Operative Strategies in Pancreatic Trauma – Keep It Safe and Simple

SAJS Editorial Operative strategies in pancreatic trauma – keep it safe and simple Injuries to the pancreas are infrequently encountered in surgical ing the pancreas and those resulting from associated injuries. practice but may result in substantial morbidity and mortality if These inconsistencies have led to widely disparate and incongruent pancreatic, visceral vascular and adjacent organ injuries occur in results. A wide variety of pancreatic injury severity grades exist, combination.1-4 Recent data indicate a rising incidence of pancre- and their prime use is for comparative epidemiological studies of atic trauma owing to high-speed car accidents and an escalation outcome. There is still no concise and universally accepted classifi- in civil violence involving increasingly dangerous weapons.1-4 In cation system that predicts the outcome of pancreatic injuries and South African and North American cities, penetrating abdominal allows the formulation of a rational management plan for the indi- injuries from gunshot wounds are the most common cause of pan- vidual. Optimal intervention is further hampered by the persisting creatic trauma, while in Western Europe, England and Australia, description of a raft of different surgical techniques, some of which traffic accidents predominate.4-7 The mechanism of injury dictates have survived transcription from outdated sources and are now intervention. After penetrating injuries, the diagnosis is usually wholly inappropriate and should be expunged from the surgical established at laparotomy, while in those who have sustained blunt lexicon. It is not surprising, therefore, that the neophyte surgeon, polytrauma, pancreatic injuries are generally detected by radiologi- battling in the trenches to understand the concepts and apply logi- cal investigations, allowing some patients to be managed without cal treatment principles to pancreatic injuries through the fog of recourse to surgery. This geographical variation in aetiology and perpetuated myth and misinformation, should be bewildered by the difference in investigative approach results in considerable the plethora of recommended options, some of which are obsolete disparity in the reported severity and spectrum of pancreatic inju- and others unsubstantiated. ries.1,4,5 Major injuries to the pancreas remain among the most com- The unique anatomic features of the pancreas influence the site plex challenges that a trauma surgeon or a general surgeon with and type of injury while the proximity of major vascular structures a trauma practice are likely to encounter. Successful treatment of and surrounding viscera compounds the complexity of injury complex injuries to the pancreas depends largely on initial correct management. Severe blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma assessment and appropriate treatment. The gravity of major pan- invariably damages adjacent organs, including liver, spleen, duode- creatic injuries and the resultant potentially serious complications num and colon. Isolated pancreatic injuries, though rare, pose spe- necessitate a clear surgical strategy with a comprehensive and mul- cific problems in diagnosis and management owing to the lack of tidisciplinary approach to the management of complications.4 The overt clinical signs. Ultimately, the outcome of a pancreatic injury principles of optimal management of pancreatic trauma include is influenced by the cause and complexity of the specific injury, the the need for early diagnosis and accurate definition of the site and amount of blood lost, duration of shock, speed and adequacy of extent of injury.3,4,14 Serious sequelae result if the injury is underes- resuscitation, number of associated injuries, and the quality and timated or inappropriately treated.3,4 The treatment of combined magnitude of surgical intervention.8-10 The unforgiving nature of injuries to the pancreas and duodenum is complex, especially complex pancreatic injuries results in substantial mortality rates, where devitalised tissue and associated damage to contiguous vital and most patients who die from a pancreatic injury do so within structures including the bile duct, portal vein, vena cava, aorta or the first 48 hours of injury owing to uncontrolled bleeding from colon are present.10,15 associated vascular or major adjacent organ injuries.1-4 Late mor- In most patients with abdominal stab or bullet wounds, the tality is generally the result of persistent intra-abdominal infection diagnosis of a pancreatic injury is made at laparotomy.2,4 In those or multiple organ failure. Neglect of a main pancreatic duct injury patients who have complex pancreatic injuries and are haemo- invariably leads to major complications that include pseudocysts, dynamically unstable owing to multiple