17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN: THE OECS, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, BARBADOS AND THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES PAUL HOETJES, AMOY LUM KONG, R. JUMAN, ANDRE MILLER, MALDEN MILLER, KALLI DE MEYER AND ALLAN SMITH ABSTRACT The islands of the eastern Caribbean continue to face the same threats to their coral reefs that were described in 2000. These threats include: sedimentation and pollution from coastal development; anchor and diver damage from tourism; overfishing due to increased demand; and coral bleaching and increasingly frequent and severe storms as a result of climate change. The effects of climate change have resulted in the degradation of shallow reefs throughout the eastern Caribbean, whereas deeper reefs have generally been less affected. Some islands have established effective management institutions and monitoring programs that are either well supported or are capable of generating their own revenues. However, others are hampered by inadequate legislation or lack of enforcement of existing legislation, and insufficient human and financial resources. The use of volunteer Reef Check teams for coral reef monitoring has increased management capacity in many areas. There is a need to expand upon these efforts and demonstrate the benefits derived from monitoring programs and protected areas in order to increase support from local governments. INTRODUCTION This region includes the islands of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) plus Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and the Netherlands Antilles. Coral reefs are critical to the economies of these islands for tourism and fisheries, but little is known about the status and trends of these reefs and management is often rudimentary and inconsistent. The reefs of Antigua and Barbuda cover about 25km2, with large bank reefs, patch reefs and fringing reefs around both islands. Dominica is a steep high island with little reef development, whereas on St. Lucia there are extensive coral reefs off the south and east coasts. Those on the west coast grow mainly as veneers on volcanic rock, but this is the side favoured by the tourists. In Grenada there are patch and fringing reefs on the east and south coasts, and around the islands of the Grenadines. Reefs around Montserrat are exposed to high-energy waves and also have been damaged by volcanic eruptions. The Barbados coral reefs cover 16.4km2 with an additional 7.2km2 of coral rubble, which is being consolidated by encrusting algae. The west and south coast has an almost continuous bank reef, which has recently shown signs of recovery from human impacts and bleaching. The northeast and southeast coasts have the most reefs and are the least impacted. The British Virgin Islands consist of 60 small islands, just over 150km2 in area on a 3,000km2 shelf of the Puerto Rican Bank. These reefs are very popular for tourists, 325 Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 particularly those on ships and yachts. The island of Barbados differs from the other islands by being an uplifted reef surrounded by a narrow 2-3km wide shelf with several bands of fringing reefs. These are better developed on the relatively calm west coast which is the basis for a large tourist industry. The French Caribbean has reefs on Guadeloupe and Martinique, which are similar to others in the Eastern Caribbean States growing on narrow shelves around high islands. There are a mix of fringing and barrier reefs, which are better developed on the western protected coasts. THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES There are 2 distinct island groupings in Netherlands Antilles. Bonaire and Curaçao are small oceanic islands 70km north of Venezuela that are exposed to persistent trade winds. Continuous fringing reefs surround the islands, particularly on the leeward sides. The islands of St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius are in the northern part of the Lesser Antilles Arc and similar to other islands in that area. The Saba Bank is a submerged bank in Netherlands Antillean waters that is considered to be a submerged atoll with actively growing reefs on its eastern and south-eastern edges. Trinidad and Tobago are on the edge of the South American continental shelf, and under the direct influence of the Orinoco River. Thus, there are comparatively fewer coral reefs in Trinidad than Tobago. There is a single fringing reef on the northeast coast of Trinidad, and many patch reefs near the offshore islands, and particularly around Tobago. These reefs are heavily used for fishing and tourism with up to 200 tourists visiting Buccoo reef per day. In southwest Tobago, there are 1,654 hotels, and another 1,372 rooms are approved for construction. STATUS OF