Introduction

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

INTRODUCTION identification guide; however it does provide pointers to some of the more obvious Craneflies are probably familiar to most people as identification features. This may help the “daddy‐long‐legs”, those gangly flying insects beginner come to terms with what can seem a that come into houses on warm, late summer confusing and daunting fauna. The taxonomy evenings. Whilst this is true, it is by no way a true within the species accounts mostly follows that representation of the group as a whole, which published in Chandler 1998, however some comprises of at least 349 within Britain taxonomic uncertainties have been resolved since (www.buglife.org.uk), and approximately 17,000 then and are highlighted within ‘British worldwide (www.ip30.eti.uva.nl/ccw). Many Craneflies’ (Stubbs in prep). species are habitat specialists and as such are not normally encountered. Others are really very The status of species used is a combination of that common or abundant at certain times of the year. within British Craneflies (Stubbs in prep), © Some are indeed rare (about 15% of the total Mapmate software ( Tecknica Ltd), and that fauna are Red Data Book (RDB) (Shirt et al 1987) used in Falk (1991) and Falk & Chandler (2005). species (Stubbs in prep)), whilst others have Recording and data searches were carried out for declined due to habitat loss and particularly the Watsonian Vice County (V.C.) 40 (Fig.1). The drainage of wetland habitats (Stubbs 1992). boundary is slightly different to the political Occasionally craneflies hit the news, generally boundary of Shropshire and also includes the when the most commonly encountered species, Unitary Authority of Telford and Wrekin. Species the common daddy‐long‐legs Tipula paludosa distribution maps are displayed at 2 x 2 km (cover photo) reaches “plague proportions” as (tetrad) level using DMAP biological recording © happened in 2005 and 2006. Then the reaction is software ( A.J. Morton). generally ‘tabloid’ in nature, an example being All illustrations are by the author unless “Invasion of the winged destroyer” (Manchester otherwise stated and are not to scale. Evening News, 8 September 2005). For a fuller account of these kinds of misconceptions see Sue This publication is based upon approximately McBean’s excellent article entitled ‘Creatures in 4200+ biological records of 233 taxa. These records the news: journalism or journalese?’ in Biologist were collated from fieldwork by the author and (McBean 2006) Craneflies are harmless, indeed it others, research reports and museum specimens. is a common myth that the daddy‐long‐legs The remainder were compiled from existing would be the most poisonous animal if only it databases and historical records. knew how to use its poison! This is false as they are non‐venomous and non‐biting.

Craneflies are a major food source of a number of Whixall Moss animal groups including several bats (and other mammals), fish, birds, and of course other invertebrates. Stubbs (in prep) describes these

relationships in detail. Therefore it is easy to see Ironbridge Woodlands the place of the cranefly in the food web across Wenlock Edge many of our varied habitats within Shropshire. Long Mynd

Clun Uplands The vast majority of cranefly species accounts in Clee Hills this book are based upon the much more Wyre Forest expansive text within the forthcoming ‘British Craneflies’ (Stubbs in prep.), unless otherwise Fig.1 – Watsonian V.C. 40 stated. Therefore this is not meant to be an

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS encouragement, and Allan Dawes for regular samples from the Trefonen light trap.

There are several people and organisations who I would also like to thank Tom Mawdsley for have been involved with this project from its encouraging me gently into the subject of conception or have helped through the supply of craneflies in the first place. records, access to records, funding, access permission on land, etc for whom thanks are due; Several landowners and other parties enabled I would particularly like to thank Alan Stubbs access to survey craneflies on their land. My and John Kramer (National Cranefly Recording thanks to them; Shropshire Wildlife Trust, Scheme) for help and encouragement, Steve Natural England, the Woodland Trust, the Judd, Guy Knight, Tom Mawdsley and Ian National Trust, Shropshire County Council, Wallace for access to the Liverpool Museum Lafarge plc, Hanson plc, Sir Michael Leighton, collections and archive, Dmitri Logunov for Michael Wallace, Robert Kynaston, Mr. & Mrs. access to the Manchester Museum collections and Webb, Neil Furniss, Tim Teague, Jayne Madeley, the Cyril Pugh archive, Daniel Lockett for access Jane Ellesmoor, John Barnes, Michael Dugdale, to the Ludlow Museum collection and record and Val Burton. cards, Ian Cheeseborough and Nigel Jones for lots of recording help and a boundless enthusiasm for I would like to acknowledge the financial support the invertebrates of Shropshire, Dave Barnett for and other assistance towards this project from recording help and a Wyre Forest perspective, Natural England, Shropshire Biodiversity Dan Wrench (Biodiversity Officer for Shropshire Partnership, West Midlands Biodiversity Project County Council) for help with funding and much Nurturing Nature Fund, The Field Studies encouragement as well as specimens, Mike Howe Council and the Biodiversity Training Project. (Countryside Council for Wales) for access to the

CCW database and personal records, Joan Daniels Thanks to Mike Ashton, for helping with the (Natural England) for access to Fenn’s, Whixall & publication of this provisional atlas. Bettisfield Mosses NNR, records and support, Viv

Geen (Shropshire Wildlife Trust) and Stephen Finally many thanks to my partner Karen for Lewis (Butterfly Conservation) for access to sites putting up with my endless absenteeism in the and records and publicising the recording project, pursuit of Shropshire’s craneflies. the Shropshire Invertebrates Group for access to records and assistance with field work, Alex

Lockton (Whild Associates) for access to records, Pete Boardman encouragement, help and advice, Caroline Uff April 2007 (National Trust – Long Mynd) for access to records from the Long Mynd, Wenlock Edge and

Hopesay Hill, and site access, Ron Iremonger (National Trust – Attingham Park) for site access, Rosemary Winnall of the Wyre Forest Study Group for supplying the Baveney Brook and Roxel specimens and enabling recording access at sites in the Wyre Forest, Helen Griffiths and the Shropshire Ornithological Society for access to Venus Pool (via Nigel Jones), Alison Jones (Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group) for putting me in touch with willing landowners, Gareth Eggar for access to Shropshire County Council sites, Sue Townsend for access to Preston Montford and for support and much 4

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

RECORDERS Merrifield, Ken Merrifield, Rita

Miguel‐Hidalgo, Javier The following recorders and groups have been Norton, Mr. John (deceased) responsible for the records used within this Parrott, J.R. account; Potts, G. (deceased)

Price, Chris Alexander, Keith N.A. Prestwood, W.V. Arnold, F.N. Pryce, David Barnett, Dave Pugh, C.H.W. (deceased) Bayliss, Chris. Pugh, Louise Bennett‐Lloyd, P. T. Redding, Sue Boardman, Pete Roger, Megan Bratton, J.H. Ruberry, Karen Brindle, Alan (deceased) Sheppard, David Britten, Harry (deceased) Bury, H. (deceased) Shropshire Invertebrate Group Cheeseborough, Ian (Blunt, A. Godfrey) Clements, D.K. (Derry, Charles Colyer, Cedric N. (deceased) (Jones, Nigel) Comerford, Jennie (Kemp, Bob) Cope, Jason (Mason, John) Daniels, Joan (Pryce, David) Davies, Howard (Thompson, Ian) Dawes, Allan Skidmore, Peter. Dean, Clive Skingsley, David Denman, David Smith, K.G.V. Drever, James Steel, Jenny Drake, Colin M. Stubbs, Alan Dyer, Anne Taylor, Mike Edwards, F.W. (deceased) Thompson, Ian Foster, A.P. Tilling, Steve Fowles, Adrian P. Twigg, H.M. Gibbs, David Wallace, Ian Godfrey, Andy Uff, Caroline Hancock, E.G. Uttley, W (deceased). Heaver, David J. Warburton, Marion Horton, Karen Watson, Glyn Howe, Elizabeth Whild, Sarah Howe, Mike Willis, Lisa Hughes, Morgan Wrench, Dan Irving, Thelma Welsh Peatland Invertebrate Survey Team Jones, Nigel (Boyce, D.C.) Kirby, P. (Holmes, P.) Kramer, John (Reed, D.K.) Lewis, Stephen Lister, J.A. Wyre Forest Study Group Lockett, Daniel (Barnett, Dave) Lockton, Alex (Bloxham, Mike) Martin, Dudley (Blythe Mick) Mason, John (Winnall, Rosemary) Mawdsley, Tom McCann, Anna 5

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

C.W.H. PUGH, THE FIRST SHROPSHIRE DIPTERIST

C.H.W. PUGH, M.C., M.B.E., M.A., B.C.L. 1890-1973.

I first encountered the name of Cyril Henry Wallace Pugh on a set of specimens of the cranefly Phylidorea heterogyna displayed in an old glass ‐ covered draw within Manchester Museum’s insect collections. These flies had been found by Pugh at ‘Whixall Moss, Salop’ as new to Britain and were there with small card labels in Pugh’s hand dated 22.8.1936. I had gone into the museum to have a look at them with a view to familiarising myself before trying to find if the species could be re‐found on Whixall Moss, or Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR as it is known now. As a nosey sort I noticed that draws containing papers and notebooks by various collectors over the years were available for inspection and so I looked to see what else Pugh had been keen to identify. It was obvious that this had been a man completely obsessed by his hobby. A very well annotated library of Fig. 2 – Limonia nubeculosa sketch by Cyril Pugh of adult notebooks, reference books, drawings (Fig. 2) and bred from moss in 1922 (courtesy of Manchester Museum). field notebooks came to light within Pugh’s

“draw”. This also included correspondence with During the Second World War Pugh was the local other dipterists, notably F.W. Edwards from the commander in the Home Guard and was later Natural History Museum. Also included were awarded the M.B.E. He later carried out a range sketches Pugh had made of craneflies and other of civic duties including the governorship of flies, generally based upon specimens he had several schools, district Scout master for the reared from larval or pupal finds. Oswestry area, clerk to the Oswestry Magistrates Pugh’s notebooks were neatly arranged with lists and was a churchwarden in Oswestry (Brindle of finds from year to year enabling a compilation 1974). of biological record data previously unknown for Shropshire. The vast majority of Pugh’s entomological studies

were concerned with diptera (flies) and for the Pugh was born in Oswestry and was educated at most part he restricted his area of study to Oswestry School where he went on to win a Shropshire and the Welsh Marches. He studied scholarship to read law at St. John’s College, most groups of flies and corresponded with Oxford. After finishing his studies he returned to several other leading authorities but surprisingly Oswestry in 1911 to work for his father’s firm of published very little, preferring to carry out field solicitors, but in 1914 he enlisted in the Shropshire work. Through his contacts with F.W. Edwards, Light Infantry and served until close to the end of his work did however influence publications, the war when he was severely wounded and was such as British short‐palped craneflies (Edwards awarded the Military Cross. Upon demobilisation 1938), in which Pugh is regularly mentioned. he returned to work as a solicitor, becoming a The value of Pugh’s contribution to cranefly partner in the firm when his father died in 1921. recording in Shropshire only really became 6

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman obvious when I was researching and compiling Catherton Common SO6378 the database which is the basis of this publication. Chermes Dingle SJ6505 Pugh listed at least 150 species of craneflies and Chorley (Jack Mytton Way) SO7183 winter gnats from around the county, with the Chorley Covert SO7083 majority of his field work carried out around his Clarepool Moss SJ4334 home town. Here habitats vary from the Clee Hill SO6076 carboniferous limestone of the Llanymynech Cleeton St Mary SO6078 Rocks area to acid heath at Llawnt. Woodland Colemere SJ4333 Cornbrook Dingle SO6075 and dingle streams can be found at Candy, with Cramer Gutter SO6476 damp grassland and fen at Treflach. It can only be Crosemere SJ4330 imagined that habitats were also more extensive Cuckooopen Coppice SO5380 and in better condition in the 1920’s and 1930’s Dolgoch Quarry SJ2724 that comprise Pugh’s heyday, before the modern Dorrington (near Woore) SJ7241 trend of agricultural intensification and mass Eardington Quarry SO7290 agricultural drainage of the 1970’s and 1980’s, as Fenemere SJ4422 well as the changes in land use around the Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR; Oswestry area that have brought housing and SJ4835, SJ4935, SJ4936 industrial / retail estates. That said it has been of Marl Allotments SJ5033 particular interest to rediscover species recorded Goldstone Common SJ7029 by Pugh over 70 years ago such as Dicranomyia Habberley Valley SJ4105 sericata at Llanymynech Rocks. Finds like this one Harton Hollow SO4887 suggest that with a little determination one could Haughmond Hill SJ5414 still walk in Pugh’s footsteps and make a Henlle SJ3035 contribution to the understanding of our natural Hillcrest SJ7241 heritage in Shropshire. Holbrook Coppice SJ6505 Hope Valley SJ3401 GAZETTEER OF SITES Hopesay Hill SO3983 Huglith Wood SJ4001 The following is a list of grid references relating Ifton Wood / Dingle, St. Martins SJ3137 Jiggers Bank Meadow SJ6605 to the sites mentioned within this report; Lea Quarry SO5998

Ledwyche Brook SO5337 Abbey Wood SJ5415 Llanforda SJ2528 Alberbury SJ3613 Llanymynech Rocks / Underhill Quarry SJ2722 Attingham Park SJ5510 Llawnt SJ2430 Badger Dingle SO7699 Llynclys Common SJ2723 Benthall Edge SJ6603 Loamhole Dingle / Lydebrook Dingle SJ6506, SJ6605 Berrington Moss SJ5207 Berwick Wharf SJ5411 Long Mynd; Bicton SJ4414 Cardingmill Valley SO4395 Blakeway Coppice SO6099, SO5897 Gogbatch SO4194 Boningale SJ8102 Hawkbatch Valley SO7677 Brokenstones Pool SO4187 Wildmoor Pool SO4296 Brokenstones Wood SO4187 Maddox Coppice SJ3803 Brook Vessons SJ3801 Maesbrook SJ3021 Brown Moss SJ5639 Maesbury SJ3205 Brownheath Moss SJ4630 Melverley (River Vrynwy) SJ3316 Bucknell Wood SO3374 Melverley Farm SJ5840 Burlton Pool SJ4526 Merrington Green SJ4620 Buttonbridge SO7381 Monkhopton SO6294 Candy SJ2528, SJ2529 Morda SJ2828

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Morton Pool SJ3023 CRANEFLY IDENTIFICATION Morville Quarry SO6893 Mount Wood SJ2535 Cranefly identification can be tricky at first but Much Wenlock SJ6200 with a bit of experience the groups quickly Newport Sj7021 become identifiable. Good magnification and Nills Hill Quarry SJ3905 lighting are necessary for the resolution of many Oak Dingle SO5687 species, but equally several species can be Old Racecourse, Oswestry SJ2530 identified in the field by eye or with a half decent Poles Coppice SJ3804 Prees Heath SJ5637 hand lens once familiar with them. Preston Montford SJ4314 Keys are essential. For many years dipterists have Quarry Wood SJ6827 had only a succession of test keys or older texts Rectory Field SO4593 such as Edwards (1938) but with the anticipated Rhos Fiddle SO2085 publication of British Craneflies (Stubbs in prep.) Roman Bank SO5290 identification of craneflies should at last be more Rosehill SJ6630 of an approachable subject. Ruyton‐XI‐Towns churchyard SJ3922 Craneflies are identifiable in most stages of life. Saplin’s Wood SJ6305 Larval stages can often be identified by Shawbury SJ5621 comparison of the strangely face‐like anal Shrawardine River Severn SJ3915 appendages (Fig. 3). Shrewsbury SJ4911, SJ5010 Snailbeach SJ3792 Spout Wood SJ4137 Stanmore Country Park SO7492 Steel Heath SJ5436 Sweat Mere SJ4330 Sweeney Fen SJ2725 The Cliffe SJ3921 The Ercall SJ6409 The Moors, Ellesmere SJ4034 The Stiperstones NNR SO3698 Tick Wood SJ6403 Titterstone Clee SO5977 Tong Pool SJ7907 Treen Pits SO5875 Treflach Quarry SJ2558 Trefonen SJ2527 Venus Pool SJ5504 Walcot Park SO3584 Walford College SJ4320

Wem Moss NNR SJ4734 Fig. 3 – anal appendage of Tipula scripta (Theowald Wern‐ddu (quarry) SJ2326 1967) Wern‐duu SJ2225 Wenlock Edge SO5897, SO5998, SO6099 The same can be said for pupa or pupal cases (Fig. Whitwell Coppice SJ6102 4) where keys exist that detail the majority of Wollaston SJ3212 British species (Brindle 1960, Brindle and Bryce Woore SJ7241 1960, Brindle 1967). Wrekin Wood SJ6308 Wyre Forest; Baveney Brook SO7176 Roxel SO7479

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

illustrate the basic body parts of a cranefly as referred to in the text.

