International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 459-464 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LAKE

1L . Maria subashini 2P.Dayakar 1,2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, . [email protected]

Abstract: A lake is a large body of water surrounded by A lake may be defined as an enclosed body of water land, inhabited by various aquatic life forms, for all (usually freshwater) totally surrounded by land and with practical purpose, pure water is considered to that which no direct access to the sea. A lake may also be isolated, has low dissolved or suspended solids and obnoxious with no observable direct water input and, on occasions, gases as well low in biological life. Such high quality of no direct output. In many circumstances these isolated water may be required only for drinking purposes while lakes are saline due to evaporation or groundwater inputs. for other uses like agriculture and industry, the quality of Depending on its origin, a lake may occur anywhere water can be quite flexible and water polluted up to within a river basin. A headwater lake has no single river certain extent in general sense can be regarded as pure. input but is maintained by inflow from many small tributary streams, by direct surface rainfall and by Keywords: lakes, water quality, total dissolved solids, groundwater inflow. Such lakes almost invariably have a turbidity. single river output. Further downstream in river basins, lakes have a major input and one major output, with the 1. Introduction water balance from input to output varying as a function of additional sources of water. Lakes may occur in series, is facing a serious problem of natural resource inter-connected by rivers, or as an expansion in water scarcity, especially that of water in view of population width along the course of a river. In some cases the growth and economic development. Most of fresh water distinction between a river and a lake may become vague bodies all over the world are getting polluted, thus and the only differences may relate to changes in the decreasing the potability of water. All life is depend on residence time of the water and to a change in water water and exists in nature in many forms like ocean, circulation within the system. In the downstream section river, lake, clouds, rain, snow and fog etc. However, of river basins, lakes (as noted above) are separated from strictly speaking chemically pure water does not exist for the sea by the hydraulic gradient of the river, or estuarine any appreciable length of time in nature. A lake is a large system. Lakes are traditionally under-valued resources to body of water surrounded by land, inhabited by various human society[9-10]. They provide a multitude of uses aquatic life forms, for all practical purpose, pure water is and are prime regions for human settlement and considered to that which has low dissolved or suspended habitation. Uses include drinking and municipal water solids and obnoxious gases as well low in biological life. supply; industrial and cooling water supply; power Such high quality of water may be required only for generation; navigation; commercial and recreational drinking purposes while for other uses like agriculture fisheries; body contact recreation, boating, and other and industry, the quality of water can be quite flexible aesthetic recreational uses. In addition, lake water is used and water polluted up to certain extent in general sense for agricultural irrigation, canalisation and for waste can be regarded as pure[1-4]. disposal. It has been commonly believed that large lakes The health of lakes and their biological diversity have an infinite ability to absorb or dilute industrial and are directly related to health of almost every component municipal waste, and it is largely as a result of human of the ecosystem. Lakes are also subjected to various waste disposal practices that monitoring and assessment natural processes taking place in the environment like the are proving to be necessary in many large lakes. Good hydrologic cycle, with unprecedented development water quality in lakes is essential for maintaining[11] activities; human beings are responsible for choking recreation and fisheries and for the provision of several lakes to death. Storm water runoff and discharge municipal drinking water. These uses are clearly in of sewage into the lakes are few of the common causes conflict with the degradation of water induced by where various nutrients enter the aquatic ecosystems agricultural use and by industrial and municipal waste resulting in their death[5-8]. disposal practices. The management of lake water quality