organ or major vascular fistulae, sepsis and secondary haemorrhage.4,5,10-13 injuries, a damage control approach should be employed with con- Comparisons between various forms of treatment are often dif- trol of bleeding and contamination. In stable patients, determining ficult to analyse, as pancreatic injuries are infrequent and there are the presence and extent of a pancreatic injury intra-operatively wide variations in reported morbidity and mortality rates.1,4 These requires recognition of the features indicating a potential pancre- discrepancies are influenced by cohort bias owing to small sample atic injury, adequate exposure of the pancreas, definition of the sizes and underpowered studies from some centres that lack struc- integrity of the pancreatic parenchyma, and determination of the tured injury protocols and standardised management planning, status of the pancreatic duct.1,3 Minor contusions or lacerations of compared with high-volume trauma centres that have established the pancreatic parenchyma do not require further treatment, but protocols and prospective documentation of perioperative out- this decision should only be made after careful local exploration to comes. Most studies include all patients with pancreatic injuries exclude a major duct injury. Gross inspection and palpation of the without distinguishing between blunt and penetrating pancreatic pancreas alone may be misleading, because retroperitoneal or sub- injuries, which invariably skews outcome and interpretation. Other capsular haematomas or peripancreatic oedema may mask major reports do not consistently divide complications into those involv- parenchymal and ductal injuries.4 Clues suggesting the presence of 106 SAJS VOL 49, NO. 3, AUGUST 2011 SAJS a pancreatic injury include a lesser sac fluid collection, retroperito- in the neck may provide sufficient information by demonstrating neal bile-staining, and crepitus or haematoma overlying the pan- the position of an intact duct to be away from the site or direc- creas at the base of the transverse mesocolon or visible through the tion of a penetrating pancreatic parenchymal injury. Equally, a 5Fr gastrohepatic ligament. Fat necrosis of the omentum or retroperi- paediatric feeding tube can be used for operative pancreatography toneum may be present if there has been undue delay before lapa- by cannulating the ampulla of Vater. A separate duodenotomy or a rotomy. With these findings, complete visualisation of the gland distal pancreatic resection to obtain a prograde pancreatogram are and accurate determination of the integrity of the pancreatic duct never indicated. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogra- is crucial, remembering that failure to recognise a major pancreatic phy (ERCP) can be performed intra-operatively but, even in well- duct injury is the principal cause of postoperative morbidity. equipped units, implementation is demanding and complicated. To fully assess the pancreas, the lesser sac is entered through Ultimately, 70% of pancreatic injuries are minor grade 1 inju- the gastrocolic omentum outside the gastroepiploic arcade4 and, ries and include contusions, haematomas and superficial capsular by retracting the transverse colon inferiorly and the stomach lacerations without underlying major ductal injury. Control of superiorly, exposure of the anterior surface and the superior and bleeding and simple external drainage without repair of capsular inferior borders of the body and tail of the pancreas is obtained. lacerations is sufficient treatment. A closed silastic suction drain is Surrounding haematoma may complicate adequate assessment of used as pancreatic secretions are thus more effectively controlled, the body and tail, and further detailed evaluation may require divi- skin excoriation at the drain exit site is reduced, and bacterial colo- sion of the lateral peritoneal attachments. If necessary, the spleen, nisation is diminished. In this context, even if a fistula develops, it tail and body of the pancreas can be reflected forwards and medi- can be managed conservatively. ally by developing a plane between the kidney and the pancreas. Grade 2 injuries to the body or tail of the pancreas with major This manoeuvre allows full exposure and access for bimanual pal- lacerations or transections and associated pancreatic duct injury pation of the tail and body of the pancreas. Findings that indicate are best treated by distal pancreatectomy. In the context of firearm an obvious main duct injury are a transected pancreas and a visible wounds injuring the pancreas to the left of the portal vein com- duct injury. In addition, other intra-operative features suggesting plex, a splenectomy is usually necessary but, in the young where a major pancreatic duct injury include

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