BODY AND LEGS

Abdomen Thorax

Fig. 4 – detail of pupal case of male Idioptera linnei Femur (Boardman 2004) (Femora)

Adults are generally identified by wing markings or differences in the structure of wing veins, the various body markings and colouration or differences in their genital structures (Fig. 5). Genitalia Ovipostor (female)

Tibia

Tarsal segments (Tarsi)

Fig. 6 – Basic anatomical features of a cranefly / winter gnat (Trichocera major)

HEAD

Craneflies and fold‐winged craneflies do not have ocelli (simple light‐receptive eyes) but only compound eyes. Winter gnats possess both triangular ocelli and more normal large compound eyes (Fig. 7)

ocelli or simple light‐reflective eyes

Fig. 5 – Genitalia of male species of Molophilus craneflies (Edwards 1938) compound eyes

ANATOMY OF A CRANEFLY

As already stated this publication is not designed as an identification guide however in the species Fig. 7 – Simplified head of a winter gnat showing both ocelli and compound eyes accounts some very basic reference is made to anatomical features of craneflies and winter gnats that should enable a few taxa to be identified to species level. Therefore the following figures 9

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

HALTERES RARE SPECIES

All flies have halteres which are greatly modified As already stated some 15% of the UK cranefly hind wings which are used as balancing organs. fauna are Red Data Book species (Shirt 1987). The In craneflies and winter gnats they are obvious status of rare craneflies was examined further in structures but in other groups of flies such as Falk (1991) and winter gnats in Falk & Chandler hoverflies they are covered by structures (2005). As well as these craneflies there are others resembling flaps called calypters. included with the UK Biodiversity Action Plan

(www.ukbap.org) which are not listed as Red

Data Book species. These include some members of the Lipsothrix genera which are craneflies associated with woody debris in dingle streams. Andy Godfrey carried out detailed survey work relating to these species at several sites in Shropshire and elsewhere (Godfrey 2000 & Godfrey 2001). His survey results are regularly referred to within the species accounts later in this publication.

A summary of species deemed important in Fig. 8 – halteres Shropshire was compiled by the author during The size or colour of halteres is used in the 2005 (Boardman 2005a) and submitted for identification of several species of cranefly inclusion in the Shropshire Biodiversity Action including Erioptera lutea, a small yellow species Plan. Following this report (and including with black halteres. research for this publication) further records came to light of the distribution of rare species within WINGS Shropshire.

Discal cell THE ONES THAT GOT AWAY

During the preparation of this account some species came to light that were recorded within less than a mile outside the V. C. 40 boundary or more generally in surrounding counties, but alas were not recorded within it and so cannot be currently classed as Shropshire craneflies! Anal vein Fig. 9 – Wing of a cranefly (Symplecta hybrida) Ellipteroides alboscutellatus (von Roser, 1840) is a

The discal cell is either present or absent in Red Data Book species that has had its autecology craneflies and always present in winter gnats. The summarised by David Heaver in a recent article shape of the anal vein is often a factor in in Dipterists Digest (Heaver 2006). Heaver lists 13 identification as can be seen in Fig. 9 where the sites nationally ranging from Herefordshire to extra sinuous anal vein suggests a Stictica species. Yorkshire. The nearest to Shropshire is just over Some species have incredibly hairy wings with the border at Great Bog, Wyre Forest, the veining almost completely obscured (Tasiocera Worcestershire. In fact it is so close to the border and Molophilus). that when mapped it appears to be in Shropshire! The fly occurs at tufaceous springs, not a common

Shropshire habitat, though some sites do exist.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

The species is due to be targeted by the author 4 during 2007.

3 Molophilus ater (Meigen, 1804) is a very small wingless cranefly that most people would not 2 immediately class as even being a fly. It is found on wet moorland and upland bog and was noted 1 by Cyril Pugh just over the Welsh border to the 0 north‐west of Oswestry in the 1930’s. Rather frustratingly the records appear in Pugh’s 9 notebooks and suggest they are Shropshire records, but alas are not. It is possible that with 8 further targeted survey work it might be found 7 elsewhere in the county, perhaps the Long Mynd 2345678 or the Clee Hill area may be worth a look? Fig. 10 – All species coverage

Molophilus pusillus Edwards, 1921 is what Stubbs Of the fieldwork carried out by the author, an (in prep.) calls “an enigma”, as generally within initial bias to those sites such as nature reserves the Molophilus group females are unidentifiable. was perhaps understandable. These are mostly This species however has only ever been found as easier to access and reserve managers are females and is therefore assumed to be a generally always keen to know what was on the parthenogenetic species (it exists as females reserve, or already had some form of site species which lay viable eggs). It is known to be list. Following this the farmed landscape was widespread through England, Wales and targeted, with a series of farm visits including Scotland and identification is possible due to Malaise trapping of 9 sites spread around the differences in wing venation and the small size of county during 2006 (Boardman in prep.). the species. One specimen was found in Malaise trap samples during a survey in the Some specific targeted searches were carried out Worcestershire side of the Wyre Forest in 2004 to fill gaps in recording where possible. However (Smart & Winnall 2006). several sites and habitat types have yet to be surveyed with enough depth (or at all) to fully Ormosia staegeriana Alexander, 1953 (like appreciate their importance for craneflies. The Molophilus ater) is another upland species found most glaring gap comes from the various river by Pugh just outside of the county boundary. corridors in the county and associated riverine Again, looking at similar habitats such as those on species. Some targeting of the River Severn the Long Mynd may prove worthwhile. corridor, the Teme, Vrynwy, Onny and the Camlad would contribute significantly to this Nephrotoma submaculosa Edwards, 1928 is a tiger gap. cranefly found mostly at coastal sand dune sites however inland populations are known from Site quality is perhaps more difficult to quantify sandy river banks and shingle bars. It has been due to generally non‐scientific methods of recorded from two sites in Staffordshire sampling species. The sites where traditionally (Skingsley 1999). most recorder effort has been put in, such as Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR, Morda SITE COVERAGE AND DATA & Oswestry (Pugh’s records), Ironbridge Gorge, Wenlock Edge, and the greater Wyre Forest etc, The publication of this provisional atlas has led to show up on the coincidence map (Fig. 11) as the a pretty good understanding and coverage of the highest numbered values. The site with the most county by the author and other recorders (Fig. species records is Fenn’s, Whixall & Bettisfield 10). 11

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Mosses NNR with 91 species recorded so far, throughout Western Europe (Oosterbroek et al made up of records from the 3 mosses, the Marl 2006). This species is associated with locations Allotments and the site base at Manor House. where there are large stands of rotting timber and is classed as an ancient woodland indicator. 1 1 The only Shropshire records are from the 1940’s 4 1 1 5 1 3 1151 1 2 51 21 11121 1 331 9 1 1 1 around Oswestry and the Candy Valley by Cyril 111111 1121 3111 1 11 3 311 1 14121 1 1 15871 1 1111 1 111 11 Pugh. Records were from late May and early 3111 11 221 1 1 61413 111 11 11 1 15 31111 1311 11 1 12 June. 2 1121122 1121 3 21 12 1 1 111 1 1 2111 1 1 11 2 1112251 11221 1513 211 11 1 111 1 1 1 1 12 3 1 1 4 1 111 11 133 26 1111 11 1 111 26 3 11 631 2 1769 121 11 13 1 11 11 7 7431 11 0 12 411 1 11 1 1 1 3 1 111 1 63 1 3 1 1 111111111 33 1 11 111 22 2 1 1 1 11111 112 12111 Best sites 9 1 111 1 1 1 1 11 2 1 1 - 81 1 1 1 3 1 11 2 9 - 16 1 1 11 121 12 1 3 1 21 1 111 11 3 17 - 24 2 1 11 1 4 1 4 25 - 32 8 111 11 3 12 8 1 5 33 - 40 1 112 114 111 21 2 16121 6 41 - 48 2 1122 1 7 49 - 56 1 2 1 11 7 8 57 - 64 1 0 1 9 65 - 80 2345678 Fig. 11 – Frequency of species recorded 9

All data from this publication has been passed on 8 to the National Cranefly Recorder Scheme where 7 it will be incorporated into the 75,000 + cranefly 2345678 data set that exists for Great Britain. Ctenophora pectinicornis

Note: maps throughout this report illustrate tetrad Dictenidia bimaculata (Linnaeus, 1761). symbols of two types, the plus symbol represent Local records up to (and including) 1980, whilst the dark dots represent records after 1980 and up to the end An impressive species associated with dead wood of 2006. that is found sparingly around the county. It breeds in a range of deciduous trees but needs SPECIES ACCOUNTS wood in an advanced state of decay. It has been recorded from Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by Cyril Pugh in 1932, Alan Brindle TIPULIDAE: LONG PALPED CRANEFLIES in 1966 and Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1993), The UK 88 species Stiperstones NNR by Keith Alexander in 1984, Subfamilies Rectory Field, Church Stretton in 2004 and CTENOPHORINAE Preston Montford in 2006 by Ian Cheeseborough, DOLICHOPEZINAE and from the National Trust site near Lee TIPULINAE Brockhurst by Ian Cheeseborough and Nigel Jones, again in 2006.

CTENOPHORINAE – COMB‐HORNED CRANEFLIES

Ctenophora pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). Local

A spectacular ichneumon wasp mimic and the most frequently encountered of the genus 12

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0

9 9

8 8

7 7

2345678 2345678 Dictenidia bimaculata Tanyptera atrata

Tanyptera atrata (Linnaeus, 1758). Tanyptera nigricornis (Meigen, 1818). Local RDB3

This is another spectacular insect of dead wood A similar‐looking to species to T. atrata, this habitat. Females resemble large ichneumon wasps cranefly generally occurs less frequently and is with fierce‐looking pointing ovipositors (Fig. 12), associated with deciduous woodland. Larvae are whilst males have more clubbed genitalia and known from rotting ash Fraxinus excelsior and oak come in two colour forms, an orange form and a Quercus sp, with probably less of an affinity to black one. birch than the previous species. This species has been recorded from Wenlock The single Shropshire record was noted by the Edge in 1955 by K.G.V. Smith, Brown Moss by Shropshire Invertebrates Group from Bucknell Mike and Liz Howe in 1994 and Fennʹs, Whixall & Wood in 2002 (Blunt et al 2002). The Wyre Forest Bettisfield Mosses NNR by the author where it is may be a site worth targeting for this species. associated with silver birch Betula pendula (Boardman 2005c). Nigel Jones and Ian 4 Cheeseborough took the fly from a log pile at the

National Trust site near Lee Brockhurst during 3 2006. 2

2345678 Tanyptera nigricornis

Fig. 12 – Tanyptera atrata ♀ 13

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

DOLICHOPEZINAE – 4 WHITE-FOOTED GHOST

3 Dolichopeza albipes (Ström, 1768). 2 Local

1 Known as the ‘White‐footed Ghost’, this is an all black cranefly with shining white tarsal (lower 0 leg) segments. It is found along ditch edges on moorland, dingle woodland, or under the root 9 plates of fallen trees on bogs. When disturbed it 8 flies out of the darkness displaying its’ white leg segments to confuse predators. It occurs quite 7 widely around the county wherever these 2345678 habitats are represented. All Shropshire records Prionocera pubescens are from May and June. Prionocera subserricornis (Zetterstedt ,1851) RDB2 4

3 This cranefly is mostly of eastern distribution occurring on fen and other areas where black 2 peaty mud is found under shaded conditions. The classic conditions for this species are said to be 1 ditch lines under alder Alnus glutinosus where the ground is saturated and is organically rich with 0 decomposing leaf‐litter. During 2006 an

9 individual was taken by the author on Fenn’s, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR from an open 8 ditch at the edge of the reserve. These conditions were not shaded but the pH of the water in the 7 ditch was higher than the surrounding ditches as 2345678 Dolichopeza albipes was evident by the vegetation. The fly was identified as P. subserricornis by examination of the genitalia and as such was the first county TIPULINAE – SAWHORN CRANEFLIES record.

Prionocera pubescens Loew, 1844. RDB2

This rare species was recently discovered upon Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by the author and John Kramer during 2004. It is separated from P. turcica by the lack of yellow colouration on the rostrum (snout) and also by features of the male genitalia. It appears to fly a little earlier in the year than the much commoner P. turcica, though can be on the wing from mid or late April through to August.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

much rarer Ctenophora genus). They are generally 4 easy to identify and key out on readily accessible

3 features seen under a microscope or with a decent hand lens. 2

1 Nephrotoma analis (Schummel, 1833). Local

0 This is an uncommon tiger cranefly and only a 9 few records exist for this species in the county. It has been found around Ironbridge (Godfrey 2000 8 & 2001), Preston Montford (adjacent to the River Severn) and Buttonbridge near the Wyre Forest in 7 2006 by the author. Older records for Candy and 2345678 Prionocera subserricornis Maesbrook near Oswestry were made by Cyril Pugh in the 1940’s. The fly is said to favour Prionocera turcica (Fabricius, 1787). shaded streams on a sandy substrate and is on the Local wing during the summer months of June and July. This species is common on Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR, and Wem Moss NNR, 4 with other records from boggy places including

Little Heath Wood by the author, The Moors at 3 Ellesmere by David Sheppard, and older records by Cyril Pugh from Bomere, Candy, Llanforda 2 and Meole Brace. Shropshire records are from early May through to September. 1

1 2345678 Nephrotoma analis

0 Nephrotoma appendiculata (Pierre, 1919). 9 Common

8 This tiger cranefly is a common species occurring

7 in most types of grassland habitat, except the very driest. It is intolerant of shade but can also be 2345678 Prionocera turcica found in open woodland or against grassy hedge margins and green lanes. Within Shropshire it has TIPULINAE – TIGER CRANEFLIES been recorded during the period of late April to early June and is usually the first tiger cranefly The tiger craneflies exhibit yellow and black encountered each year. Records are widespread colouration in varying degrees and as such stand around the county. out from the other larger craneflies (except for the

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Nephrotoma crocata (Linnaeus, 1758). RDB3 3 This uncommon species was recorded at Fennʹs, 2 Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by Cyril Pugh

1 in 1927 and as such represents the only Shropshire record of this species. The specimen is 0 housed in the Manchester Museum diptera collection. Records elsewhere within the UK 9 suggest that a damp substrate such as sand or peat is required for oviposition (egg‐laying) and 8 this is often near pines. No further records have

7 turned up since, suggesting that the species has

2345678 always been uncommon in Shropshire. A similar Nephrotoma appendiculata picture is obvious in neighbouring Staffordshire

where the fly has not been recorded since 1951 Nephrotoma cornicina (Linnaeus, 1758). (Skingsley 1999). Local

This tiger cranefly appears to be classed as a southern species with a few exceptions. Sheltered locations on sandy soils are said to be favoured though the distribution from Shropshire suggests it to be more widespread. Records come from the edge of a variety of water bodies such as the carr at Brownheath Moss, Berrington Moss, the River Tame at Attingham Park, and the old limestone quarry at Llanymynech, all during 2006. It has also been recorded from a few gardens including that of the author at Weston Rhyn and the Shrewsbury garden of Ian Thompson.

Fig. 13 – Nephrotoma crocata ♀

2345678 7 Nephrotoma cornicina 2345678 Nephrotoma crocata

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Nephrotoma flavescens (Linnaeus, 1758). 4 Local 3 As a species typical of dry grassland in summer 2 this fly is probably overlooked as this does not typically represent good cranefly habitat. Road 1 verges, limestone grassland, sandy heath grassland and field edges should all offer 0 potential to this species. In Shropshire it has been recorded at two locations along Wenlock Edge by 9 David Gibbs (Gibbs 1992) and Will Prestwood. It 8 was recorded from a conservation field margin on farmland at Newport (Boardman in prep.), from 7

Bridgnorth by Dave Barnett and at two locations 2345678 along the River Onny corridor near to Craven Nephrotoma flavipalpis

Arms by the author and then Nigel Jones in 2006. Nephrotoma guestfalica (Westhoff, 1879). Local 4

3 Most western districts are deemed unsuitable for this cranefly, including the Triassic Sandstone of 2 the Cheshire Plain, despite the apparent preference for sandy soils. Cyril Pugh recorded 1 the cranefly from the Oswestry area during 1937

0 and the specimen resides within the Manchester Museum diptera collection. The two modern

9 records were both identified from Malaise trap samples; from a conservation field margin on 8 farmland at Newport and from farmland at Dorrington near Woore during 2006 (Boardman 7 in prep.). 2345678 Nephrotoma flavescens

4 Nephrotoma flavipalpis (Meigen, 1830). Local 3

2 This is a widespread species, but seemingly quite elusive. Numbers are apparently low over its 1 flight period of the summer months, though it can occur as late as October. Woodland, woodland 0 edge, heathland edge, and hedgerows on well‐ 9 drained soils are the places to find this tiger cranefly. The recorded distribution is widespread 8 around the county from a range of sites including the sand quarries at Morville and Cound, a 7 shaded river bank at Weston Rhyn, and the 2345678 Shrewsbury garden of Nigel Jones (a site that Nephrotoma guestfalica regularly turns up interesting finds).