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is usually directed to the resolution of these conflicts. 2. Materials and Methods Study Area Nowhere in the world has lake management been a totally successful activity. However, much progress has Sholinganallur area, , south India been made particularly with respect to controllable point has been chosen for conducting the study. The area is source discharges of waste. The more pervasive impacts bounded by in the Eastern part and it is of diffuse sources of pollution within the watershed, and situated very adjacent to the east coast. The study area is from the atmosphere, are less manageable and are still the located between latitude 12.87N to 12.92N and longitude subject of intensive investigations in many parts of the 80.22E to 80.23E. The areal extent of the selected study world. Importance of Water Quality Assessment serves area is 46.25 km 2 . Climatically the area belongs to a as the keystone of engineering practice. Environmental tropical wet and dry climate. Several educational engineering is perhaps most demanding in this respect, institutions, industries, training centres and multinational for it requires the use of not only the conventional companies are established in this area. Due to the measuring devices employed by engineers but, in widespread infrastructural developmental activities, the addition many of the techniques and methods of people have moved from city environment to these peri- measurement used by chemists, physicists and some of urban areas which make these areas as special economic those used by biologists[12-15]. and developmental zones[20]. Every problem in environmental engineering must be approached initially in a manner that will define the problem. This approach necessitates the use of analytical methods and procedures in the field and laboratory, which have proved to yield reliable results. Once the problem has been defined quantitatively, the engineer is usually in a position to design facilities that will provide a satisfactory solution. After construction of the facilities has been completed and they have been placed in operation, usually constant supervision employing quantitative procedure is required to maintain economical and satisfactory performance[16]. The increase in population density and new developments in industrial technology are constantly intensifying old problems and creating new ones. In addition, engineers are forever seeking more economical 2.1 Sample Collection methods of solving old problems. Research is continuously under way to find answers to the new The lake water samples collected from four quadrant problems and better answers to old ones. Quantitative locations using spot sampling procedure. The bottles analysis will continue to serve as the basis for such were cleaned thoroughly with 1% Nitric acid before studies. [17] samples collections. Before the samples were collected Most problems in environmental engineering the bottles were thoroughly rinsed with the samples. practice involve relationships between living organisms From each quadrant of the lake five samples were and their environment. Because of this, the analytical collected[21]. procedures needed to obtain quantitative information are in often a strange mixture of chemical and biochemical 3. Results and Discussions methods, and interpretation of the data is usually related to the effect on microorganisms or human beings. Also, The collected samples were analyzed for different many of the determination used fall into the realm of Physicochemical parameters such as pH, BOD, COD, microanalysis because of the small amounts of Total hardness, colour, odour, alkalinity, chloride, contaminants present in the samples. Ordinarily, the calcium, and magnesium as per the standard methods and amounts determined are a few milligrams per litre and the results were compared with the Indian Standards for often they are found only in few micrograms[18]. potable water. The results are presented in the Table: 1. The Physico-chemical characteristics of effluent treated water were compared with the Indian Standard Specification for Drinking Water. The colour of the effluent treated water was greenish and brownish. The

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Sample collected from the effluent discharged water than 20 mg/l as to be highly polluted water. The storage lake was found to have unobjectionable odour on biological oxygen demand of the lake water is 46 mg/l. prolong stay it gave foul smell; this may be due to The lake water has high BOD level when compared to organic wastes from chemical industries. Our water the drinking water standard, would therefore be easy to analysis’s primary concern with the contaminated lake deplete the oxygen content if any material were present water analyzed with the drinking water specification and which would react with oxygen. Thus a high content of any adverse effects may affect the health . BOD in sample (46 mg/l) shows high organic and The contaminated lake water was slightly green- inorganic waste materials that require oxygen for brownish yellow in colour. Odour oxidation. This shows the seepage of organic and The odour of contaminated lake water was inorganic waste materials from the effluent into nearby objectionable. pH lake water. The pH of the lake water sample is 7.92. The pH value of the lake water sample is under the 3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) normal range when compared with the drinking water standard. Higher pH values of studied lake water during The maximum permissible value of COD is 10 mg/l for summer could be ascribed to increased photo synthetic drinking water the chemical oxygen demand of the assimilation of dissolved inorganic carbon by planktons. normal drinking water standard is 250mg/l in comparison pH values above 7.5 may indicate hard water. pH is the lake water contain a high level of COD (350mg/l). defined as the negative logarithm of the effective According to the general standards for discharge of hydrogen-ion concentration The normal pH range for environmental pollutions the cod level is 250 mg/l. The drinking water is 6.5- 8.5; lake water sample has a pH of lake water level has higher in samples shows 7.92 which falls under the normal range. A high pH will contamination amount is high. affect the mucous membrane. Water below 6.8 is beyond slightly acidic and approaching extremely corrosive (4.0- 3.3 Alkalinity 5.9). Evidence of this condition is green stains on sinks and porcelain fixtures. Water with a pH above 7.2 will The total alkalinity of the contaminated water was noted leave deposits such as calcium and magnesium that will, that 550mg/l thus the total alkalinity is very high in the over time, clog the pipes. lake water sample. Alkalinity for a standard drinking water is 200mg/l. It Indicates the presence of 3.1 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides above the normal value the water taste becomes unpleasant high BOD is a value of presence of organic materials in water alkalinity should be corrected for both economic and which can support increasing of microbe organisms. health concerns. Surface water (river, lake, and pond) containing BOD values 10 mg/l are consider being moderately and more 3.4 Hardness

IS 10500- WHO RESULTS 19883 PARAMETERS P E P E AVEG LIMIT

PH 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.2 7-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-7.5

Total dissolved solids nil nil 500 1000 660-744

Turbidity 10 25 5 25 25-43

Alkalinity 200 500 200 600 210-260

Total Hardness 300 600 Nil nil 140-160

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Chloride 230 1000 200 600 170-220

