil properties and constraints and follow site-specific ameliorative measures to improve the National productivity of cotton. This aspect needs urgent attention to meet the production target of 350 lakh bales by 2010 as demanded by the Confederation of Indian Textile Industries. Soils of cotton growing zones Cotton is predominantly grown three distinct agroecological zones (North, Central and South) besides in negligible areas in the East zone (Mannikar and Venugopalan, 1999). The North zone comprises of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Western Uttar Pradesh. It occupies only 15.9 per cent of the total cotton area but contributes to more than 18.5 per cent of the total cotton production. This zone almost totally irrigated. The soils of this zone are alluvial (Entisol), sierozem (Entisol and Inceptisol) and sandy soils (Aridisol). The Central zone is spread over Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. It occupies more than 67.7 per cent of the total cotton area but contributes to less than 60 per cent of the total production.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Libya
    KINGDOM OF LIBYA PEDOLOGY and PEDOLOGICAL SURVEY by Dr Jean BOY'.ER Engineer Agronomist and Pedologist Paris october 1967 TABLE OF CONTENTS FIRST PART General part and principles Or pedological survey. CHAPTER l Pedology time schedule p. l CHAPTER II Various study previously done about soils p. 4 CHAPTER III Maps and aerial photos Or Libya to be used ror pedological purposes p. 9 CHAPTER IV Principles objectives and successive stages Or the pedological study p. 12 CHAPTER V Location Or pedological studies in Libya p. 17 CHAPTER VI Priorities p. 23.· CHAPTER VII Members in pedological te~n and work possibility in Libya p. 25 CHAPTER VIII Surveying rulrilment or contract and planning pedological studies p. 30 CHAPTER IX Summarized statenent Or specifi­ catjon for tender p. 34 CHAPTER X Cost of pedological study p. 50 SECOND PART TENDER DOCUNENTS Preface p. 54 Contract for Pedological study p. 56 TENDER document, Administration section - common section - p. 57 Pedological and Phytoecological survey at scale 1/250,000 in semi Desert p. 63 - changeable section and annex l - Pedological survey in Geffara p. 76 - changeable section and annex l - Pedological survey in Mountains p. 90 Tripolitania and Cyrenaîca - changeable section and annex l - Pedological survey in Oasis p. I02 (scale 1/5,000 and 1/10,000) - changeable section and annex l - Annex 11 - Profile description p. II6 Annex 111 - Soil and xater analyses p. II7 Annexes IV-A and 1V-B F l R S T PAR T GENERAL PART AND PRINCIPLES OF PEDOLOGICAL SURVEY - 1 - CHA PTE R l PEDOLOGY • TIME SCHEDULE MAY.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Different Soil Types on Growth and Productivity of Euphorbia Lathyris L
    Research Article ISSN 2250-0480 Vol 2/Issue 3/Jul-Sept 2012 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS L. A HYDROCARBON YIELDING PLANT JOLLY GARG AND ASHWANI KUMAR* Dayanand Arya KANYA P.G. College, Moradabad, 244001, U.P. India. *Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India. ABSTRACT Energy security is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. A shift to next-generational fuels and increased use of renewable source of energy are increasingly being considered as viable options. Euphorbia lathyris is one of the most-suitable species that falls into the category of hydrocarbon yielding plants. This plant is suitable to grow in arid and semiarid climate. Addition of gravel to the sand considerably enhanced the plant height, fresh weight and dry weight. Maximum hexane, methanol and total extractables were also favoured by the addition of gravel. key words :- Energy security, renewable source of energy, biofuel, Euphorbia lathyris L., hydrocarbons, semi arid climate, hexane extractables, methanol exctactables, edhephic factor, growth, productivity, chlorophyll, hexane extractables, methanol exctactables INTRODUCTION Fertile soil is the most important resource for the energy to ensure security and enhance the entire living world. Apart from providing a solid environmental quality. While the world is short of substratum on which we live, the soil provides us a petroleum reserve, it has a large arable land as most of our necessities through the plant and well as good climatic conditions with adequate animal communities which develop on it . Our rainfall in large, parts of the area to account for prosperity and well-being depend largely fertile large biomass production each year.