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Nephrotoma lunulicornis (Schummel, 1833) 4 Nationally Scarce 3 A widespread but uncommon species seemingly 2 restricted to upland shaded river banks where the flow of water is fast. There may also be some bias 1 to calcareous conditions. The single Shropshire location was within the Oswestry Hills at such a 0 location during 2006. Specimens were found in a Malaise trap placed alongside a typically fast 9 flowing hill stream in the shelter of scrub and 8 amongst wet grassland.

4 2345678 Nephrotoma quadrifaria

3 Nephrotoma scurra (Meigen, 1818).

2 Local

1 This cranefly is strongly associated with dry sandy soils and as such is a lowland heath 0 species; however it has a tendency to appear

9 away from such habitats in Shropshire. It has been found on Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield 8 Mosses NNR on a number of occasions on peat rather than sand by Cyril Pugh in the 1930’s and 7 then by the author in 2005. It was also found on a 2345678 Nephrotoma lunulicornis number of farms with a variety of different soils including black peaty soil of the Weald Moors Nephrotoma quadrifaria (Meigen, 1804). north of Telford (Boardman in prep.). Shropshire Local records are from mid‐July to early September with a peak in August. Of all the tiger craneflies this one would appear to be the most likely to venture into gardens as it is a 4 species of edge habitats, but mostly it is a woodland species. It has been recorded 3 throughout Shropshire from woodlands, dingles 2 and farmland. Shropshire records range from late

May through to mid‐July. It is also one of the 1 easier to identify and has very well marked wings that separate it quite readily from other 0 Nephrotoma craneflies. 9

2345678 Nephrotoma scurra

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

TIPULINAE October. Locations include Catherton Common by Alan Stubbs and David Heaver in 1993, Poles Coppice by Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1998b), Nigrotipula nigra (Linnaeus, 1758). Loamhole Dingle (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Rhos Local Fiddle (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2002),

Sweeney Fen, Fenn’s, Whixall & Bettisfield This is a small dark brown cranefly that is found Mosses NNR and Alberbury by the author during on fens. Stubb’s vernacular name of the Chocolate 2005 and 2006. Tipula sums it up nicely. It is somewhat smaller and darker than other large palped craneflies and the wings and legs are also tinged chocolatey‐ brown. As such this is easily recognisable as something different. A single Shropshire record comes from Morton Pool by Dr. P. Kirby on 22/06/1993. Other fen sites within the Meres and Mosses area may be found to host this species. Fig. 14 – wing of Tipula fulvipennis

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0

9 9

8 8

7 7 2345678 Nigrotipula nigra 2345678 Tipula fulvipennis

TIPULINAE – TIPULA CRANEFLIES Tipula luna Westhoff, 1879. This subfamily is represented by several Local subgenus groups. This widespread cranefly can be found in wet Subgenus ACUTIPULA meadows, muddy ponds and lake margins, carr and other wet places. Often stands of rushes Tipula fulvipennis De Geer, 1776. Juncus sp. mark likely locations for this spring Local flying species. The highly distinctive males have a golden tuft at the end of the genitalia (visible to This is one of the largest species of Shropshire’s the naked eye or a 10x hand lens) whilst the rest craneflies and is found in moist and wet of the body is grey. Both sexes exhibit a while woodland, as well as the muddy margins of ‘lunule’ on the wing which gives the species its streams and dingles. The wing markings are name. Most Shropshire records are from May and unique and enable quick recognition in the field include Morton Pool by Alan Stubbs in 1995, The (Fig. 14). Shropshire records range from mid‐June Ercall by Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1999), and to mid‐September, though it can be found until Crosemere by Ian Cheeseborough, a rushy pool 19

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman on the Old Oswestry Racecourse by Morgan 4 Hughes in 2005 and the old river bed in

Shrewsbury, Tong Pool and Sweeney Fen by the 3 author in 2006. 2

4 1

3 0

2 9

1 8

0 7

2345678 9 Tipula maxima

8 Tipula vittata Meigen, 1804. Local 7

2345678 Tipula luna This is a large species of cranefly and the first large ‘Tipula‐type’ species to be encountered in Tipula maxima Poda, 1761. the year. It is found in shaded and open situations Local in woodland, by streams, muddy stream margins and even on wet heathland during April to mid‐ This is one of the more impressive species of May. Most Shropshire records come from dingle cranefly to be found within Shropshire. It is the woodlands sites, or at least woodland, heathland largest UK species and the wings have very or quarry sites where some sort of shaded stream distinctive markings (Fig. 15), though it can be or seepage is close. mistaken for the similar Pedicia rivosa. It can be found sparingly at seepages in woodland and dingle streams. Larvae are known from stream beds and adjacent wet soils. Adults have been recorded at moth traps by the author. Shropshire records range from May to August which seems Fig. 16 – wing of Tipula vittata. to fit the national picture and locations include

Llanymynech Rocks and Pennerley by the author 4 during 2004, Weir Coppice by Ian Thompson, Haughmond Hill by Dan Wrench and Westhope 3 by Anne Dyer, the specimen of which is housed in the Ludlow Museum invertebrate collection. 2

Fig. 15 – wing of Tipula maxima 7 2345678 Tipula vittata 20

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Subgenus BERINGOTIPULA Sheppard from Colemere, Tom Mawdsley from Poles Coppice (Judd 1998b) and David Gibbs Tipula unca Weidemann, 1817. from Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992). 2006 records Common come from Wern‐ddu by the author (Boardman in prep.) and Marrington Dingle near Chirbury Most areas where wet grassland, wet woodland (collected by Nigel Jones). or other damp habitats are found should offer suitable habitat for this common species of 4 cranefly. It has been recorded in Shropshire from early May until mid‐July in a number of locations 3 including Melverley Farm (Judd 1998a), Sweeney 2 Fen in 2003, Walcot Park by Peter Skidmore, and

Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR 1 (Boardman 2005c), as well as Treflach Quarry and Alberbury by the author in 2006. Older records 0 from Cyril Pugh show the species to be widespread around the Oswestry area during 9 June and early July. 8

7 4 2345678 Tipula flavolineata 3 Subgenus LUNATIPULA 2

1 Tipula cava Reidel, 1913. Local 0

9 An orange‐brown species, this cranefly is usually associated with well‐drained poor acidic soils,

8 however in Shropshire it has been recorded from the very much wetter mire at Fennʹs, Whixall & 7 Bettisfield Mosses NNR, wet acid grassland at 2345678 Tipula unca Cramer Gutter, wet clay flushes within parts of the Wyre Forest, carr at Brownheath Moss and in Subgenus DENDROTIPULA wet woodland at Attingham Park and Haughmond Hill, all by the author. The male can Tipula flavolineata Meigen, 1804. quite easily be identified by the white “blisters” at Local either side of the genitalia. Records range from May to the end of July.

A widespread species of woodland, this cranefly is associated with rotting wood and numbers of shed pupal skins (exuviae) can sometimes be found projecting from holes in the bark of suitable trees. Although principally an early species ( with a peak in May) there are some records for August and September by Cyril Pugh. Shropshire records are widespread. Records come from Mike and Liz

Howe at Loamhole Dingle in Ironbridge, David

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Tipula helvola Loew, 1873. Nationally Scarce 3 Once considered rare, this cranefly is now known 2 to be more widespread in the south of England from dry woodland on heaths and chalky soils. 1 The single Shropshire record comes from a farm

0 site where it was found flying along the south‐ facing edge of dry woodland and recently 9 cropped arable field (Boardman in prep).

3 2345678 Tipula cava

2 Tipula fascipennis Meigen, 1818. 1 Common

0 A fairly widespread species found along woodland edges, dingle woodland, hedgerows 9 and generally anywhere with lush vegetation. Shropshire records range from June to July and 8 come from a number of different habitat types 7 such as the upland wet grassland of Rhos Fiddle 2345678 (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2002), the dry Tipula helvola lowland heath of The Cliffe (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2003), the woodland of Wenlock Tipula lunata Linnaeus 1758. Edge (Gibbs 1992) and the agricultural landscape Local of the Newport area (Boardman in prep.) A large orange cranefly that is quite conspicuous when disturbed from vegetation. It occurs in lush, 4 lowland habitats, typically woodland edge,

3 within woodland (where it can often be disturbed from nettle‐beds), and along field‐edge ditches in 2 marginal vegetation. Shropshire records range from May to July with a definite peak throughout 1 May. Records come from a number of sites.

7 Fig. 17 - wing of Tipula lunata 2345678 Tipula fascipennis

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Tipula selene Meigen, 1830. RDB3 3 Most records for this species are from the better 2 quality woodlands of the south of England;

1 however Cyril Pugh recorded two records from woodland at Oswestry and Tick Wood (near 0 Ironbridge) in the spring of 1924. The specimen from Tick Wood was found as a larva in “moss 9 litter” by Cyril Pugh and bred out. The specimen is housed in the Manchester Museum insect 8 collections.

2345678 4 Tipula lunata

3 Tipula peliostigma Schummel, 1833

Nationally Scarce 2

Records of this cranefly are generally sparse and 1 often restricted to the south and east of England. 0 It is rather unusual in its choice of bird’s nests as a larval habitat and this is reflected in the proposed 9 vernacular name of ‘Birds‐nest Tipula’. Agricultural regions are said to be the most likely 8 area and this was the case in Shropshire where 7 the fly was found in a Malaise trap on farmland at 2345678 Dorrington near Woore in 2006 (Boardman in Tipula selene prep.)

Tipula vernalis Meigen, 1804.

4 Common

3 This is one of the common grassland craneflies that is on the wing during the spring and early 2 summer. It has been found from wet and dry

1 grassland locations on acidic and calcareous situations, plus also old limestone quarries with 0 quite sparse grassland, as well as quite shaded grassland within woodland. Most records occur 9 in May, with a few ranging into mid‐June.

7 2345678 Tipula peliostigma

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Tipula melanoceros Schummel, 1833. Local 3 This cranefly is a characteristic species of boggy 2 moorland, peat bog, and heathland mire edge. It can tolerate wet situations that dry out somewhat 1 in summer. It has been recorded from Fennʹs,

0 Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by Cyril Pugh in the 1930’s and again by Alan Stubbs in the 9 1980’s, Wem Moss NNR by the Welsh Peatland Invertebrate Survey team (Holmes et al 1995), 8 Catherton Common and the Long Mynd by Alan Stubbs and Rhos Fiddle by the author (Boardman 7 & Cheeseborough 2002). It probably occurs in 2345678 Tipula vernalis other suitable locations in upland Shropshire. Records cover the period late July to mid‐ Subgenus PLATYTIPULA September.

Tipula luteipennis Meigen, 1830. Local 4

A specialist of lowland swamp, this species is 3 found in alder carr, mire edge and boggy field 2 edges where swamp plants occur. In Shropshire it has been recorded from a number of sites within 1 the Meres and Mosses area by several observers, further south at Wenlock Edge by Alan Stubbs 0 and at Wildmoor Pool on the Long Mynd by the 9 author and Nigel Jones. It is a late summer / autumn species and most Shropshire records are 8 from October.

2345678 4 Tipula melanoceros

3 Subgenus PTERELACHISUS

2 Tipula irrorata Macquart, 1826. 1 Local

0 One of the woodland craneflies, this species is

9 often overlooked. Adults sit on tree trunks and are well camouflaged. It is even suggested that 8 larvae are easier to find (beneath the bark of large logs or fallen trunks) than adult flies. Shropshire 7 records all come from the Ironbridge Gorge area 2345678 Tipula luteipennis by Cyril Pugh in 1924 (Benthall Edge and Tick Wood) and Tom Mawdsley of Liverpool Museum

from The Ercall in 1999 (Judd 1999).

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

spread of this species in the UK. Some previously 4 identified specimens of this fly turned out to be

3 atypical specimens of the simmilar Tipula submarmorata. In Shropshire the species has been 2 recorded from two wooded sites during May.

2345678 0 Tipula irrorata

9 Tipula pabulina Meigen, 1818. Local 8

7 This cranefly is confined to woodland upon base‐ 2345678 rich soils. It is suggested that coppiced woodland Tipula pseudovariipennis is a good target habitat as males are known to flutter up coppice poles and tree trunks in search Tipula submarmorata Schummel, 1833. of females. Pugh recorded the species in Candy Common Wood in 1940 and further records come from Dave Barnett in the Wyre Forest and from Lea A cranefly of broad‐leaved woodlands in most Quarry at Wenlock Edge by Ian Cheeseborough situations found within Shropshire. Records cover (identified by the author). the period of late April through to mid‐June, with an obvious peak in May. Records are widespread

4 around the county and include Loamhole Dingle in Ironbridge and Brown Moss near Whitchurch 3 by Mike and Liz Howe, Harton Hollow, Wern‐ ddu and Steel Heath by the author. 2

1 4

0 3

9 2

8 1

7 0

2345678 Tipula pabulina 9

Tipula pseudovariipennis Czizek, 1912. 8 Nationally Scarce 7 Mostly of southern distribution on chalk or clay, 2345678 Tipula submarmorata there seems to be some doubt as to the true 25

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Tipula varipennis Meigen, 1818. Common and Cramer Gutter, near Clee Hill, Common however it is apparently equally at home on peat at Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR. A A woodland species of cranefly that is found on more unexpected location was at The Cliffe, an acid or limestone soils, found also along area of lowland heath near Ruyton‐XI‐Towns woodland edge and rides. In other parts of the with the specimen being identified by Tom United Kingdom this species exhibits completely Mawdsley (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2003). different behaviour and occurs on some very obviously tree‐free and remote environments 4 such as on Shetland. In Shropshire it has been recorded widely from sites such as The Ercall 3 (Judd 1999), Llynclys Common, Llanymynech 2 Rocks, Colemere, Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield

Mosses NNR and Whitwell Coppice, with an 1 obvious peak in May.

Fig. 18 – wing of Tipula varipennis 2345678 Tipula alpium

4 Tipula cheethami Edwards, 1924.

3 Nationally Scarce

2 This is generally an upland species that breeds in moss along streams in rocky gullies. It is said to 1 favour slightly alkaline conditions. In Shropshire

0 Cyril Pugh found the cranefly in the Candy Valley, west of Oswestry in 1926. 9

4 8

3 7

2345678 Tipula varipennis 2

Subgenus SAVTSHENKIA 1

0 Tipula alpium Bergroth 1888. Local 9

8 The species name would suggest that this is a montane cranefly however individuals have been 7 found at close to sea‐level in parts of the UK. 2345678 Generally this is an upland species with Tipula cheethami

Shropshire records coming from Catherton 26

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Tipula confusa van der Wulp, 1833. 4 Common 3 A cranefly found where moss occurs. Habitats 2 include woodland, moorland, farmland and even urban areas. Adults often sit on walls or fences 1 with their mottled wings held over their abdomen and legs spread wide ready for an immediate take 0 off. Shropshire records range from early June to mid‐November and include The Cliffe (Boardman 9 & Cheeseborough 2003), Fennʹs, Whixall & 8 Bettisfield Mosses NNR (Boardman 2005),

Gogbatch on the Long Mynd (recorded by Nigel 7

Jones), and 4 of the 9 farm sites surveyed by the 2345678 author during 2006 (Boardman in prep.). Tipula grisescens

Tipula obsoleta Meigen, 1818. 4 Common

3 This is a cranefly that usually occurs in low 2 numbers, but generally is widespread throughout lowland Britain. Typically it can be found at 1 woodland edge, along hedgerows, in rough

0 grassland and sometimes in gardens. A limited distribution in Shropshire probably represents

9 under‐recording as the species flies in October and November. 8

7 4

2345678 Tipula confusa 3

2 Tipula grisescens Zetterstedt, 1851.

RDB3 1

This cranefly of upland, acid locations is possibly 0 subject to some base‐rich influences on breeding situations. The fact that this species flies fairly 9 early in the year means it may well be under‐ 8 recorded. In Shropshire Alan Stubbs recorded it from Cramer Gutter and Catherton Common near 7

Clee Hill in 1981. 2345678 Tipula obsoleta

Tipula pagana Meigen, 1818. Common

Females of this species are flightless and exhibit only tiny wing flaps making this unique amongst 27

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman the larger of Shropshire’s craneflies (female 4 Idioptera pulchella are also flightless amongst the smaller craneflies). It is therefore more common 3 to encounter males of the species which are normally winged. A variety of habitats including 2 rough grassland, gardens, woodland rides and 1 damp glades are typical. In Shropshire records are widespread and the majority are from 0 October. Records include Poles Coppice (Judd

1998b), The Ercall (Judd 1999), Marl Allotments at 9 Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR (Boardman 2005c), Brokenstones Wood by Ian 8 Cheeseborough, Steel Heath near Whitchurch, 7 and Stanmore Country Park near Bridgnorth by 2345678 the author. In 2006 a female was observed on Tipula rufina Robert Kynaston’s front door at Wollaston Farm and John Mason photographed one in his garden Tipula signata Staeger, 1840. at Bayston Hill. Local

This cranefly is widespread in lowland habitats 4 such as damp and wet woodland but also occurs

3 in upland valleys. It is an autumnal species which to date has only two Shropshire stations; Poles 2 Coppice (Judd 1998b) and Roman Bank during 2006 (collected by Ian Cheeseborough) and 1 identified by the author.

