SEEDS OF CONFLICT IN A HOUSE DIVIDED BACKGROUND
Economy Differences between North and South Expansion .Mexican American War .Manifest Destiny
ECONOMICS AFTER THE WAR OF IND.
1815 - Transportation Revolution . Railroads . Steamboats . Erie Canal . Telegram
ECONOMICS AFTER THE WAR OF IND. ECONOMICS AFTER THE WAR OF IND.
1830s - Labor Dependency on distant market “Capitalists have manipulated
1815-1860 new class relations
associated wealth . Consumers producers and grown fat Wealth and labor ideals upon the earnings . Genuine wealth of the toil worn . Classes laborer” . Capitalists vs. workers . Scapegoats
ECONOMICS AFTER THE WAR OF IND. DIFFERENCES OF NORTH AND SOUTH
Products Professions Education Social Ideals NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 1800-1860
Agriculture Labor Force .North dropped from 70% to 40% .South was constant at 80% NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES 1800-1860
Cotton .North manufactured .South exported raw material NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES PROFESSIONS
North ¼ of people in urban areas Three times as many businessmen . Six times as many engineers . Six times as many Inventors
NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES PROFESSIONS
South 1 10 of people in urban areas Twice as many in military NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES EDUCATION
More northerners attended school 50% South was illiterate “Is this the way to 6% North was illiterate produce producers? To make every child in the state a literary character would not be a good qualification for those who must live by manual labor.” -The Southern Review NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES SOCIAL IDEALS
North .Offered opportunity to the common man .North of the Mason-Dixon line states abolished slavery “The free labor system opens the way for all, gives hope to all, and energy, and progress and improvement of condition to all.” -Abraham Lincoln NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES SOCIAL IDEALS
South .Slave-owning aristocracy .Essential to culture and economy
By 1840 slavery was no longer a necessary evil; it was “a great moral, social, and political blessing-a blessing to the slave…and the master.” NORTH AND SOUTH DIFFERENCES LABOR IDEALS (SLAVERY)
North Second Great Awakening (1830s) .Moral and Cultural reforms .Higher Law South Within their rights .No bad morals .Their property
MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR
President James K. Polk Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (above 33° lat.) .Rio Grande as border .Annexation of Texas .California & area north of Rio-Grande ($15 million) LAND GAINED IN MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR MANIFEST DESTINY
Stretch from Atlantic to Pacific 1840’s to annex Texas John L. O’Sullivan Generality
“our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent … for…liberty and federated self-government.” -John L. O’Sullivan 1845 OPCVL
Hugh White Statement against the Two-Million-Dollar Bill OPCVL (ORIGIN)
August 8, 1846 House of Representatives Speech Hugh White Congressman .Whig .New York
OPCVL (PURPOSE)
Attack and condemn the Mexican war “A war, in my judgement, unnecessary, uncalled for, and wholly unjustifiable; offensive in its inception, and I fear of conquest and subjugation in its ending.” “Act of the President himself” “Territory is what is sought after” “Amended as to forever preclude the possibility of extending the limits of slavery” OPCVL (VALUE)
Linked the war with slavery Opened the gates for manifest destiny connected to slavery . “I Call upon the other side of the House to bring forward such amendments as shall effectually prevent the further acquisition of territory, which many be caused by the adoption of that institution.” “Desire to restrain that institution” Showed the distrust between the House and Polk Worries on what war has become . “Is the mode of warfare to be changed from fighting to purchasing? Who is to be bought?” OPCVL (LIMITATION)
Bias .“I”, many opinions . “I desire to state” “I have no confidence” “it was the act of the president himself” .Therefore cannot be trusted to be accurate in terms of whether or not the war is “right” or not No Background on original bill .“the message of the president and the bill appropriated, as recommended by that message, two millions of dollars; and for what purpose?”
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EXPANSION
What would happen to the new lands?
