WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT of SHOLINGANALLUR LAKE 1L . Maria Subashini 2P.Dayakar 1,2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil E
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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 459-464 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SHOLINGANALLUR LAKE 1L . Maria subashini 2P.Dayakar 1,2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai. [email protected] Abstract: A lake is a large body of water surrounded by A lake may be defined as an enclosed body of water land, inhabited by various aquatic life forms, for all (usually freshwater) totally surrounded by land and with practical purpose, pure water is considered to that which no direct access to the sea. A lake may also be isolated, has low dissolved or suspended solids and obnoxious with no observable direct water input and, on occasions, gases as well low in biological life. Such high quality of no direct output. In many circumstances these isolated water may be required only for drinking purposes while lakes are saline due to evaporation or groundwater inputs. for other uses like agriculture and industry, the quality of Depending on its origin, a lake may occur anywhere water can be quite flexible and water polluted up to within a river basin. A headwater lake has no single river certain extent in general sense can be regarded as pure. input but is maintained by inflow from many small tributary streams, by direct surface rainfall and by Keywords: lakes, water quality, total dissolved solids, groundwater inflow. Such lakes almost invariably have a turbidity. single river output. Further downstream in river basins, lakes have a major input and one major output, with the 1. Introduction water balance from input to output varying as a function of additional sources of water. Lakes may occur in series, India is facing a serious problem of natural resource inter-connected by rivers, or as an expansion in water scarcity, especially that of water in view of population width along the course of a river. In some cases the growth and economic development. Most of fresh water distinction between a river and a lake may become vague bodies all over the world are getting polluted, thus and the only differences may relate to changes in the decreasing the potability of water. All life is depend on residence time of the water and to a change in water water and exists in nature in many forms like ocean, circulation within the system. In the downstream section river, lake, clouds, rain, snow and fog etc. However, of river basins, lakes (as noted above) are separated from strictly speaking chemically pure water does not exist for the sea by the hydraulic gradient of the river, or estuarine any appreciable length of time in nature. A lake is a large system. Lakes are traditionally under-valued resources to body of water surrounded by land, inhabited by various human society[9-10]. They provide a multitude of uses aquatic life forms, for all practical purpose, pure water is and are prime regions for human settlement and considered to that which has low dissolved or suspended habitation. Uses include drinking and municipal water solids and obnoxious gases as well low in biological life. supply; industrial and cooling water supply; power Such high quality of water may be required only for generation; navigation; commercial and recreational drinking purposes while for other uses like agriculture fisheries; body contact recreation, boating, and other and industry, the quality of water can be quite flexible aesthetic recreational uses. In addition, lake water is used and water polluted up to certain extent in general sense for agricultural irrigation, canalisation and for waste can be regarded as pure[1-4]. disposal. It has been commonly believed that large lakes The health of lakes and their biological diversity have an infinite ability to absorb or dilute industrial and are directly related to health of almost every component municipal waste, and it is largely as a result of human of the ecosystem. Lakes are also subjected to various waste disposal practices that monitoring and assessment natural processes taking place in the environment like the are proving to be necessary in many large lakes. Good hydrologic cycle, with unprecedented development water quality in lakes is essential for maintaining[11] activities; human beings are responsible for choking recreation and fisheries and for the provision of several lakes to death. Storm water runoff and discharge municipal drinking water. These uses are clearly in of sewage into the lakes are few of the common causes conflict with the degradation of water induced by where various nutrients enter the aquatic ecosystems agricultural use and by industrial and municipal waste resulting in their death[5-8]. disposal practices. The management of lake water quality 459 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue is usually directed to the resolution of these conflicts. 2. Materials and Methods Study Area Nowhere in the world has lake management been a totally successful activity. However, much progress has Sholinganallur area, Kanchipuram district, south India been made particularly with respect to controllable point has been chosen for conducting the study. The area is source discharges of waste. The more pervasive impacts bounded by Bay of Bengal in the Eastern part and it is of diffuse sources of pollution within the watershed, and situated very adjacent to the east coast. The study area is from the atmosphere, are less manageable and are still the located between latitude 12.87N to 12.92N and longitude subject of intensive investigations in many parts of the 80.22E to 80.23E. The areal extent of the selected study world. Importance of Water Quality Assessment serves area is 46.25 km 2 . Climatically the area belongs to a as the keystone of engineering practice. Environmental tropical wet and dry climate. Several educational engineering is perhaps most demanding in this respect, institutions, industries, training centres and multinational for it requires the use of not only the conventional companies are established in this area. Due to the measuring devices employed by engineers but, in widespread infrastructural developmental activities, the addition many of the techniques and methods of people have moved from city environment to these peri- measurement used by chemists, physicists and some of urban areas which make these areas as special economic those used by biologists[12-15]. and developmental zones[20]. Every problem in environmental engineering must be approached initially in a manner that will define the problem. This approach necessitates the use of analytical methods and procedures in the field and laboratory, which have proved to yield reliable results. Once the problem has been defined quantitatively, the engineer is usually in a position to design facilities that will provide a satisfactory solution. After construction of the facilities has been completed and they have been placed in operation, usually constant supervision employing quantitative procedure is required to maintain economical and satisfactory performance[16]. The increase in population density and new developments in industrial technology are constantly intensifying old problems and creating new ones. In addition, engineers are forever seeking more economical 2.1 Sample Collection methods of solving old problems. Research is continuously under way to find answers to the new The lake water samples collected from four quadrant problems and better answers to old ones. Quantitative locations using spot sampling procedure. The bottles analysis will continue to serve as the basis for such were cleaned thoroughly with 1% Nitric acid before studies. [17] samples collections. Before the samples were collected Most problems in environmental engineering the bottles were thoroughly rinsed with the samples. practice involve relationships between living organisms From each quadrant of the lake five samples were and their environment. Because of this, the analytical collected[21]. procedures needed to obtain quantitative information are in often a strange mixture of chemical and biochemical 3. Results and Discussions methods, and interpretation of the data is usually related to the effect on microorganisms or human beings. Also, The collected samples were analyzed for different many of the determination used fall into the realm of Physicochemical parameters such as pH, BOD, COD, microanalysis because of the small amounts of Total hardness, colour, odour, alkalinity, chloride, contaminants present in the samples. Ordinarily, the calcium, and magnesium as per the standard methods and amounts determined are a few milligrams per litre and the results were compared with the Indian Standards for often they are found only in few micrograms[18]. potable water. The results are presented in the Table: 1. The Physico-chemical characteristics of effluent treated water were compared with the Indian Standard Specification for Drinking Water. The colour of the effluent treated water was greenish and brownish. The 460 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue Sample collected from the effluent discharged water than 20 mg/l as to be highly polluted water. The storage lake was found to have unobjectionable odour on biological oxygen demand of the lake water is 46 mg/l. prolong stay it gave foul smell; this may be due to The lake water has high BOD level when compared to organic wastes from chemical industries. Our water the drinking water standard, would therefore be easy to analysis’s primary concern with the contaminated lake deplete the oxygen content if any material were present water analyzed with the drinking water specification and which would react with oxygen. Thus a high content of any adverse effects may affect the health . BOD in sample (46 mg/l) shows high organic and The contaminated lake water was slightly green- inorganic waste materials that require oxygen for brownish yellow in colour.