4 9

3 8

2 7

2345678 1 Tipula pagana

0 Tipula rufina Meigen, 1818. Local 9

8 This cranefly is generally very widespread but appears in low numbers. Dingle woodland or 7 wooded ravines are perhaps the most obvious 2345678 habitats, although equally it seems to occur in Tipula signata gardens in Shropshire where it may be breeding in damp moss in gutters or on north‐facing walls. Tipula staegeri Nielsen, 1922. Records range from March to May and September Local to October and it seems that this is often the first and last species of large cranefly encountered A widespread species of wet and damp within any year. woodland, this cranefly is one of the most characteristic autumnal species. It is also one of 28

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman the simplest to identify in the male due to the pair 4 of long finger‐like ventral lobes that point downwards from the genitalia. Shropshire 3 records are reasonably widespread but few, probably due to it occurring late in the year when 2 few recorders are active. 1

7 Fig. 19 – wing of Tipula staegeri 2345678 Tipula subnodicornis

4 Subgenus SCHUMMELIA

3 Tipula variicornis Schummel, 1833. 2 Common

1 Wet woodland is the most typical location for this

0 large orange cranefly. It is widespread in the north and west of Britain and frequently 9 encountered in Shropshire during the period May to July. It has been recorded from Poles Coppice 8 (Judd 1988b), Oak Dingle (Godfrey 2000 & 2001),

7 Baveney Brook by Mike Howe (Dipterists Forum

2345678 field meeting), Wyre Forest by Dave Barnett and Tipula staegeri Mike Bloxham, and by the author from Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR, Monkhopton Tipula subnodicornis Zetterstedt [1838]. and Wern‐ddu. Local

4 This species is a characteristic cranefly of boggy moorland during the spring. It requires wet 3 ground such as cotton‐grass moorland and rushy hillside seepages. It has been recorded from The 2 Long Mynd during May by Alan Stubbs, and 1 should probably be found in other upland moor situations such as the Clee Hill area during April 0 and May. 9

2345678 Tipula variicornis

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Subgenus TIPULA suggest this seasonal bounty also benefits other invertebrates too. Tipula oleracea Linnaeus, 1758. The fly reached “plague” proportions during 2006 Common with stories hitting the national and regional news (see Introduction). Ian Thompson collected

all the individuals that entered his moth trap on In lowland Britain this cranefly is common on National Moth Night (23/09/06) and by the end of permanently damp and wet ground. Wet fields the night 89 daddy‐long‐legs had been counted. are ideal, however many potential situations have Several non specialist recorders contributed been lost due to field drainage. Like the other records of this species during 2006. common daddy‐long‐legs (Tipula paludosa) this species is known to provide a food source for many other creatures in its larval and adult stages. Shropshire records cover the period April 4 to mid‐October, however there is an obvious peak in May in lowland Shropshire. 3

9 2345678 Tipula paludosa

8 Tipula subcunctans Alexander, 1921. 7 Local 2345678 Tipula oleracea This is another in the large, grey daddy‐long‐legs mode but the most infrequently encountered of Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830. the subgenus Tipula. This cranefly is most often Common found on low‐level moorland. Seepages with

rushes are ideal. The fly is no doubt under‐ This is the ubiquitous cranefly of late summer. It recorded as it flies late in the year from mid‐ breeds in any but the driest grassland where the October to November and its flight period often larvae, well known to gardeners and farmers, are coincides with the first frosts of autumn. referred to as “leatherjackets” and deemed as horticultural and agricultural pests. Despite this Tipula paludosa is a very important (if not vital) food source for many other animals. Bats (particularly greater horseshoe bat) and birds (including starling, golden plover, lapwing, blackbird, chough, sparrow and little owl) have all been shown to avidly consume either adult or larval T. paludosa (Stubbs in prep.). Also, the number of parcelled bodies observed in spiders webs in various parts of the county by the author, 30

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

a long flight period though most Shropshire 4 records are from June and July and come from

3 woodland and sheltered moorland. The distribution map of this species shows Wenlock 2 Edge to have been a good location for it with David Gibbs finding it from 4 of his survey 1 locations (Gibbs 1992).

3 8

2 7

2345678 1 Tipula subcunctans

0 Subgenus VESTIPLEX

9 Tipula hortorum Linnaeus, 1758. 8 RDB3

A scarce species seemingly restricted to woodland 2345678 on calcareous soils. A single record was noted by Tipula scripta Adrian Fowles at the National Trust site of Attingham Park, Shrewsbury during a Dipterists Subgenus YAMATOTIPULA Forum field meeting in May 1994. Tipula couckei Tonnoir in Goetghebuer &

4 Tonnoir, 1921. Local

3 The edges of lakes, ponds and rivers represent the 2 breeding habitat of this cranefly. Shropshire records come from a variety of these marginal 1 habitats including a rushy pond margin at

0 Dorrington near Woore, a woodland edge stream near the Wyre Forest and a pond edge at 9 Eardington Quarry, all during 2006 by the author.

2345678 Tipula hortorum

Tipula scripta Meigen, 1830. Common

This is a cranefly which occurs in moderately damp to moderately dry wooded habitats, where a good understory of vegetation is present. It has 31

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Tipula marginella Theowald 1980 RDB3 3 This cranefly is said to be mostly southern in 2 distribution, though it does occur near Aviemore in Scotland. Fen and wet peat with some 1 calcareous influence is seemingly required. The

0 single Shropshire record comes from Meole Brace in 1913 recorded by Mr H Bury. Unfortunately 9 nothing is known about Mr Bury but he also recorded other species over the period 1912‐1916 8 from Meole Brace including Prionocera turcica and

7 Pilaria discicollis. Today Meole Brace has been absorbed by the ever‐expanding town of 2345678 Tipula couckei Shrewsbury, however the Rea Brook corridor still provides habitat for craneflies along the Tipula lateralis Meigen, 1804. watercourse between Meole Brace and Abbey Common Foregate in Shrewsbury. Time will tell whether T. marginella is still to be recorded there. The margins of streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and ditches, as well as seepages in open ground represent the habitat requirements of this grey 4 and black cranefly species. Acid soils and areas of 3 ground with dense vegetation are often avoided, although many Shropshire records are known 2 from these situations with records coming from Fenn’s, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR (Cyril 1 Pugh), Catherton Common (Alan Stubbs and 0 David Heaver), and Rhos Fiddle (Boardman &

Cheeseborough, 2002). Records range from late 9 April to early September with no obvious peak. 8

4 7

2345678 3 Tipula marginella

2 Tipula montium Egger, 1863. Local 1

0 Whilst the taxonomic name suggests a mountain species in actual fact this cranefly can be found at

9 lower levels along lowland river valleys where sediment at the river edge provides breeding 8 habitat. Pugh recorded the species at the River Vyrnwy at Melverley in 1929 & 1948, whilst the 7 author recorded it at Rhos Fiddle (upland 2345678 Tipula lateralis grassland) during a survey for the Shropshire Wildlife Trust (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2002)

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman and from Wern‐ddu in the Oswestry uplands Tipula pruinosa Wiedemann, 1817. during 2006 (Boardman in prep.). Local

4 Summer rainfall seems to dictate the distribution of this species within Britain. It is found more

3 frequently in the north and west and even here favours seepages to prevent its semi‐aquatic larva 2 from drought. Open and sparsely vegetated mud patches along woodland edge, and open 1 meadows are preferred habitats. Mid‐summer is

0 the peak flight period. A single record from Sweeney Fen near Oswestry in 2003 by the author 9 represents its current known Shropshire distribution. 8

7 4

2345678 Tipula montium 3

Tipula pierrei Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & 2 Tonnoir, 1921. 1 Local

0 Habitat for this species is known to include pond and lake margins, and grazing levels along river 9 valleys. Records are infrequent for Shropshire 8 with Cyril Pugh recording specimens along the

River Vyrnwy at Melverley in 1929, Oswestry in 7 1928, and at Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses 2345678 NNR in 1937. David Sheppard recorded it at Tipula pruinosa Fenemere SSSI in 1979 and two specimens were collected in a Malaise trap at Venus Pool by Nigel CYLINDROTOMIDAE: DAMSEL Jones and identified by the author in 2006. CRANEFLIES UK 4 species

4 Cylindrotoma distinctissima (Meigen, 1818). 3 Local

2 Unlike any other species of European diptera, this fly has green caterpillar‐like larvae that feed upon 1 leaves. Shropshire records are reasonably well

0 scattered from the Meres and Mosses (Sweatmere and Clarepool Moss), Ironbridge Gorge 9 (Lydebrook / Loamhole dingle complex, Benthall Edge), the Wyre Forest and a few other sites. 8

2345678 Tipula pierrei

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

April) and again in late summer (early 4 September).

0 Fig. 20 – Phalacrocera replicata larva

2345678 Cylindrotoma distinctissima

Diogma glabrata (Meigen 1818) Nationally Scarce

This cranefly is widespread but fairly uncommon Fig. 21 – Phalacrocera replicata and is found in wet woodland. The single

Shropshire record comes from the edge of the 4 Wyre Forest during 2006 by the author. 3

4 2

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1 9

0 8

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2345678 8 Phalacrocera replicata

7 PEDICIIDAE: HAIRY‐EYED CRANEFLIES 2345678 Diogma glabrata UK 20 species

Phalacrocera replicata (Linnaeus, 1758). Subfamilies Nationally Scarce PEDICIINAE ULINAE This species is a specialist of peat bogs. The aquatic larva (Fig. 20) of this cranefly feed upon PEDICIINAE – HAIRY EYED CRANEFLIES Sphagnum mosses, and resembles a branch of the food plant, enabling it to successfully hide from Hairy‐eyed craneflies (as the name suggests) have predators. It occurs on Fenn’s, Whixall & hairs on their eyes and are therefore easily Bettisfield Mosses NNR around the restored peat‐ separated from other cranefly and winter gnat cuttings where it can be found in spring (late groups. 34

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Subgenus DICRANOTA 4

3 Dicranota bimaculata (Schummel, 1829). Local 2

1 A widespread cranefly found in association with small lowland streams. Most Shropshire records 0 are from Cyril Pugh around Oswestry in the 1920’s and Andy Godrey (2000 & 2001) from the 9 dingle woodlands of Ironbridge. The author recorded further records from dingle woodland 8 sites during 2006. 7

2345678 Dicranota claripennis 4 Subgenus PARADICRANOTA 3

2 Dicranota gracilipes Wahlgren, 1905. Nationally Scarce 1 There is some difficultly with this record as 0 Stubbs (in prep.) reports the first UK specimen in

9 1959. Cyril Pugh’s field notes (presumably transcribed by Alan Brindle) in Manchester 8 Museum list the species from Oswestry in 1926, however there is no museum specimen in the 7 Manchester Museum collection to back this 2345678 Dicranota bimaculata record up. There must therefore be some doubt to whether this species can be classed as a Subgenus LUDICIA Shropshire cranefly on the current evidence.

Dicranota claripennis (Verrall, 1888). 4 Local 3 This cranefly is found beside streams that are not 2 too shaded, with the larvae reported from stream sediment. It tolerates conditions from neutral to 1 mildly acidic in nature. Shropshire records come from a mixture of lowland streams around the 0 Oswestry area from Cyril Pugh in the 1920’s, plus Cornbrook Dingle (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), and 9 from the more upland locations of Wildmoor Pool 8 on The Long Mynd and Clee Hill.

2345678 Dicranota gracilipes

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Dicranota pavida (Haliday, 1833). 4 Local 3 This hairy‐eyed cranefly is known to be widespread from lowland locations adjacent to 2 small streams in woodland. It is therefore not too 1 surprising that it was one of the almost ubiquitous species from Andy Godfrey’s survey 0 of dingle woodland habitats in Shropshire (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Other records come from 9 Spout Wood near Ellesmere, and a couple of the farm sites surveyed by the author (Boardman in 8 prep). 7

2345678 Dicranota subtilis 4 Subgenus RHAPHIDOLABIS 3

2 Dicranota exclusa (Walker, 1848). Local 1

0 Apparently a scarce species, this cranefly is sometimes found in upland situations by streams 9 where some Juncus effusus is present in late spring and summer. Cyril Pugh recorded the species 8 from around the Oswestry area during 1928 and more frequently over the Welsh border from a 7 number of sites towards Lake Vrynwy. 2345678 Dicranota pavida

4 Dicranota subtilis Loew, 1871.

Local 3

A cranefly with a widespread distribution 2 preferring small streams in woodland, this 1 species is equally at home in the uplands and lowlands. Cyril Pugh regularly noted the species 0 from the Candy Valley near Oswestry in the 1920’s and Andy Godfrey recorded it from 9 Habberley Valley, Hope Valley and Tick Wood 8 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). During 2006 it was recorded from a stream within woodland at 7 Attingham Park and from a similar situation close 2345678 to the Wyre Forest by the author. Dicranota exclusa

Subgenus AMALOPIS

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Pedicia occulta (Meigen, 1830). Callow Hill (Anon), The Ercall by Alan Stubbs in Local 1993 , Oak Dingle and the Loamhole / Lydebrook Dingle complex at Ironbridge by Mike Howe in Somewhat boggy terrain below approximately 1994 (Dipterist Forum field meeting) and Andy 300m including small streams is the habitat Godfrey (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Mike Bloxham requirement of this species of hairy‐eyed cranefly. recorded it from the Wyre Forest in 2000 and the The wing markings make identification easy (Fig. species was also found to be plentiful from 22). Shropshire records show a widespread but Malaise trap samples from Baveney Brook during somewhat local species occurring mostly in wet 2004 over the period of early June to late August. woodland or woodland with dingle streams. The author recorded the species from Bucknell Interestingly the species was not recorded by (collected by Nigel Jones), Cleeton St Mary and Andy Godfrey during his survey of the the Wyre Forest. Ironbridge dingle woodlands (Godfrey 2000 &

2001). 4

Fig. 22 – wing of Pedicia occulta. 0

2 2345678 Pedicia littoralis

1 Pedicia straminea (Meigen, 1838). 0 Local

9 Again small streams in woodland locations seem

8 to mark the habitat preference for this species of hairy‐eyed cranefly, although it has been 7 recorded from other situations outside 2345678 Shropshire. It is quite a non‐descript dark yellow Pedicia occulta insect with clear yellow wings. Records come Subgenus CRUNOBIA from Poles Coppice (Judd 1998b), Holbrook Coppice and Lydebrook Dingle (Godfrey 2000 &

2001, and Alan Stubbs pers. comm.). Pedicia littoralis (Meigen, 1804). Local

Shallow streams with a stony bottom and flourishing marginal vegetation are said to be the preferred habitat of this species. The cranefly occurs over a long flight period but peaks within the summer months. Shropshire records come from the Candy Valley by Cyril Pugh in 1940, 37

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

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2345678 2345678 Pedicia straminea Pedicia rivosa

Subgenus PEDICIA Tricyphona immaculata (Meigen, 1804). Common Pedicia rivosa (Linnaeus, 1758). Local A cranefly associated with wet places, this species is often frequent by sluggish streams, marshes, This large cranefly is sometimes mistaken for bogs and seepages. The first clue with Tipula maxima, however the wing venation (Fig. identification is the three wedge cells along the 23) is less well marked and adults are less wing edge (see Fig. 24). It has been found quite inclined to fly in P. rivosa. It is widespread and commonly in Shropshire. occurs in lush, wet places from April to September and peaks in Shropshire during June and again in August. Records are frequent from the Meres and Mosses of north Shropshire, a singleton from Sweeney Fen near Oswestry and several from damp upland grassland at Rhos

Fiddle (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2002) in Fig. 24 – wing of Tricyphona immaculata south‐west Shropshire, the Long Mynd

(Cardingmill Valley) and the Wyre Forest. 4

Fig. 23 – wing of Pedicia rivosa 0

2345678 Tricyphona immaculata

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Tricyphona schummeli Edwards, 1921. Shropshire records are widespread from a Local number of woodlands.