NORTHWEST ORDINANCE THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE
July 13th 1787 Gave the territory north-west of the Ohio river certain rights as territories, including .Between 3-5 states .Three stages of government .Bill of rights, including forbidding slavery
BEFORE THE COMPROMISE OF 1820 COMPROMISE OF 1820 (MISSOURI COMPROMISE)
1819- Missouri applies for statehood .Slave state .Upset balance Views on new states (slavery or no slavery) .North believed it the federal government’s job .South believed it was up to states to decide . Should be given same freedoms as original 13
COMPROMISE OF 1820 (MISSOURI COMPROMISE)
Tallmadge of New York proposed two amendments to the statehood bill 1. No more slaves imported 2. Gradual emancipation for those there .House passed it . Regional voting lines .Senate rejected it . States were balanced
Debates continued for a year .Main sought statehood .Henry Clay of Kentucky (Speaker of the House) . If Maine, why not Missouri?
COMPROMISE OF 1820 (MISSOURI COMPROMISE)
Jesse B. Thomas 36 degrees 30 min north March 2, 1820 Senate February 26, 1821 House
COMPROMISE OF 1820 (MISSOURI COMPROMISE)
Impacts New States in pairs .California Federalism NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Tariff in 1828 Imported, manufactured goods Affront to southern economy Calhoun: “tariff of abominations” Federalism NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Tariff in 1832 Henry Clay Lower than original, still too high South Carolina State House .Majority state-rights proponents .Ordinance of nullification Nov. 24, 1832 . Null and void . Threat to secede NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Jackson’s Reaction Treasonous Asked for military action from congress .Nullification Proclamation NULLIFICATION CRISIS
Henry Clay Compromise tariff 1833 .Reduce tariff 10% over 8 years .Check on state powers .Back down without embarrassment STATES IN 1837 WILMOT PROVISO
August 8th, 1846 During appropriations bill for Mexican American war David Wilmot, Pennsylvania “That, as an express and fundamental condition of the acquisition of any territory from the republic of Mexico… neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory.” WILMOT PROVISO PROPOSITION OPCVL
1846 Introduction of proviso .Committee OPCVL (ORIGIN)
The Congressional Globe .House of Representatives documents and debates August 12, 1846 29th Congress, 1st session OPCVL (PURPOSE)
Objectively records the happenings in House Wilmot proviso introduction in committee “Mr. Wilmot moved an amendment, to add at the end of Mr. McKay’s modified bill the following: Provided, That, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico by the united states by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys therein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof of the party shall first be duly convicted.” After some conversation, the amendment of Mr. Wilmot was received as an amendment to this section.
OPCVL (VALUE)
It shows, with very limited bias, the actual happenings in this committee of the House .Readers form their own opinions Shows the facts .Voting .Overruled, received, some consideration The individual opinions of the people debating this topic .Mr. Dobbin “contented the amendment was not in order, the subject of slavery having no connexion with the bill” OPCVL (LIMITATION)
Does not have much context Does not really explain the why of noes and ayes .“The question on the appeal was unken by tellers, and the decision of the chairman was sustained- ayes 92, noes 37” Doesn't reflect population . Mr. McKay, Mr. Wilmot, Mr. Dobbin, Chairman, Mr. Wick, Mr. Perry, Mr. constable, Mr. Davis, Mr. McHenry, Mr. Hunt, Mr. Bell, Mr. Rathbun, Mr. Tibbatts WILMOT PROVISO REACTIONS
Liked by Northerners .Democrats . More about political power than slavery .Wanted to take a stand WILMOT PROVISO REACTIONS
Southerners did not agree “A degrading Degrading inequality, it says in .Soldiers in war effect to the Southern No benefits man, Avant! You are .Danger to culture and not my equal, and future hence are to be excluded as carrying a moral taint.” -Southern Virginian South challenged constitutionality Calhoun introduced resolutions 1847 . Denying congress rights on slavery in new states . Warned that the proviso would mean “political revolution, anarchy, civil war.” . Did not pass WILMOT PROVISO “RESOLUTION”
House passed by a sectional vote Senate did not .In 1847 there were 15 slave states and 14 free Northern Democrats passed the appropriations without proviso Only postponed the slavery crisis
WILMOT PROVISO “RESOLUTION” POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN THE 1848 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Came from the confusion and crisis of Proviso 1848 Michigan’s Senator Lewis Cass .States should decide for themselves .Ambiguity . No when . Lots of presumption .He won the nomination for the democratic party POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN THE 1848 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Zachary Taylor of Whigs .No opinion .Handsome .public affection .Won the election with help of the south COMPROMISE OF 1850 EVENTS LEADING UP TO IT