CORAL REEF BENTHOS For many of the islands in the Eastern Caribbean, there has been no new information provided for this 2002 report. For more details, see the Status report published in 2000. Dominica Most of the reefs are considered very healthy. Anguilla In late 2002, Reef Check surveys of an exposed reef 5m deep and 100m off the north of Blackgarden showed 15% live coral cover, 4% macroalgal cover, 46% rock and low numbers of key fish species and black spined sea urchin. Coral cover is considered to be comparatively high for the island. St. Lucia Reef Check surveys in St. Lucia (Maria Island Nature Reserve, Anse Chastanet, Coral Gardens, Malgretoute and Turtle Reef) in 2001 show that the shallow reefs (3m) continue to be under stress with further declines since the 1999 surveys. The shallow sites were dominated by standing dead Acropora palmata, which contributed to more than 50% of the total benthic cover. Live coral cover averaged 6.9%, ranging from 2-10.6% and fleshy algal cover averaged 15.8%, ranging from 12-19.4%. The deeper reefs (10m) appeared healthier than the shallow reefs with 17% cover, although this is still a decline from 1999. Algal cover averaged 22.2%. 326 Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean Barbados The west coast fringing reefs continue to be in poor condition, although some early signs of recovery are evident. The patch reefs to the southwest have also deteriorated significantly over the last 20 years. Reefs on the Atlantic coast are in better condition with high diversity but low coral cover, due to exposure to oceanic waves. Anthropogenic impacts on this coast are slowly increasing, but the implementation of an integrated management plan is starting to have a positive effect with most stakeholders cooperating. The last extensive surveys were in 1997/8 on the east, southeast and north coasts and the results indicated 10 distinct habitat types down to the 5m depth contour. There has been no specific bleaching monitoring, but there was 65–90% bleaching in 1998 around the island with Diploria sp and Siderastera siderea the most affected. At one site, monitoring showed that approximately 20% of bleached corals did not survive, but this site was also impacted by effluent from the rum refinery. Reef Check surveys in April 2001 showed 10-42.5% (mean 28%) hard coral cover, and fleshy algal cover of 0-20% (mean 6.3%) along the west and southwest coast. 327 Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2002 CORAL DISEASE IN BELLAIRS BARBADOS 2,439 coral colonies were surveyed for diseases in December 2001 and in March 2002 at the Bellairs North & South Reef sites at 4-5m depth. At Bellairs North, 93.5% of colonies were healthy, 2.6% were bleached, 1.2% had dark-spot disease, 0.5% of colonies had yellow band disease, 0.2% had white plague and 1.7% showed some injury. At the Bellairs South, 97.9% of colonies were healthy, 0.2% had dark-spot disease and 1.9% showed signs of injury. The corals most affected were Siderastrea siderea and Porites asteroides, however these were not the most abundant (see % relative abundance below). The incidence of disease was low at only 1.2% over both sites, with Dark Spot disease the most abundant. The incidence of bleaching was 1.5% at both sites. These Bellairs reefs are relatively free of diseases. Species Bellairs North Bellairs South Agaricia humilis 33.7% 17.5% Agaricia agaricites 19.1% 26.0% Porites astreoides 17.6% 31.5% Porites porites 8.5% 0.9% Millepora squarrosa 6.9% 10.6% Montastrea annularis 5.2% 1.1% Siderastraea siderea 3.1% 1.3% Madracis mirabilis 2.4% 0.8% Millepora complanata 1.2% 5.4% Millepora alcicornis 0.8% The Netherlands Antilles Bonaire and Curaçao The coral reefs on the leeward (western) side have a 30-150m long shallow terrace to a 10- 15m drop-off. The terrace has predominantly Acropora palmata, A. cervicornis and Montastrea annularis hard corals and a variety of gorgonians. A. cervicornis has largely disappeared since 1983 due to white-band disease, and A. palmata stands have also declined on Curaçao and Bonaire, except for a few small locations. After the drop-off, the fore reef slopes downwards at 30-60 degrees to a sediment bottom at 50m. The dominant corals are M. annularis, M. faveolata, and Agaricia agaricites, with M. cavernosa and Stephanocoenia in deeper waters. About 55 coral species occur on the reefs, along with 250 species of fish. An average of 19 coral species occurred per 200m2 at 6m on Curaçao and 23 species at 12m depth. Coral cover on most monitored sites has declined by 10% from 1997 to 2002, with a greater decline at 6m than at 12m. Coral cover in 2002 at 6m on the leeward side of Curaçao was 30 to 50%, and 30 to 70% at 12m. Reefs on Bonaire have unusual shallow water spur and groove formations on the north at Boca Bartol and Playa Benge.