Whilst it is quite similar to T. immaculata, this 4 species is separated by a pair of shining grey stripes on the thorax and differences in leg 3 colouration. Also it generally flies later in the year than the previous species. Wet, boggy woodland 2 and Sphagnum mosses are associated with this fly. 1 In Shropshire it has been recorded from Fennʹs,

Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR and Oswestry 0 by Cyril Pugh in 1925. In 2006 the author found the cranefly on Bettisfield Moss, the first record 9 since 1925. This is perhaps more remarkable when one considers that the site was abandoned 8 to pine forest following a fire in the 1950’s. The 7 trees developed, covering approximately 95% of 2345678 the Moss. In 2001 English Nature (as was) and the Ula mollissima Countryside Council for Wales cleared the trees and began a restoration process in common with Ula sylvatica (Meigen, 1818). other parts of the Mosses. Common

A common cranefly of woodland over much of 4 Britain, identifications prior to 1969 must be

3 deemed suspect due to the introduction to the British list of two further species. Larvae use 2 ground fungi and adults can be found from April – November. 1

0 4

9 3

8 2

7 1

2345678 Tricyphona schummeli 0

ULINAE – HAIRY EYED CRANEFLIES 9

8 Ula mollissima Haliday, 1833.

Local 7 2345678 This species was only added to the British list in Ula sylvatica

1969 (as Ula crassicauda). It is now known to be very widespread in woodland and it is thought that bracket fungi offer breeding habitat. A long flight period is evident from May – October.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

LIMONIIDAE: SHORT‐PALPED CRANEFLIES Cheilotrichia cinerascens (Meigen, 1804). UK 200 species Common

Subfamilies A small grey / brown species easily recognised by CHIONEINAE a characteristic wing venation. It flies in early DACTYLOLABINAE spring and again in late summer, with records LIMNOPHILINAE from early April through until mid‐November. It LIMONIINAE can be found most easily by sweep netting trees and bushes, and was encountered regularly in The short‐palped craneflies are our most Shropshire by sweeping the lower branches of numerous and diverse grouping of species within churchyard yew trees, holly bushes and other this provisional atlas. They are represented by the shrubs in woodland. Fieldwork by the author spur‐less craneflies, the rock craneflies, the long‐ found it to be almost universal in all habitat types tailed craneflies and the simple‐veined craneflies. encountered in the county and frequent in Malaise trap samples from several sites. CHIONEINAE – SPUR-LESS CRANEFLIES

4 Subgenus CHEILOTRICHIA 3 (Meigen, 1818). Cheilotrichia imbuta 2 Nationally Scarce

1 A small, weakly coloured cranefly found at the edges of rivers and streams with tall vegetation. It 0 is easily overlooked in a white sweep net or butterfly net. Shropshire records come from Cyril 9 Pugh in 1948 on the River Vyrnwy at Melverley 8 and Tom Mawdsley from a Malaise Trap sample at Melverley Farm, near Whitchurch (Judd 1998a). 7

2345678 Cheilotrichia cinerascens 4

3 Crypteria limnophiloides Bergroth, 1913. Local 2 A small dull brown species found in wet 1 woodland during late summer to early autumn. Shropshire sightings are widespread from 0 Oswestry in 1928 and Fennʹs, Whixall &

9 Bettisfield Mosses NNR, both by Cyril Pugh in 1930, Attingham Park near Shrewsbury by Alan 8 Stubbs in 1975, Poles Coppice by Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1998b) and Maddox Coppice by the author 7 (collected by Nigel Jones) during 2006. Most 2345678 Cheilotrichia imbuta records are from mid to late September with the latest in mid‐October. Subgenus EMPEDA

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 4

3 3

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8 8

7 7

2345678 2345678 Crypteria limnophiloides Ellipteroides lateralis

Subgenus ELLIPTEROIDES Erioconopa diuturna (Walker, 1848). Common Ellipteroides lateralis (Macquart, 1835). Local A widespread species of wet meadows, this cranefly is found on wet, mineral soils as well as This cranefly is known to have a mostly southern peat. It has a long flight period from May until distribution with a strong association with fen, October. Shropshire records largely come from fen carr and calcareous seepages. Shropshire the dingle woodlands sites surveyed by Andy records are from the Ironbridge dingle woodlands Godfrey (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), although Harry and the Wyre Forest. The prolific Shropshire Britten recorded it from Prees Heath in October botanist George Potts, who was an active recorder 1939 and the author found the cranefly at in the county for more than 40 years (Lockton & Wildmoor Pool on the Long Mynd during Whild 2005), recorded the species from Benthall September 2005. Edge in 1928, then Andy Godfrey from Tick

Wood and Whitwell Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 4 2001). Potts record comes from Cyril Pugh’s notebooks in Manchester Museum and so it is 3 probable that the specimen was passed to Pugh 2 for determination. The fly was then encountered in the Baveney Brook Malaise trap samples from 1 late June to mid‐July collected by the Wyre Forest Study Group in 2004 and identified by the author. 0 A further specimen from the Wyre Forest area was recorded by the author in 2006. 9

2345678 Erioconopa diuturna

Fig. 25 – wing of Ellipteroides lateralis 41

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Erioconopa trivialis (Meigen, 1818). Shropshire records are from Cyril Pugh from the Common 1920’s to the 1940’s and the specimens reside in the Manchester Museum collection. One of the commonest and widespread small craneflies, this species is found in wet habitats 4 including woodlands, marshes, mires and pond margins. Shropshire records are widespread and 3 include several of the Meres and Mosses sites. It is on the wing from late April through May and 2 then again in September and October, though 1 most Shropshire records are represented by the spring generation. One notable autumn record 0 was from Press Heath by Harry Britten; a contempory of Cyril Pugh who became honorary 9 keeper of the Manchester Museum insect collection prior to Alan Brindle (Boardman 8 2005d). Britten, like Pugh, published little but 7 spent most of his time out in the field. 2345678 Erioptera divisa

Erioptera flavata (Westhoff, 1822). Common

This is a bright yellow species found at water

Fig. 26 – wing of Erioconopa trivialis margins such as ditches, canals, lakes and bog pools. It is often overlooked as it is known to keep within thick vegetation, particularly in sunny 4 weather or rainy conditions. Mid‐summer is the

3 usual flight period of the fly; however the author swept a specimen of this species from beech Fagus 2 sylvatica adjacent to the Shropshire branch of the Llangollen canal at Henlle during November 1 2005. Other Shropshire records come from Cyril Pugh near Oswestry in the 1920’s and John 0 Kramer (of the National Cranefly Recording

9 Scheme) at Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR in 1999. 8

2345678 Erioconopa trivialis

Erioptera divisa (Walker, 1848). Local

An infrequent species, this cranefly is said to prefer richer, damp soils, and as such has declined due to the agricultural drainage often manifested upon modern farmed landscapes. All 42

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 4

3 3

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7 7

2345678 2345678 Erioptera flavata Erioptera fuscipennis

Erioptera fuscipennis Meigen, 1818. Erioptera fusculenta Edwards, 1938. Common Local

Though widespread, this cranefly is a lot more A common species in most districts, this cranefly localized than the previous species. It has a strong can be abundant at wet mud. Cattle‐trampled preference for organic soils and the farmed ditch margins are said to be ideal, as are well‐ environment suggest the most likely habitat. This trampled pond edges. May to October marks the species has few Shropshire records so far, from flight period of E. fuscipennis. Shropshire records Cyril Pugh at Morda in May 1940, and the author are reasonably infrequent but this is no doubt due from Titterstone Clee and Buttonbridge close to to under recording rather than the scarcity of the Wyre Forest (Boardman in prep.). suitable habitats in the county. Cyril Pugh recorded it around Oswestry in the 1920’s, David Sheppard found it at Fenemere SSSI near 4 Baschurch in 1979, and Alan Stubbs recorded it 3 from Newcastle in the Clun Uplands and

Catherton Common in 1981. The author found it 2 by the River Tame at Attingham Park and on

Titterstone Clee in 2006. 1

7 Fig. 27– wing of Erioptera fuscipennis 2345678 Erioptera fusculenta

Erioptera griseipennis Meigen, 1838. Local

This is a lowland cranefly of clay soils and is generally found adjacent to streams or gullies through a clay substrate. It is often only 43

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman encountered in low numbers and can therefore be 4 easily overlooked. Shropshire records include

Cyril Pugh at Morda in 1940, Mike Howe at 3 Loamhole Dingle in 1994 (Dipterists Forum field meeting) and Andy Godfrey at three sites around 2 Ironbridge (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). 1

4 0

3 9

2 8

1 7 2345678 0 Erioptera lutea

9 Erioptera meijerei Edwards, 1921. RDB2 8

7 A widespread but uncommon species associated

2345678 with fen, this cranefly was recorded by Cyril Erioptera griseipennis Pugh from Oswestry in 1928.

Erioptera lutea Meigen 1804. 4 Common

3 A widespread cranefly and probably the most commonly encountered example of the genus. 2 The body colour can vary from yellow to brown however the best identification feature of this fly 1 is the dark colouration on the halteres which are 0 atypical of yellow Erioptera species. In Shropshire it has been recorded widely including Wenlock 9 Edge by David Gibbs, Poles Coppice (Judd 1998b), The Ercall (Judd 1999), Fennʹs, Whixall & 8 Bettisfield Mosses NNR by John Kramer in 2000, 7 virtually all of Andy Godfrey’s Ironbridge Gorge 2345678 dingle woodland sites (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Erioptera meijerei Loamhole Dingle by Ken and Rita Merrifield in 2002, and Ifton Wood at St. Martins by the author Erioptera nielseni de Meijere, 1921. in May 2005 and from a quite a number of sites in Nationally Scarce 2006.

An uncommon species, this yellow coloured Erioptera cranefly is a specialist of poor fen habitat. This can occur where calcareous seepages or springs occur on acid bogs or some input from edge habitats. Shropshire records comes from Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by John Kramer in July 2000 and from an acidic 44

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman seepage at Dorrington near Woore by the author Erioptera verralli Edwards, 1921. (Boardman in prep.). RDB3

4 This species was, up until recently, referred to as Erioptera nigripalpis. It is a cranefly said to require

3 streams or gullies in woodland on limestone, or at least subject to some calcareous flushing. Andy 2 Godfrey discovered it from three sites (Cuckooopen Coppice, Lydebrook Dingle and 1 Tick Wood), during his dingle woodland survey

0 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001).

9 4

8 3

7 2 2345678 Erioptera nielseni 1

Erioptera squalida Loew 1871 0 Local

9 The most remarkable fact about this insect is that the larval stage is able to pierce the underwater 8 air cells of aquatic plants like reed sweet‐grass 7 Glyceria maxima and therefore remain underwater 2345678 during their larval and pupal stages. The fly is Erioptera verralli widespread but reasonably uncommon in lowland Britain. Shropshire records come from Gnophomyia viridipennis (Gimmerthal, pond edges at Preston Montford and on Llynclys 1847). Hill (collected by Nigel Jones) during 2006 by the Nationally Scarce author. This cranefly has an interesting autecology and is

4 most frequently encountered in its larval stage, particularly at fallen poplar trees. These are 3 mostly planted black poplar hybrids but willows are also known to be used. The larvae feed upon 2 the sappy fibrous cambium before it is invaded by woodlice and decay has gone too far. There are 1 two Shropshire records; one from the Dowles

0 Brook in the Wyre Forest (uncertainty surrounds the recorder), and during 2006 Nigel Jones and 9 Ian Cheeseborough took the fly from a log pile at the National Trust site near Lee Brockhurst which 8 was identified by the author.

2345678 Erioptera squalida

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Subgenus GONOMYIA 4

3 Gonomyia abscondita Lackschewitz, 1935. Local 2

1 See Gonomyia lucidula.

0 Modern records for this species come from Wollaston Farm near Halfway House, Cleeton St. 9 Mary and Ifton Dingle (all during 2006 by the author), which fit with the new distinction of this 8 species as one from seepages and water margins

7 on neutral to acid ground.

2345678 Gnophomyia viridipennis 4

Gonempeda flava (Schummel, 1829). 3 Local 2 A small, pale and delicate yellow cranefly, this set of features is restricted to only a few species and 1 so identification is relatively straight forward. It is 0 though another species that can be difficult to spot in a white net. Habitat is restricted to moist, 9 lightly shaded places under trees, particularly near to streams in the summer months. 8 Shropshire records come from Cyril Pugh who 7 recorded the species around Oswestry in the 2345678 1920’s and 1930’s, and at the River Vyrnwy at Gonomyia abscondita Melverley in 1938. Most records however are from Andy Godfrey at the dingle woodland sites Gonomyia conoviensis Barnes, 1924. (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) with three further records Nationally Scarce from 2006 come from Maesbury, Ruyton‐XI‐ Towns and Boningale by the author. A widespread but uncommon species associated with sheltered wooded streams in upland areas,

4 as well as other habitats in coastal locations. Cyril Pugh recorded the species in Shropshire from the 3 Candy Valley to the west of Oswestry during 1930. 2

2345678 Gonempeda flava 46

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

This is considered a rare cranefly since a recent re‐ 4 working of its taxonomic status within the

3 Gonomyia group shifted most previous records to Gonomyia abscondita. Habitat is said to be 2 calcareous seepages in woodland. Shropshire records noted as G. lucidula come from Snailbeach 1 by F.W. Edwards in 1921 and 1928, Wenlock Edge

0 (Gibbs 1992), and Whitwell Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). The geology of the Snailbeach is

9 complex with calcareous and acid conditions around the area, however Edwards also recorded 8 G. recta, and Molophilus bifidus on the same visits, which are both definitely known to be indicators 7 of calcareous conditions. On balance it is therefore 2345678 Gonomyia conoviensis likely that all instances of G. lucidula in Shropshire are probably correct. Gonomyia dentata de Meijere, 1920.

Local 4

A common species of the uplands where it is 3 associated with moorland streams. In the lowlands it can be found on wet heath and low 2 moorland from May to August. Shropshire 1 records come from Snailbeach by F.W. Edwards in 1921 and 1928, Cyril Pugh from Morda in 1928 0 and Alberbury in 1929, and Alan Stubbs from The Stiperstones in 1987. 9

3 2345678 Gonomyia lucidula

2 Gonomyia recta Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & 1 Tonnoir, 1920.

0 Common

9 The presence of this species is said to indicate calcareous conditions and it occurs from fen carr 8 and calcareous seepages in woodland. Mid‐

7 summer is the peak time and records come from the Oswestry area by Cyril Pugh in the 1920’s and 2345678 Gonomyia dentata 1930’s, the aforementioned Edwards records from Snailbeach, Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), several Gonomyia lucidula de Meijere, 1920. dingle woodland sites by Andy Godfrey (Godfrey Unkown 2000 & 2001) and a shaded woodland stream on (see also Gonomyia abscondita) the edge of the Wyre Forest by the author in 2006.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Gonomyia abbreviata Loew, 1873. RDB3 3 An uncommon species of calcareous woodland 2 seepages and fen carr, this highly distinctive but small cranefly was recorded by Cyril Pugh during 1 1928 at Oswestry and by the author in fen carr

0 woodland on the Weald Moors north of Telford during 2006 (Boardman in prep.). 9

4 8

3 7

2345678 Gonomyia recta 2

1 Gonomyia simplex Tonnoir in Goetghebuer &

Tonnoir, 1920. 0 Local 9 A cranefly associated with hillside seepages in late spring through to summer this species has a 8 widespread distribution in Shropshire. It has been 7 recorded from Oswestry and the Candy Valley 2345678 during the 1920’s by Cyril Pugh, Wenlock Edge Gonomyia abbreviata (Gibbs 1992) and by Will Prestwood in 1993. Also Andy Godfrey noted the species from Tick Wood Hoplolabis areolata (Siebke, 1872). in 2000 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) and the author Local recorded it from seepages at the Wern‐ddu old quarry in the Oswestry Hills during 2006. Sandy banks at the edge of lowland rivers and streams offer habitat for this cranefly. Sweeping

4 vegetation at the waters edge during late spring and early summer is recommended as the best 3 way of finding the fly. Shropshire records are few, despite the major river systems flowing through 2 the county, and suggest under‐recording. Cyril

1 Pugh found the cranefly at the River Vyrnwy at Melverley in late May 1929 and 1930. Several of 0 the specimens are housed in the Manchester Museum insect collection. This remains one of the 9 species to target recording at in future years.