Californian gold rush Taylor .“wolf in sheep’s clothing” to south California, New Mexico, and Utah .“Permanently destroy the balance of power between the sections”-Jefferson Davis .California was ahead .New Mexico was slow . Texas border . Mexicans
COMPROMISE OF 1850 EVENTS LEADING UP TO IT
South planned “necessary preparations of men and money, arms and munition, etc., to meet the emergency.” For disunion, seriously threatened Taylor would lead an army to enforce law and hang traitors; he changed sides COMPROMISE OF 1850
Henry Clay! Eight resolutions Jan 29 th, 1850 1. Admit California as free state 2. Rest of Mexican cession with no restriction 3. Border between NM and Texas in favor of NM 4. Texas compensated by federal debt assumption 5. Abolition of slave trade in district of Columbia 6. Guarantee of slavery itself in the district 7. Deny congressional power over interstate slave trade 8. Stronger law to enable slave holder to recover escaped slaves in other states (Fugitive Slave Law) Clay’s resolutions were defeated on July 31 st . Left Washington to recuperate
COMPROMISE OF 1820
Stephen A. Douglas .Split up everything into pieces and as separate parts to vote on. .Put together a majority for each vote . California was admitted . Slave-trade in the district was prohibited . Stronger fugitive slave law . $10 million to Texas . Utah and NM admitted with no restrictions COMPROMISE OF 1850 COMPROMISE OF 1850 EFFECTS OF THE COMPROMISE OF 1820
“Every face I meet is happy, the successful are rejoicing, the neutrals have all joined the winning side, and the defeated are silent.” The Nashville convention did not do much THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW BACKGROUND
Article IV section 2 states that “No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.” Enforcement was not stipulated THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW BACKGROUND
1793 federal law .Cross state lines .Prove ownership (many did not) .Fugitives had no rights
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW BACKGROUND
Northern Personal Liberty Laws . Rights of Testimony . Habeas Corpus . Trial by Jury . Criminal penalties for kidnapping Prigg vs. Pennsylvania THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
1850 Fugitive slave law- put full weight of federal power behind recapturing .Commissioners .U.S. marshals and deputies .Federal treasury .No statue of limitations .During 1850 alone, 332 “returned”, 11 free
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW NORTHERN REACTIONS (BLACK)
Fleeing to Canada (3,000 in the last months of 1850 alone) .William and Ellen Craft THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW NORTHERN REACTIONS (WHITES)
Boston Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe The “Battle of Christiana” .Succession threats .Fillmore gathered country people for treason “Sir-did you hear it? That three harmless non-resisting Quakers and eight-and-thirty wretched, miserable, penniless negroes, armed with corn cutters, clubs, and a few muskets…levied war against the United States.” SLAVERY VOLATILITY UNTIL 1861
Differences could not be reconciled .Slavery was basis of power in South .Industry was basis of power in North .Ideals of Expansion differed .Government Ideals differed Kansas Nebraska act and Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott Decision Lincoln Elected SLAVERY VOLATILITY UNTIL 1861 KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT
1854 Stephen Douglas Repealed the Missouri Compromise Opponents of this act formed the Republican Party
SLAVERY VOLATILITY UNTIL 1861 KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT SLAVERY VOLATILITY UNTIL 1861 BLEEDING KANSAS
Popular sovereignty 1854 Violence between factions, continuing to 1861 Vying for political and cultural power was cause for volatility SLAVERY VOLATILITY UNTIL 1861 DRED SCOTT DECISION
1857 Chief Justice Roger Taney Dred Scott vs. Sandford .Slaves are not citizens . Could not sue in federal courts .Missouri compromise unconstitutional . Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in new territories Further rift
SLAVERY VOLATILITY UNTIL 1861 LINCOLN ELECTED 1860
Final Straw for South None voted for him, republicans opposed slavery "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war“ Already were meeting to secede.
SLAVERY VOLATILITY UNTIL 1861 WORLD EMANCIPATION AND INFLUENCE
Europe .Spain .Britain .France South America .Many had emancipated by the 1850’s UP TO 1861 A DANGER TO NATIONAL SURVIVAL
Greatest sectional conflict How would reconciliation happen; two peoples .No clear answer Deaths SOURCES (INFORMATION)
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