    [Show full text]
  • Bundelkhand Drought Retrospective Analysis and Way Ahead
    Bundelkhand Drought Retrospective Analysis and Way Ahead Anil Kumar Gupta (PI) Sreeja S. Nair (Co-PI) Oishanee Ghosh Anjali Singh Sunanda Dey National Institute of Disaster Management New Delhi – 110 002 @ NIDM, 2014 ISBN:87893-8257108-7 Authors Anil Kumar Gupta, Head, Division of Policy Planning, NIDM (Principal Investigator) Sreeja S. Nair, Assistant Professor, NIDM (Co-Principal Investigator) Oishanee Ghosh (Research Associate ICSSR Project) Anjali Singh (Research Associate, IARI, ICAR) Sunanda Dey (Research Associate, ICSSR Project) Reviewers Dr. Shital Lodhia Shukla, Associate Professor, Department of Geography, University of Baroda, Gujarat. Dr. Anand Rai, Environmental Scientist, Development Alternatives, Jhansi (presently Deputy General Manager, Ambuja Cements, Gujarat). Citation Gupta, A. K., Nair, S.S., Ghosh, O., Singh, A. and Dey, S. (2014). Bundelkhand Drought: Retrospective Analysis and Way Ahead. National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi, Page 148. Published by National Institute of Disaster Management (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India), New Delhi – 110002 Disclaimer This publication is based on the research study carried out under the project entitled “Vulnerability Assessment and Mitigation Analysis for Drought in Bundelkhand Region” during 2011-13, along with a range of information from various published, unpublished literature, reports, documents, and web-resources. Authors gratefully acknowledge the contributors and their original sources. This report – full or in parts, can be freely referred, cited, translated and reproduced for any academic and non-commercial purpose, with appropriate citation of authors and publisher. Mention of any person, company, association or product in this document is for informational purpose only and does not constitute a recommendation of any sort either by the authors or by the institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Cr/01/096N a Mineralogical Examination of a Magnetic Tropical Brown Soil from Cambodia and a Possible Synthetic Analogue Made with Soil from Devon
    REPORT CR/01/096N A MINERALOGICAL EXAMINATION OF A MAGNETIC TROPICAL BROWN SOIL FROM CAMBODIA AND A POSSIBLE SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE MADE WITH SOIL FROM DEVON M T Styles, D C Entwisle, D A Gunn, E Hodgkinson, P D Jackson, S J Kemp, L M Nelder, K J Northmore and E J Steadman British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham United Kingdom NG12 5GG British Geological Survey COMMISSIONED REPORT CR/01/096N A MINERALOGICAL EXAMINATION OF A MAGNETIC TROPICAL BROWN SOIL FROM CAMBODIA AND A POSSIBLE SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE MADE WITH SOIL FROM DEVON M T Styles, D C Entwisle, D A Gunn, E Hodgkinson, P D Jackson, S J Kemp, L M Nelder, K J Northmore and E J Steadman Date: June 2001 Classification: Open Geographical index: Cambodia, Devon UK Keywords: Mine detectors, tropical red soils, SEM, XRD,magnetic susceptibilty, resistivity Bibliographic reference: BGS Commissioned Report CR/01/096N A mineralogical examination of a magnetic tropical brown soil from Cambodia and a possible synthetic analogue made with soil from Devon M T Styles, D C Entwisle, D A Gunn, E Hodgkinson, P D Jackson, S J Kemp, L M Nelder, K J Northmore and E J Steadman Front cover illustration: Aggregated grains in clay soil from Cambodia NERC 2001 Keyworth, Nottingham, British Geological Survey, 2001 BGS Report CR/01/096N 04/07/01 Table of contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 2. General comments on tropical clay soils pertinent to the investigations undertaken in this report. .................................................................................................................2 2.1 Formation of tropical clay soils (pedogenesis) ................................................. 2 2.2 Moisture sensitivity of tropical clay soils ......................................................... 4 2.3 The Cambodian “Battambang soil” investigated in the current study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature and Properties of the Soils of the Red and Black Complex of the Hawaiian Islands