2345678 Gonomyia simplex

Subgenus LIPOPHLEPS

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

This species is very similar to I. maculata and is 4 often found flying together at the same locations.

3 Therefore it is equally as distinctive, with well marked wings (Fig. 28). Andy Godfrey recorded it 2 even more frequently than the previous species around Shropshire’s dingle woodlands (Godfrey 1 2000 & 2001), with other records from Tom

0 Mawdsley at The Ercall (Judd 1999), Mike Howe from Chorley Covert in 1994 and the author from

9 Shawbury and Buttonbridge near the Wyre Forest in 2006. 8

2345678 Hoplolabis areolata

Ilisia maculata (Meigen, 1804). Common Fig. 28– wing of Ilisia occoecata

A small distinctive species of cranefly found in moist woodlands in low numbers. Shropshire 4 records suggest a widespread distribution. Andy Godfrey recorded it from six of his dingle 3 woodland survey sites (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). 2 Other records include Alberbury, Steel Heath,

Llanymynech Rocks, Dolgoch Quarry, Harton 1 Hollow and along the Jack Mytton Way at Chorley, all by the author. 0

2 2345678 Ilisia occoecata 1 Molophilus appendiculatus (Staeger, 1840). 0 Common

9 In common with all species of Molophilus this 8 cranefly is very small and has wing veins mostly obscured by hairs (Fig 29). These small flies can 7 take a little while to identify as a cranefly at all 2345678 Ilisia maculata until familiar with the group. Identification of the group as a whole is not too difficult with decent Ilisia occoecata Edwards, 1936. magnification but is more or less restricted to Common males of the species. M. appendiculatus is found in most types of wet woodland with streams in the lowlands between

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

May and September, though most Shropshire Molophilus cinereifrons de Meijere, 1920. records are from May or June. Common

4 One of the commonest yellow Molophilus craneflies in the lowlands, that can be found in

3 wet places with clay soils as well as more general wet woodland. David Gibbs recorded this species 2 from four locations along Wenlock edge (Gibbs 1992) and Andy Godfrey recorded it from nine of 1 the dingle woodland locations around the

0 Ironbridge Gorge (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Ken and Rita Merrifield encountered it at Trefonen near 9 Oswestry during 2001 and it was identified from Malaise trap specimens from 4 of the 9 farms 8 surveyed during 2006 by the author (Boardman in prep). 7

2345678 Molophilus appendiculatus 4

Molophilus bifidus Goetghebeur, 1920. 3 Local 2 This species of cranefly is found where wet soils 1 are close by shaded calcareous streams and is a characteristic indicator of limestone soils. 0 Shropshire records come from F.W. Edwards in 1921 and 1928 from Snailbeach, four dingle 9 woodlands sites during Andy Godfrey’s survey 8 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Underhill Quarry at

Llanymynech and Cleeton St Mary during 2006 7 by the author. 2345678 Molophilus cinereifrons

4 Molophilus corniger de Meijere, 1920.

3 Nationally Scarce

2 An uncommon cranefly seemingly restricted to limestone seepages and similar calcareous 1 influenced habitats. The only Shropshire records are from Holbrook Coppice, Tick Wood, and 0 Whitwell Coppice by Andy Godfrey (Godfrey

9 2000 & 2001).

2345678 Molophilus bifidus

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

acid situations such as acid carr. All Shropshire 4 records are generally from more neutral habitats.

4 2

3 1

2 0

1 9

0 8

9 7

2345678 8 Molophilus corniger

7 Tonnoir in Goetghebuer Molophilus curvatus 2345678 & Tonnoir, 1920. Molophilus flavus Local Molophilus griseus (Meigen, 1804). This species is generally found along the shaded Common banks of large streams and rivers in early summer. Shropshire records are entirely based Perhaps the commonest of the Molophilus upon specimens collected by Andy Godfrey from craneflies, this species is found in wet conditions dingle woodlands (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). in many habitats. Shropshire records are widespread and include Crosemere by David

4 Sheppard in 1979, Brown Moss by Mike Howe in 1994 and again by the author in 2005, Fennʹs, 3 Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by John Kramer in 1999, The Ercall (Judd 1999), and a 2 number of other sites by the author in 2005 and

1 2006.

0 4

9 3

8 2

7 1 2345678 Molophilus curvatus 0

Molophilus flavus Goetghebeur, 1920. 9 Common 8 Despite this being one of the most widespread and common Molophilus craneflies, Shropshire 7 2345678 records are few which suggests under recording. Molophilus griseus It is found in association with seepages and wet

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Molophilus lackschewitzianus Alexander, 4 1953. RDB3 3

This very small cranefly appears to be associated 2 with moist conditions on calcareous clays. The 1 two Shropshire records are from streams

(presumably with some calcareous clay 0 influence), one in a part of the Wyre Forest and another from Tick Wood. It has a short flight 9 period from Mid‐May to June. 8

4 7

2345678 3 Molophilus medius

2 Molophilus obscurus (Meigen, 1818). Local 1 Mineral and peaty soils are the usual haunt of this 0 small cranefly. Records from Shropshire come

9 from Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR (various dates and recorders), Catherton

8 Common by Alan Stubbs in 1981, Chorley Covert by Mike Howe in 1994, Tick Wood (Godfrey 2000 7 & 2001) and by the author from the Roxel works 2345678 in the Wyre Forest during 2005 and a number of Molophilus lackschewitzianus sites during 2006 including Titterstone Clee, Treen Pits and the River Severn at Shrawardine. Molophilus medius de Meijere, 1918. Local

This is a common cranefly and is listed by Godfrey (2003) as one of the species associated with coarse woody debris in water courses. Fig. 29 – wing of Molophilus obscurus Shropshire records come from Cyril Pugh during the 1920’s around Oswestry, Sweat Mere by 4 David Sheppard in 1979, Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by John Kramer in 1999, 3 three Ironbridge Gorge sites by Andy Godfrey 2 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) and from a field at the side of the River Severn at Shrawardine by the author 1 in 2006.

2345678 Molophilus obscurus 52

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Molophilus occultus de Meijere, 1918. 4 Local 3 All Shropshire records are from the Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR and Wem 2 Moss NNR complex in north Shropshire. Wem 1 Moss NNR records are all from pitfall trapping samples carried out by the Welsh Peatland 0 Invertebrate Survey team survey of the site (Holmes et al 1995). Records for Whixall Moss 9 were from Cyril Pugh in the 1920’s and 1930’s, and John Kramer from 1998. 8

4 2345678 Molophilus ochraceus

3 Molophilus pleuralis (Edwards, 1921). 2 Local

1 For most situations this species of cranefly is

0 found on coastal grazing levels or at least from locations with some salinity. However a few 9 populations have been recorded away from saline conditions, though these are said to be the 8 exception to the rule. The single Shropshire record refers to that of Cyril Pugh from Morda, 7 near Oswestry, in July 1929. 2345678 Molophilus occultus

4 Molophilus ochraceus (Meigen, 1818). Common 3

This is a particularly widespread and common 2 species that is associated with wet habitats, as 1 long as they are not strongly acid or calcareous.

Shropshire records come from Wenlock Edge by 0 Will Prestwood in 1993, several of the dingle woodland sites surveyed by Andy Godfrey 9 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), and the author recorded the cranefly from wet ground in Lloyds Coppice 8 at Ironbridge in 2005, Dorrington near Woore, 7 Wollaston near Halfway House, the Weald Moors 2345678 north of Telford (Boardman in prep.) and at Molophilus pleuralis Preston Montford Field Centre, in 2006. Molophilus serpentiger Edwards, 1938. Common

This is a reasonably common species found in wet woodland and carr. Shropshire records come

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman from Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), The Ercall Molophilus variispinus Stary, 1971. (Judd 1999), several of Andy Godfrey’s search Nationally Scarce sites in dingle woodlands (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), whilst all 2006 records came from habitats This species is known to be scarce but widespread adjacent to watercourses with some flow. in valley woods in the uplands. Shropshire records would suggest that some lowland dingle

4 woods are suitable for the species, but only those that are base‐rich or are influenced by calcareous

3 seepages. Andy Godfrey recorded the two Shropshire stations, at Chermes Dingle and 2 Cuckooopen Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 2001).

2345678 0 Molophilus serpentiger

9 Molophilus undulatus Tonnoir in Goetghebuer & Tonnoir, 1920. 8 Local 7

2345678 A reasonably widespread species found from Molophilus variispinus shaded streams, wet woodland and by the banks of shaded rivers. This Molophilus species has few Neolimnophila carteri (Goetghebuer & Shropshire records with The Ercall (Judd 1999), Tonnoir, 1920). Hope Valley and Loamhole Dingle (Godfrey 2000 Nationally Scarce & 2001) accounting for its known current Shropshire distribution. A northern species with a somewhat limited national distribution is suggested for this

4 cranefly. Wet woodland near streams is perhaps the best ecological lead and Shropshire records 3 bear this out in part. F.W. Edwards recorded the fly from Snailbeach in July 1928 and more 2 recently two examples turned up in the Baveney

1 Brook Malaise trap samples in 2004 identified by the author. 0

2345678 Molophilus undulatus

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Ormosia depilata Edwards, 1938 Local 3 This small cranefly is widespread but highly 2 localised within wet woodland and carr. It is mentioned as being recorded from Shropshire in 1 Edwards 1938, however no other details of the

0 record location or the recorder are known. It might have been presumed to have been recorded 9 by Cyril Pugh; however the record is not listed within his field notebooks which were inspected 8 at Manchester Museum during 2005 and so no distribution map can be displayed for this species. 7

2345678 Neolimnophila carteri Ormosia hederae (Curtis, 1835) Common Ormosia albitibia Edwards, 1921. Local A common cranefly of wet woodland and carr, this is a species that probably has two generations A reasonably uncommon cranefly but in our region. Records from late April and May nevertheless fairly widespread from lowland include those from Oswestry by Cyril Pugh, woodlands around the county, this species is one Preston Montford by Ken and Rita Merrifield and of late summer and early autumn. Shropshire Brown Moss by Mike Howe, whilst records from records are from Church Stretton and Oswestry, July to early October include Llawnt, again by both by F.W. Edwards in the 1920’s, and by the Cyril Pugh, the Marl Allotments at Fennʹs, author from a late summer Malaise trap sample Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR, Baveney from the Roxel site within the Wyre Forest. Brook Malaise trap samples and Berwick Wharf near Attingham Park collected by the author.

Fig. 30 – wing of Ormosia albitibia 2

0 2345678 Ormosia hederae

9 Ormosia lineata (Meigen, 1804). 8 Local

7 A small grey species found during early spring 2345678 Ormosia albitibia that can easily be overlooked. Searches carried 55

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman out by the author in a number of habitats Ormosia pseudosimilis (Lundström, 1912). including fen (Sweeney Fen), carr (Marl Local Allotments), scrub on limestone (Llanymynech Rocks), damp woodland (Abbey Wood), and A small yellow species with very narrow wings, drier woodland (Bucknell Wood) in early April which makes this species of Ormosia different to readily produced this species and suggest it is most of the other genus, it is found on moorland very widespread at this time of year until early and wet heath in association with heather. Most May. of the Shropshire records come from the Welsh Peatland Invertebrate Survey team who surveyed

4 Wem Moss NNR. The cranefly was encountered throughout July and into early August of that 3 year. Earlier records around the Oswestry area were made by Cyril Pugh in the 1920’s. Pugh’s 2 specimens are in the Manchester Museum insect

1 collection.

0 4

9 3

8 2

7 1 2345678 Ormosia lineata 0

Ormosia nodulosa (Macquart, 1826) 9 Common 8 This is a cranefly that thrives in damp and wet 7 woods. It is apparently prone to drought 2345678 conditions that cause woods to dry out too much. Ormosia pseudosimilis Shropshire records are plentiful from many woodland locations between May and late July. Subgenus RHABDOMASTIX

4 Rhabdomastix edwardsi Tjeder, 1967. Local

3 A drab weak looking species that is found at 2 water margins where there are small stones and some fine sediment, this species was for some 1 time assumed to be uncommon in Britain. It is

0 now known to be much more widespread but easily overlooked. Shropshire records are few and

9 are represented by Andy Godfrey’s observations at Bannister’s Coppice and Whitwell Coppice 8 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). It should be noted that the Rhabdomastix genus of craneflies has very recently 7 been revised and a new key to the genus has only 2345678 Ormosia nodulosa just been circulated. 56

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0

9 9

8 8

7 7

2345678 2345678 Rhabdomastix edwardsi Rhypholophus bifurcatus

Rhypholophus bifurcatus Goetghebeur, 1920 Rhypholophus haemorrhoidalis Local (Zetterstedt, [1838]). Local This small brown species is found in lowland The largest and the palest of the genus, this calcareous woodlands during late summer and cranefly apparently is only ever encountered in early autumn, especially near seepages and small small numbers in moist to wet woodland sites streams. Shropshire records are reasonably few with some calcareous influence. Shropshire but widespread and are from Candy Wood near records are few but widespread and were found Oswestry by Cyril Pugh in 1927, Alan Stubbs by Cyril Pugh at Morda and Oswestry, both in from Ironbridge, Preston Montford and Bush September 1929, Alan Stubbs at Ironbridge, and Wood, from Poles Coppice by Tom Mawdsley by the author from two sites in mid‐September (Judd 1998b), Baveney Brook (Malaise samples), 2006. the old limestone quarries at Alberbury, Harton

Hollow and Roman Bank, and a small copse at Bicton near Preston Montford. 4

0 Fig. 31 – wing of Rhypholophus bifurcatus

2345678 Rhypholophus haemorrhoidalis

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Rhypholophus varius (Meigen, 1818). 4 Local 3 This is the darkest member of the genus and 2 different to the other two species as it prefers more acid substrates such as carr and seepages. 1 The majority of records come from Cyril Pugh in the 1920’s from Llawnt and around the Oswestry 0 area. Alan Stubbs recorded the fly from Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR in 1981. The 9 2006 records come from heathy birch woodland at 8 Goldstone Common near Market Drayton, from a seepage within Maddox Coppice and from the 7 bog at Wem Moss NNR. Records range from late 2345678 August to early October. Recently some older Scleroprocta pentagonalis records made by Alan Stubbs have come to light from the Catherton Common area of south Subgenus PSILOCONOPA Shropshire. Symplecta stictica (Meigen, 1818). Local 4

3 This is a cranefly of wet places that is found on moorland and in wet woodland. Both S. stictica 2 and S. hybrida are easily identified as different by the sinuous curves of the anal vein (see S. hybrida 1 Fig. 32). Shropshire locations are from wet,

0 inundated habitats including some of the damper parts of the Ironbridge Gorge woodlands

9 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), the wet moorland at Rhos Fiddle (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2002), and a 8 number of wet habitats by the author during 2005 and 2006. 7

2345678 Rhypholophus varius 4

Scleroprocta pentagonalis (Loew, 1873). 3 RDB3 2

A small dark cranefly found in low numbers 1 besides small woodland streams, this species has only been found once in Shropshire by Andy 0 Godfrey at Loamhole Dingle at Ironbridge (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). 9

2345678 Symplecta stictica

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Subgenus SYMPLECTA only 3mm or so and then the next thing to consider is that the wings are completely Symplecta hybrida (Meigen, 1804). obscured by hairs. Local This species is found in moist woodland during the spring / late spring where sweeping with a

butterfly net near ferns is the best bet. Mike Howe This species is characteristic of wet meadows. found the fly at Chorley Covert and Loamhole Shropshire stations were the River Vyrnwy at Dingle in May 1994 during a Dipterists Forum Melverley by Cyril Pugh in 1929, a wet meadow field meeting, Andy Godfrey recorded it at Tick adjacent to Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses Wood (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) and the author NNR by John Kramer in 1999, a meadow adjacent identified it from the Baveney Brook Malaise Trap to the River Severn at Shrawardine and from wet samples. Other localities were Underhill Quarry ground at the side of a pond at Eardington at Llanymynech, Preston Montford Field Centre, Quarry near Highley. The Whixall Moss record is Wern‐ddu in the Oswestry Hills, and the Wyre known to have been found at the marshy edge of Forest, all in 2006. a field where rushes Juncus sp. grew along with yellow flag Iris pseudacorus suggesting perfect conditions for the fly. 4

Fig. 32 – wing of Symplecta hybrida 9

3 2345678 Tasiocera fuscescens 2 (Meigen, 1818) 1 Tasiocera murina Common

0 Another tiny cranefly, this species can be found 9 amongst bluebell Hyacinthoides non‐scripta and other woodland vegetation during the bluebell 8 flowering season in moist woodlands. It is the

7 most commonly encountered of the genus and

2345678 has been recorded widely in Shropshire from Symplecta hybrida dingle woodlands, woodlands on clay substrates and other wooded places around the county by Tasiocera fuscescens (Lackschewitz, 1940) several different recorders. Common

Tasiocera craneflies are on first glance not like craneflies at all. The first obvious thing of note is their remarkably small size, with a wing length of 59

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

has been recorded from Crosemere and Fennʹs, 4 Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR within the

3 Meres and Mosses area, from upland wet grassland at Rhos Fiddle (Boardman & 2 Cheeseborough 2002), and from Venus Pool Shropshire Ornithological Society reserve near 1 Shrewsbury (collected by Nigel Jones).