Iron 0.3 1 0.3 1 0-0.3

Nitrate 45 nil Nil 50.1 20-45

Fluorides 1 2 1 2 1-1.5

The total hardness of Calcium Carbonate in the water 3.7 Dissolved Oxygen sample is 660mg/l, the normal value is 300mg/l. hard water is arbitrary, the Indian Geological survey uses the The level of Dissolved Oxygen in the contaminated lake following classification: 1 to 60 mg/l is considered water is 5.2 mg/l which is not good for aquatic species . moderately hard, 121 to 180 mg/l is considered hard, and The contaminated lake water has moderate level of DO above 180g/l is considered very hard. Total Hardness when compared with the drinking water standards (6 to (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate) “Hardness” refers to the 10 mg/l). Thus the presences of low level of DO indicate amount of calcium and magnesium in the water and is the less problems of lake water species and this level of measured in grains per gallon. Hard water consumes soap DO is permissible level for domestic and some other before lather will form and Creates scale and sludge, purposes and not fit for drinking purposes. Caustic embrittlement and corrosion in boilers, water heaters, cook wares, and water pipes. 4. Conclusion

3.5 Chloride Sholinganallur Lake shows high mineral contents in terms of total dissolved solids, total hardness, Calcium, Higher concentration of chloride in water is often found Magnesium, Nitrate and Chloride. The reason for high in combination with higher sodium concentration. ICMR values of Physico-chemical parameters at certain and BIS have prescribed 250 mg/l as the maximum sampling location may be due the unscientific disposal of permissible value. If the chlorine value exceeds 300 mg/l the water. It may cause laxative effects on health. From and the presence of a major Cation is sodium, so it is this research study, it can be concluded that lake water of confirmed water is salty. Sources of chlorides are from the study area is not suitable for drinking purpose and soluble salts such as sodium chloride. The chloride must to do the recycling procedure before using irrigation content of the lake water showed a high level of 350 purpose also. So we must to take special care for lake mg/l. The high level of chlorine beyond 250mg/l affects water further more pollution should be avoided in and the taste, palatability and corrosive effect of water. around lake water.

3.6 Nitrate References

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[5] Gunaraja T.M., Venkatramaraju D., Brindha G., [17] Gokul V., Ambica A., An experimental study on Organizational climate-pharmaceutical professional, high strength concrete with replacement of fine aggregate International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-7, using welding slag, International Journal of Applied i-2, pp-8924-8929, 2015. Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5570-5575, 2014. [6] Padminii K., Brindha G., Venkatramaraju D., [18] Divyaa K., Venkatraman K., Design of flexible Quality work life – In medical field, International pavement for an engineering college, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-7, i-1, pp-8437- Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp- 8446, 2015. 5576-5581, 2014. [7] Gopalakrishnan K., Prem Jeya Kumar M., [19] Venkatraman S., Sathish Kumar K., Effect of Sundeep Aanand J., Udayakumar R., Analysis of static glass powder on performance of concrete subjected to and dynamic load on hydrostatic bearing with variable sulphate attack, International Journal of Applied viscosity and pressure, Indian Journal of Science and Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5636-5659, 2014. Technology, v-6, i-SUPPL.6, pp-4783-4788, 2013. [20] Iyappan L., Maria Subashini L., Landuse change [8] Prem Jeya Kumar M., Sandeep Anand J., detection in namakkal taluk using remote sensing, Gopalakrishnan K., Satheesh B., Anbazhagan R., International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Computer modelling of a vehicle system, Indian Journal v-9, i-22, pp-5699-5707, 2014. of Science and Technology, v-6, i-SUPPL5, pp-4620- [21] Ajona M., Maria Subashini L., Eco-friendly 4628, 2013. concrete with rice husk ash, International Journal of [9] Prem Jeya Kumar M., Gopalakrishnan K., Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5471-5489, Srinivasan V., Anbazhagan R., Sundeep Aanan J., PC 2014. modeling and simulation of car suspension system, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i- SUPPL5, pp-4629-4632, 2013. [10] Jeykar K., Srinivasan V., Performance characteristics of twin cylinder Di diesel engine operated with three different non edible vegetable oil blends with diesel, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7601-7607, 2014. [11] Srinivasan K., Gopikrishnan M., Analysis of a reduced switch three phase BLDC drive, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp- 6633-6637, 2014. [12] Venkatesan N., Srinivasan V., Fabrication and mechanical properties of natural composite materials, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7743-7748, 2014. [13] Mustafa Kamal Basha M., Srinivasan V., Fabrication of AlSic Mmc and analysis of its mechanical properties, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7621-7626, 2014. [14] [8]Selvam M.D., Srinivasan V., Sekar C.B., An attempt to minimize lubricants in various metal cutting processes, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-7688-7692, 2014. [15] Valentina D.S., Ilayaraja K., Ambica A., Spatial distribution of groundwater quality in village, Chennai, India, Ecology, Environment and Conservation, v-20, i-, pp-S173-S179, 2014. [16] Ambica A., Tamizharasan V., Venkatraman K., Treatment of domestic waste water by electrochemical method, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp-5537-5542, 2014.

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