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN 32 DECEMBER 1956 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS OF THE RED AND BLACK COMPLEX OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Goro Uehara and G. Donald Sherman 50 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS OF THE RED AND BLACK COMPLEX OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Goro Ueh ara and G. Donald Sherman 5 0 UNIVERSIT Y OF H AWAII FIFTIE TH A NNI VERSAR Y UNIVE RSIT Y OF H AWAII COLLEGE OF AGR ICULTURE H AW AII AGRICULT UR AL EX PER I I\JENT STATION H ONO LUL U, HAWAII D ECEMBER 1956 TECHNICA L B ULLETIN No. 32 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6 PROCEDURE 10 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14 Type I Soils of the Red and Black Complex 16 Type II Soils of the Red and Black Complex 19 Type III Soils of the Red and Black Complex .... 21 Type IV Soils of the Red and Black Complex ... 23 The Nature of the Red and Black Color . • .. .. 23 S UMMARY •••• •••••••••••••••• 25 LITERATURE CITED .•••••••••••••••• 28 THE AUTHORS Goro Uehara was a graduate student at the University of Hawaii. He is now doing graduate work at Michigan Sta te University. Dr. G. Donald Sherman 'is Senior Soil Scientist at the Hawaii Agri­ cultural Experiment Station, Head of the Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, College of Agriculture, and Professor of Agriculture at the University of Hawaii. THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS OF THE RED AND BLACK COMPLEX OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Goro Uehara and G.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction the Universe
    Introduction Geography is made up of two Latin words geo and graphy. Techniques in Geography Geo means “Earth” and graphy means “to describe”. Thus the general meaning of geography is the branch of science Important techniques used for the geographic enquiry are which explains about the Earth. the following: Greek scholar Haecetus has been regarded as “father of 1. Cartography: It is the science and art of drawing maps geography”. Another Greek scholar Eratosthenes first coined and charts. the term geography. He wrote the book Geography. Alexander 2. Mathematical Geography: It is closely related to the Von Humboldt and Carl Ritter are known as “founders of making of maps and interpretation and analysis of modern geography”. statistical data. 3. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS): Remote Sensing and GIS have emerged as the most important and powerful technique for the study of geographic problems. The Universe l The universe contains billions of stars, planets, asteroids, l The Moon, for example, is a satellite of the Earth. It moves comets, meteors, solid and gaseous particles, which are around the Earth and also around the Sun along with the called celestial bodies. Earth. l Meteors: Small pieces of space debris (usually parts of Celestial Bodies comets or asteroids) that are on a collision course with the l Nebula: It is a diffused mass of interstellar dust or gas or Earth are called meteoroids. When meteoroids enter the both, visible as luminous patches or areas of darkness Earth’s atmosphere they are called meteors or colloquially depending on the way the mass absorbs or reflects a shooting star or falling star.
    [Show full text]
  • Topic- Soils of India (Unit-Ist)
    Class- B.A. Part- II Date:- 15/04/2020 – 18/04/2020 Paper – II (Hons.) Wednesday to Saturday Topic- Soils of India (Unit-Ist) Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials which develop on the earth’s surface. Components of the soil are mineral particles, humus, water and air. The actual amount of each of these depends upon the type of soil. SOIL AS A RESOURCE- Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to from soil up to a few centimetres in depth Factors of soil formation- Relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. On the basis of these above factors responsible for soil formation colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soil of India can be classified in different types. Soil Profile of India- The soil profile is consists of three layers which are called horizons. Horizon A’ - is the topmost zone, where organic materials have got incorporated with the mineral matter, nutrients and water, which are necessary for the growth of plants. Horizon B’ - is a transition zone between the ‘horizon A’ and ‘horizon C’, and contains matter derived from below as well as from above. It has some organic matter in it, although the mineral matter is noticeably weathered. Horizon C’- is composed of the loose parent material. This layer is the first stage in the soil formation process and eventually forms the above two layers.
    [Show full text]