3 8

2 7

2345678 1 Tasiocera murina

0 Tasiocera robusta (Bangerter, 1947) Nationally Scarce 9

8 This species is very similar to T. murina and apparently is widespread within the west and 7

Wales. Again wet or moist woodland seems to 2345678 offer habitat and all Shropshire records were Trimicra pilipes recorded from Andy Godfrey’s dingle woodland survey work (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) at sites DACTYLOLABINAE – ROCK CRANEFLIES around the Ironbridge Gorge. Dactylolabis sexmaculata (Macquart, 1826). Nationally Scarce 4

3 A species associated with carboniferous limestone outcrops. Cyril Pugh recorded this species from 2 Alberbury and in modern times a specimen was taken a few metres over on the Welsh side of 1 Llanymynech Rocks nature reserve (VC 47), by

0 Ian Cheeseborough and identified by the author.

2345678 Tasiocera robusta Fig. 33 – wing of Dactylolabis sexmaculata

Trimicra pilipes (Fabricius, 1787) Local

A truly world‐wide species, this cranefly occurs on every continent except Antarctica. It is a cranefly of wet water margins and in Shropshire 60

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

LIMNOPHILINAE – 4 LONG-TAILED CRANEFLIES

3 Austrolimnophila ochracea (Meigen, 1804) 2 Common

1 A smallish cranefly that could be deemed non‐

0 descript, however the combination of a character within the wing venation (Fig. 34), and the rather 9 longish brown abdomen with a black ring at the end, ease identification from similar looking 8 species. It has been recorded from a number of

7 different types of woodland habitat, as well as scrub and is very widespread in Shropshire. 2345678 Dactylolabis sexmaculata

Dactylolabis transversa (Meigen, 1804). Nationally Scarce

Whilst D. sexmaculata has a strong association with carboniferous limestone it is generally unusual to find this cranefly in that habitat. This This right‐angled vein species seems to prefer a range of other influences is unique in British and as a result can be found across a wider range, species though rather surprisingly it does occur at Fig. 34 – wing vein of A. ochracea seepages on one former limestone quarry and other Shropshire records come from the Silurian limestone of the Wenlock Edge woodlands (Gibbs 4 1992 and Mike Howe in 1994). Other sites include a number of the Ironbridge Gorge woodlands 3 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), and a specimen was identified by the author from the Baveney Brook 2 Malaise trap samples collected by the Wyre Forest 1 Study Group in 2004.

1 2345678 Austrolimnophila ochracea

2345678 Dactylolabis transversa 61

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Eloeophila maculata (Meigen, 1804) 4 Common 3 This is a smallish cranefly with well marked 2 wings and is probably the most frequently encountered of the genus. It is found in shaded 1 woodland and dingle woodlands and has been recorded from Poles Coppice and The Ercall by 0 Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1998 & Judd 1999), the Ironbridge Gorge woodlands (Godfrey 2000 & 9 2001) the Baveney Brook Malaise trap samples 8 from 2004 and from a tufa seepage at Much

Wenlock (collected by Dave Pryce). Alan Stubbs 7 recorded it with E. mundata on the Shropshire side 2345678 of the River Teme at Beguildy in 1975. The two Eloeophila mundata species can apparent be found flying together at the same sites. Eloeophila submarmorata (Verrall, 1887) Local

4 Another member of the genus with well marked

3 wings (Fig. 35) this species is mostly associated with seepages. It is found in shaded woodland 2 and dingle woodlands and has been recorded from Poles Coppice and The Ercall by Tom 1 Mawdsley (Judd 1998 & Judd 1999), the

0 Ironbridge Gorge woodlands (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) and by the author from the Baveney Brook

9 Malaise trap samples during 2004 and another site in the Wyre Forest in 2006. 8

2345678 Eloeophila maculata

Eloeophila mundata (Loew, 1871) Nationally Scarce

This cranefly is encountered in similar habitats to the previous one and the subsequent species, Fig. 35 – wing of Eloeophila submarmorata although it is unclear what separates the autecological differences from other members of the genus. Andy Godfrey recorded the most recent Shropshire record from Hope Valley in 2000 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), whilst Alan Stubbs recorded the fly at its first county location on the Shropshire side of the River Teme near Beguildy in 1975.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

sediments. Shropshire records come from Morda 4 by Cyril Pugh during 1940 and from the Baveney

3 Brook Malaise trap samples during 2004, where there is a clay substrate. 2

Fig. 36 – wing of Eloeophila verralli 8

7 4 2345678 Eloeophila submarmorata 3

Eloeophila trimaculata (Zetterstedt [1838]) 2 Nationally Scarce 1 This cranefly has many fewer wing markings that 0 the previous three members of the genus and can therefore easily be assumed to belong to a 9 different genus altogether. It is found on acid peaty areas on moorland. Shropshire records 8 come from Cardingmill Valley by Rita and Ken Merrifield in 1994 and from Chermes Dingle by 7 2345678 Andy Godfrey (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Eloeophila verralli

4 Epiphragma ocellare (Linnaeus, 1761) Common 3

A very attractive species found in established 2 woodlands. Records are widespread around the

1 county and include Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), several of the Ironbridge Gorge woodland sites 0 from a number of recorders, Poles Coppice by Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1998), and the Roxel site in 9 the Wyre Forest by the author.

2345678 Eloeophila trimaculata

Eloeophila verralli (Bergroth, 1912) Nationally Scarce

Fig. 37 – wing of Epiphragma ocellare. This cranefly is widespread but seemingly confined to small wooded streams on sandy

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Holbrook Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Jigger’s 4 Bank Meadow and Wern‐ddu by the author.

3 Shropshire records cover the period May to early July with most records from May. 2

4 1

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2345678 Epiphragma ocellare 9

8 Euphylidorea aperta (Verrall, 1887) Local 7 2345678 This is the only medium sized yellow cranefly Euphylidorea dispar without a discal wing cell and so it is fairly easy to arrive at an identification using the key Euphylidorea lineola (Meigen, 1804) circulated by the National Cranefly Recording Common Scheme. It is found in woodlands with tiny Quite similar to the previous species in streams and at seepages on largely acid soils. A appearance and habitat preference, E. lineola is single Shropshire locality of Short Wood is known more orange coloured with even the wings tinted from Andy Godfrey (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). orange. Records are more widespread and

include a number of habitats including the 4 upland acid grassland of Rhos Fiddle (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2002), the old limestone quarry 3 at Dolgoch by Ken and Rita Merrifield, and on the

2 clay at Baveney Brook. Records range from May until late August. 1

4 0

3 9

2 8

1 7

2345678 Euphylidorea aperta 0

Euphylidorea dispar (Meigen, 1818) 9 Local 8

This medium‐sized orange and brown cranefly is 7 found on clay soils such as those at Baveney 2345678 Brook in the Wyre Forest. Other locations include Euphylidorea lineola 64

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Euphylidorea meigenii (Verrall, 1886) 4 Local 3 This cranefly is associated with boggy habitats 2 and the bulk of records come from the Mosses of

North Shropshire, the earliest being 1925 by Cyril 1 Pugh, up to the present time. Pugh also recorded it from the Oswestry Uplands and the author 0 recorded it from Sphagnum moss at Mount Wood near Selattyn. In the south of the county it has 9 been recorded from boggy flushes on Catherton 8 Common and Clee Hill.

2345678 4 Euphylidorea phaeostigma

3 Hexatoma fuscipennis (Curtis, 1836). 2 Local

1 A cranefly of river systems, this species can be found crawling around on bank side vegetation 0 and generally flies little. It is a dark species with

9 dark legs. Cyril Pugh recorded it from the River Vyrnwy at Melverley during 1929.

4 7

2345678 Euphylidorea meigenii 3

2 Euphylidorea phaeostigma (Schummel, 1829) Local 1

0 This species is very similar to the previous one and differences can only really be discerned using 9 a microscope. It is apparently a northern and western species occurring on boggy ground with 8 cotton sedges but within less acidic habitat than 7 might be expected for E. meigenii. A single 2345678 Shropshire record from Fennʹs, Whixall & Hexatoma fuscipennis Bettisfield Mosses NNR is known from the author. The species is known from neighbouring Idioptera linnei Oosterbroek, 1992. Montgomeryshire (Mike Howe pers. comm). RDB1

A rare species of peat bog and acidic lake margin that is restricted to the north and west of Britain (with Shropshire at the southern limit of distribution). Found on Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR in late April to May, and 65

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman then again in late August to September. It was & Bettisfield Mosses NNR in good numbers, and first noted from the site by Harry Britten in 1938 Wem Moss NNR, with an old record from (specimen in Liverpool Museum), then Cedric Fenemere SSSI. During 2006 the species was Colyer in 1954 (specimen in Natural History rediscovered at The Moors by Ellesmere Lake. Museum). It had then been assumed to have been a casualty of the large scale commercial peat cutting that nearly destroyed the Mosses during the 1980’s but was rediscovered by John Kramer in 1999. The first ever larval records of the species were found by the author in 2004 from the site, and were successfully bred out from Sphagnum cuspidatum bogmoss to confirm identification (Boardman 2004). The cranefly appears to be colonising restored peat cuttings around the bog Fig. 38 – wings of male Idioptera pulchella (top) and and can be found fairly easily at suitable habitat Idioptera linnei (bottom) (Edwards, 1938) on the site. At more northerly sites in Cumbria and Scotland the species is univoltine (flies over a The species is able to readily colonise relatively single generation) whilst in Shropshire, Cheshire temporary features on bogs such as tractor wheel and Yorkshire it is bivoltine (two generations) ruts that infil with water and shallow depressions (Boardman 2005d). (Boardman 2005d).

4 4

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2345678 2345678 Idioptera linnei Idioptera pulchella

Idioptera pulchella (Meigen, 1830). Limnophila schranki (Oosterbroek, 1992) Nationally Scarce Local

Similar to I. linnei in appearance, but a little A quite noticeable fly of shallow streams with fine smaller and the wings of the male are less marked sediment, this species can have quite a variable (Fig. 38), the main difference between the two degree of wing markings. It can often be found species is that the female has reduced wings and perched on stream side vegetation akin to a therefore cannot fly. Despite this the national demoiselle damselfly or chaser dragonfly. range of the cranefly, compared to I. linnei, is Records are fairly widespread around the county more widespread. It is found on peat bogs, acidic from stream sides and ditch sides over the period lake margins, moorland, fens and wet heathland. of late April to early June, though it can emerge In Shropshire it can be found on Fennʹs, Whixall much earlier in March. 66

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Fig. 39 – wing of Limnophila schranki 0

9 4

8 3

7 2 2345678 Neolimnomyia adjuncta 1

0 Neolimnomyia brunneus (working name in Stubbs in prep.) 9 Local

8 This previously unrecognised species (‘Species A‘ in Stubbs test key) is said to be typically found 7 at the transition between acid to calcareous wet 2345678 Limnophila schranki soils, especially in scrub or at woodland edge. At this stage a single record is noted from Alberbury during 2006. Subgenus BRACHYLIMNOPHILA

4 The Neolimnomyia nemoralis aggregate group of craneflies has only recently been taxonomically 3 resolved and so difficulties occur in the interpretation of many older records unless 2 specimens are available to examine. 1

Neolimnomyia adjuncta (Walker, 1848) 0 Common 9 As the only member of the genus with wing 8 markings, this species is perhaps the easiest of the group to resolve. Wet mineral and peaty soils 7 provide breeding opportunities, with wet 2345678 meadows perhaps offering the best chance of Neolimnomyia brunneus finding it. All Shropshire observations are from May and June, with a gap until September and Neolimnomyia nemoralis (Meigen, 1818) October. Records are very widespread and come Common from a variety of sites including farmland, wet meadows, seepage edges, woodland, and wet This cranefly is perhaps the most widespread of pond edge. the genus within the lowlands with a preference 67

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman for mildly calcareous soils within wet wooded 4 habitats. Shropshire records show it to be commonly encountered within the Ironbridge 3 Gorge woodlands (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), and those along Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), with 2 scattered other records. Note: only modern 1 records have been used in the distribution map for this species due to the taxonomic difficulties of 0 the past.

4 8

3 7

2345678 2 Neolimnomyia separata

1 Subgenus NEOLIMNOPHILA

0 Neolimnomyia batava (Edwards, 1938). 9 Local

8 A smallish pale brown species that is found

7 where there are wet soils with a calcareous bias. This species has only been recorded from a few 2345678 Neolimnomyia nemoralis locations in Shropshire including four of Andy Godfrey’s dingle woodland sites (Godfrey 2000 & Neolimnomyia separata Walker, 1848 2001), two sites around the Wyre Forest and wet Local woodland at Preston Montford. Rather surprisingly it has come from the Long Mynd and This is mostly a species of upland northern and Hopesay Hill by Keith Alexander, both more acid western locations and is found most typically on in nature. peaty moorland, though lower peaty soils and boggy ground also offer habitat. The single 4 Shropshire record comes from a boggy seepage adjacent to a stream at Cleeton St Mary, on the 3 downslope of Titterstone Clee Hill by the author during 2006. With more searches mid to late 2 summer this species should be shown to be frequently encountered in the Shropshire Hills 1

2345678 Neolimnomyia batava

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Neolimnomyia filata (Walker, 1856) 4 Common 3 Peaty seepage carr and wet woodland offer habitat for this slender black‐bodied cranefly. 2 Shropshire records are few and come from the 1 Oswestry area by Cyril Pugh, Walcot Park by

Peter Skidmore in 1997 and Loamhole Dingle by 0 Andy Godfrey (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). 9

4 8

3 7

2345678 2 Paradelphomyia dalei

1 Paradelphomyia ecalcarata (Edwards, 1938).

0 RDB2

9 A small brown cranefly that is thought to be associated with calcareous habitats, this species 8 has been recorded from Shropshire on three occasions. Firstly Cyril Pugh took the fly from 7 Llanforda in 1939, and then Andy Godfrey 2345678 Neolimnomyia filata recorded it from Chermes Dingle and Whitwell Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 2001).

The Paradelphomyia group of craneflies are a 3 difficult group to identify with certainty and

Stubbs (in prep.) recommends checking genitalia 2 to confirm identification. Taxonomically the group is not completely resolved. Detailed 1 drawings of the genitalia of this group can be 0 found in a recent publication that focusses upon the Limoniidae and Pediciidae of the Swiss 9 cranefly fauna (Podenas et al 2006).

8 Paradelphomyia dalei (Edwards 1939) 7 Local 2345678 Paradelphomyia ecalcarata This small cranefly is mainly a southern species and is characteristic of calcareous wet woodland and seepages. It flies during July and August. Shropshire records come from Spout wood near Ellesmere and at the edge of the Wyre Forest. At both sites the fly was taken at shallow streams through woodland.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Paradelphomyia fuscula (Loew, 1873). 4 Nationally Scarce 3 A small cranefly with a widespread distribution, acid seepages in woodland are said to be the 2 habitat. 1 Shropshire records suggest a slightly wider tolerance of influences with Cyril Pugh recording 0 the species from habitats around Oswestry, some of which are likely to have been of calcareous 9 influence. Andy Godfrey recorded it from Whitwell Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) (from 8 the same site as the previous species which a 7 known limestone specialist (Stubbs in prep.), and 2345678 the author recorded it from the calcareous clays of Paradelphomyia nielseni the Baveney Brook. Dates range from August to mid‐October. Paradelphomyia senilis (Haliday, 1833). Common

4 There is some doubt regarding the identification 3 of this species due to a recent re‐evaluation of the taxonomy of this group, with the possibility that 2 further species may occur in the UK. However it is still likely that P. senilis is the most frequently 1 encountered and most flexible with its habitat

0 requirements. Shropshire records are widespread but are all from dingle or wet woodland sites by a 9 number of recorders and range from May to early October. 8

7 4 2345678 Paradelphomyia fuscula 3

Paradelphomyia nielseni (Kuntze, 1919). 2 Nationally Scarce 1

Another small cranefly, this species is confined to 0 acid seepages in wet woodland. The only

Shropshire station is Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield 9 Mosses NNR where it was recorded by Cyril Pugh in 1930. 8

2345678 Paradelphomyia senilis

Subgenus PARAPHYLIDOREA

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Phylidorea fulvonervosa (Schummel, 1829). 4 Common 3 A widespread cranefly over much of Britain, this species would be expected at boggy sites, wet 2 woodland, acid carr and seepages. Shropshire 1 records are widespread and include marsh at

Rhos Fiddle (Boardman & Cheeseborough 2002), 0 Holbrook Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), the Wyre Forest, Brook Vessons the Long Mynd, 9 Brownheath Moss, Clee Hill and Alberbury (all 2006). 8

4 2345678 Phylidorea ferruginea

3 (Bergroth, 1913). 2 Phylidorea heterogyna RDB1

1 This rare cranefly was first discovered from 0 Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR (1st British record) by Cyril Pugh in 1936 (specimens 9 in Manchester Museum and Natural History Museum). Subsequently it has only been recorded 8 on a further three occasions nationally, including

7 Wybunbury Moss NNR in Cheshire by the author

2345678 (Boardman 2005b). It is a species of late summer Phylidorea fulvonervosa through to early autumn and very easy to

overlook due to its tiny size. It has not been Subgenus PHYLIDOREA recorded since at Whixall Moss although some targeted recording has taken place. More searches Phylidorea ferruginea (Meigen, 1818). are planned. Common

4 Lush vegetation on wet ground offers habitat for this rusty orange coloured cranefly. It is generally 3 very common and has a widespread distribution in Shropshire occurring in a mix of wet habitats 2 including lake and pond edge, fen, mire, upland 1 moorland and wet Juncus grassland.

2345678 Phylidorea heterogyna

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Phylidorea squalens (Zetterstedt, [1838]). 4 Local 3 A small cranefly found on Sphagnum bogmoss, schwingmoor, boggy ditches on peat bogs, and 2 wet boggy moorland. The species has frequently 1 been encountered upon Fennʹs, Whixall &

Bettisfield Mosses NNR and Wem Moss NNR. In 0 2006 Caroline Uff of the National Trust reported a record of the fly from the Long Mynd. 9

2345678 Pilaria decolor

Pilaria discicollis (Meigen, 1818). Common Fig. 40 – wing of Phylidorea squalens

In lowland situations this orange / brown 4 coloured cranefly with clear wings is common

3 from marsh and swamp carr in summer. Shropshire records are pretty widespread around

2 the county from habitats close to watercourses.

1 4

0 3

9 2

8 1

7 0 2345678 Phylidorea squalens 9 Pilaria decolor (Zetterstedt, 1851). 8 Local

7 A widespread cranefly associated with lakeside 2345678 Pilaria discicollis and seepage carr. This species is said to be easily overlooked as its flight period is very short in late Pilaria fuscipennis (Meigen, 1818). July to mid‐August. The single Shropshire station Nationally Scarce of Holbrook Coppice was noted by Andy Godfrey

(Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Records are widespread within southern

England, but decidedly local for this species of seepages in carr and wet woodland. Shropshire records come from Hopesay Hill by Keith Alexander in 1996, Holbrook Coppice (Godfrey

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

2000 & 2001) and from the Baveney Brook Malaise A drab, darkish looking cranefly, this species is trap samples from 2004 identified by the author. found on nutrient rich trampled peat and trampled peaty pond margins during high summer. Cyril Pugh recorded it from its only 4 Shropshire station at Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield

3 Mosses NNR during 1930. Specimens are housed in the Manchester Museum insect collection. 2

4 1

3 0

2 9

1 8

0 7

2345678 Pilaria fuscipennis 9

8 Pilaria meridiana (Staeger, 1840)

Nationally Scarce 7

2345678 This is a northern and western species of cranefly Pilaria scutellata associated with bare saturated peat that is nutrient rich, such as might occur within alder Pseudolimnophila lucorum (Meigen, 1818) carr or other wet woodland. The only Shropshire Common records come from Cyril Pugh who recorded the species from Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses A medium sized predominantly grey cranefly of NNR in 1937 and again in 1940. Specimens reside wet places, this species can be identified by wing in the Manchester Museum insect collection. venation and head characters. Shropshire records come largely from the Meres and Mosses, the Ironbridge Gorge woodlands and the Clee Hill 4 area from June and early August.

2345678 8 Pilaria meridiana

Pilaria scutellata (Staeger, 1840) 2345678 Nationally Scarce Pseudolimnophila lucorum 73

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Pseudolimnophila sepium (Verrall, 1886) 4 Local 3 This species occurs in many of the places where P. lucurom is found, however this cranefly is 2 apparently more suited to calcareous conditions. 1 It is smaller and brown in colour. Shropshire records are again widespread and come mostly 0 from wet woodland. June to mid August seems to account for the flight period in the county. 9

3 2345678 Achyrolimonia decemmaculata 2 Antocha vitripennis (Meigen, 1830). 1 Local

0 A small cranefly that is associated with rivers or 9 wide streams, this species is easily identified by a combination of its milky wings and the extended 8 anal wing lobe (Fig. 41). Shropshire records come

7 from the Hawkbatch Valley by Alan Stubbs whilst the author took the cranefly at 2345678 Pseudolimnophila sepium uncharacteristic habitat on willow carr at the Marl Allotments (on the edge of Fennʹs, Whixall & LIMONIINAE – Bettisfield Mosses NNR) during 2005. This site is SIMPLE-VEINED CRANEFLIES however adjacent to the Shropshire branch of the Llangollen Canal. 2006 records came from the Achyrolimonia decemmaculata (Loew, River Tern at Attingham Park, the River Roden at 1873). Shawbury, Eardington Quarry (adjacent to the Local River Severn) and Nills Hill Quarry. The last site is not close to an obvious water course. The taxonomic name refers to the 5 dark spots that sit over vein junctions on each wing, although it should be noted that there are more wing markings. This is a woodland species associated with fungi growing on logs. As such is has been found in woodland sites around the county, including the Ironbridge Gorge woodlands (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Ifton Dingle near St. Martins by the author and from wooded Fig. 41 – wing of Antocha vitriipennis parts of Brown Moss by Mike Howe. Numbers however are never high and its Shropshire distribution is widespread but quite local.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

groups they have a history of some taxonomic 4 difficulty. The three main identification features

3 of the group depend upon detailed examination of the genitalia under the microscope, wing 2 markings and shape of antennal segments. A couple of species can however be identified by 1 site in the field with a little experience.

0 Dicranomyia affinis (Schummel, 1829). 9 Local

8 This cranefly is restricted to acid conditions and

7 can be found in upland and lowland situations on

2345678 sandy heathland, heathy rides in woodland, Antocha vitriipennis moorland gullies etc. A single Shropshire record

was noted by Cyril Pugh who found the cranefly Atypophthalmus inustus (Meigen, 1818). on Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR in Nationally Scarce July 1933.

This is an easily overlooked species found in 4 damp woodland during mid‐summer. It is only normally found in ones or twos. Shropshire 3 records come from Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), several from the dingle woodland sites surveyed 2 by Andy Godfrey (Godfrey 2000 & 2001) and 1 from Wollaston Farm near Halfway House

(Boardman in prep). 0

9 4

8 3

7 2 2345678 Dicranomyia affinis 1

0 Dicranomyia autumnalis (Staeger, 1840). Common 9 A yellow / orange coloured cranefly with a thick 8 black central line down the middle of the thorax (when viewed from above), this species is found 7 in a number of woodland and wet heathland 2345678 Atypophthalmus inustus locations around Shropshire.

Subgenus DICRANOMYIA

“Rag bag” and “hotchpotch” are two of the terms used by Alan Stubbs in his introduction to the Dicranomyia group of craneflies. Like a few other 75

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Dicranomyia didyma (Meigen, 1804). Local 3 Wooded, mossy streams seem to represent the 2 habitat of this cranefly within the north and west of Britain. Shropshire records are from dingle 1 woodland sites at Ironbridge by Mike Howe in

0 1994, and from Ironbridge and Cornbrook Dingle near Clee Hill (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Alan Stubbs 9 recorded the species from Cardingmill Valley at the Long Mynd. 8

7 4

2345678 Dicranomyia autumnalis 3

Dicranomyia chorea (Meigen, 1818). 2 Common 1

A ubiquitous species found in most of lowland 0 Britain in gardens, woodland, footpaths and grassland. The name chorea comes from the way 9 in which males of the species are often seen to dance (as in choreography) in swarms during the 8 last of the daylight hours. It can also be seen 7 “dancing” whilst sat on a surface, such as a leaf or 2345678 tree trunk etc. It can be found from April through Dicranomyia didyma to November with distinct peaks in spring and autumn. Dicranomyia lucida de Meijere, 1918. Nationally Scarce

4 Areas of wet woodland, particularly those with 3 hemlock water‐dropwort Oenanthe crocata, with enriched mud offer habitat to this cranefly. It is an 2 attractive species with an orange and black body pattern and well marked wings (Fig. 42). Cyril 1 Pugh recorded it regularly at Morda near

0 Oswestry several times within the 1930’s, suggesting it was locally common at that location, 9 whilst Andy Godfrey recorded it once from Tick Wood (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). 8

2345678 Dicranomyia chorea

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

2345678 Dicranomyia lutea

Dicranomyia mitis (Meigen, 1830). Fig. 42 – Dicranomyia lucida Common

4 Mainly a woodland cranefly, D. mitis can also be found along woodland edge or hedgerows and 3 amongst well established scrub. Shropshire

2 records are very widespread and come from Alberbury and Oswestry by Cyril Pugh in the 1 1920’s and 1930’s, Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), Baveney Brook by Mike Howe in 1994, The Ercall 0 by Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1999), several dingle

9 woodland sites (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Ruyton‐ XI‐Towns churchyard (Boardman &

8 Cheeseborough 2004) and the Roxel works in the Wyre Forest. 7 2345678 Dicranomyia lucida 4

3 Dicranomyia lutea (Meigen, 1818).

Common 2

A fly of well‐drained, shaded, mainly calcareous 1 soils, this insect is bright yellow (hence the species name). It is often found with D. mitis, 0 however D. lutea is far more widespread within 9 Britain. Shropshire records are widespread.

2345678 Dicranomyia mitis

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Dicranomyia modesta (Meigen, 1818). 4 Common 3 This is one of the most widespread of the 2 Dicranomyia craneflies, occurring virtually anywhere that wet soils are present. Shropshire 1 records are commonplace from the Meres and Mosses area, Wenlock Edge, and several other 0 locations around the county. 9

4 8

3 7

2345678 2 Dicranomyia omissinervis

1 Dicranomyia ornata (Meigen, 1818). Nationally Scarce 0

9 This striking cranefly is associated with butterbur Petasites hybridus and as such is found on moist 8 ground in river corridors. Adults are known from butterbur beds where they can be found amongst 7 leaves for a short period around May to mid‐June. 2345678 Dicranomyia modesta Larvae have been found from the outermost petioles of the plant which have collapsed onto Dicranomyia omissinervis de Meijere, 1918. moist ground (Stubbs 1980). Shropshire records RDB2 are at a premium with the only record coming from Ken and Rita Merrifield who found the fly at An uncommon species associated with exposed Whitwell Coppice in late May 1994. So far riverine sediment, this cranefly is easily identified searches for this species amongst butterbur by the combination of thoracic stripes and the around the Oswestry Hills area have been lack of a discal wing cell. The only Shropshire unsuccessful. record is from Holbrook Coppice, where Andy

Godfrey took the fly during his survey of dingle 4 woodlands for Lipsothrix craneflies (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). 3

2345678 Dicranomyia ornata

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Dicranomyia ventralis (Schummel, 1829). further record from Wenlock Edge was also Nationally Scarce made.

A scarce species, this cranefly is associated with 4 water margins of floodplain lakes, and other situations where the summer water levels expose 3 a vegetated shore of mud or peat. Cyril Pugh recorded the only Shropshire records from Fennʹs, 2 Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR in August and 1 September of 1936. Pugh’s specimens can be found in the Manchester Museum collection. 0

9 4

8 3

7 2 2345678 Dicranomyia sericata 1 Subgenus MELANOLIMONIA 0

9 Dicranomyia morio (Fabricius, 1787). Local 8

The use of an x20 hand lens or a microscope 7 reveals a stunning glossy black insect with a 2345678 Dicranomyia ventralis shining silvery pubescence upon the side of the thorax. This fly is usually very elusive but it is Subgenus GLOCHINA widespread around Britain from habitats such as shaded hedgerows, woodland rides, marshy Dicranomyia sericata (Meigen, 1830). meadows and even grassy field margins. Two Local broods are suggested in April‐May and then August–September although all Shropshire A cranefly of calcareous soils that appears to have records are from the spring. It was recorded from a southern bias within Britain, this species is best 6 of the 9 farm sites surveyed by the author found by sweep‐netting shrubs at suitable sites during 2006 (Boardman in prep.). during May to early June. As Dicranomyia craneflies go this is species is one of the least recognisable of the genus. The three shining brown stripes on top of the thorax with the rest of the body greyish and clear wings identify it as something different. Records from Shropshire are few. Cyril Pugh recorded the cranefly from Oswestry and Llanymynech Rocks in the 1920’s, Mike Howe from Blakeway Coppice on Wenlock edge in 1994 and the author re‐discovered the fly at Llanymynech Rocks in 2005. In 2006 the author found it to be more widespread in the Oswestry Hills with 3 further sites, all on limestone soils. A 79

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Dicranomyia aquosa Verrall, 1886. Nationally Scarce 3 An uncommon cranefly of shaded wet rock faces 2 that are kept permanently damp, such as the

1 splash zones at the sides of waterfalls, or seepages. The single Shropshire record comes 0 from Andy Godfrey at Loamhole Dingle (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). 9

8 4

7 3

2345678 Dicranomyia morio 2

Subgenus NUMANTIA 1

0 Dicranomyia fusca (Meigen, 1804).

Local 9

This cranefly is widespread in woodland where 8 the ground is wet. Andy Godfrey recorded this 7 species from virtually every survey location 2345678 during the Shropshire dingle woodlands project Dicranomyia aquosa (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Other records come from Peter Skidmore at Walcot Park in 1997, whilst the Helius flavus (Walker, 1856). author recorded it from three dingle woodland Local sites during 2006. Helius craneflies all have an elongated, but blunt‐

4 ended rostrum (snout) (Fig. 46) unlike any other species group likely to occur in Shropshire. H. 3 flavus is classed as widespread but quite local. It is most associated with seepage carr, and carr 2 around pools and lakes, though sometimes it can

1 be recorded from more open conditions. Andy Godfrey recorded this species from Loamhole

0 Dingle (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Nigel Jones found the species at Berrington Moss and the author 9 recorded it from Brownheath Moss.

2345678 Dicranomyia fusca

Subgenus SIVALIMNOBIA

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Helius pallirostris Edwards, 1921. Local 3 Mostly a coastal species, inland records of this 2 cranefly come from the margins of ponds or lakes, with mineral or peat soils. The single Shropshire 1 record was at Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield

0 Mosses NNR by John Kramer in 1999

9 4

8 3

7 2 2345678 Helius flavus 1 Helius longirostris (Meigen, 1818). 0 Common

9 The commonest species of “pond snout” this cranefly is found at ditch, pond or lake margins 8 over much of the lowlands. It is also found in carr or on marshy ground. Shropshire records are 7 2345678 widespread from the Meres and Mosses area. Helius pallirostris

Limonia dilutior (Edwards, 1921). Local

An uncommon species or possibly more overlooked amongst more well marked species, this cranefly occurs on heathland and moorland during May and June. Cyril Pugh recorded the Fig. 43 – Helius longirostris “snout”. species around the Oswestry area in 1933 and these remain the only Shropshire records. Pugh’s

4 specimens are housed in the Manchester Museum insect collection.

2345678 Helius longirostris 81

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

areas of wet woodland, woodland dingles or 4 other wet places. Shropshire records come from

3 several of the Meres and Mosses sites, and many (if not all) of Andy Godfrey’s survey sites 2 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001).

2345678 0 Limonia dilutior

9 Limonia flavipes (Fabricius, 1787). 8 Common

7 This cranefly occurs in springtime in woodlands 2345678 around Shropshire. It is a well‐marked species Limonia macrostigma with a very noticeable wing patterning. A closer inspection of the thorax reveals a fingerprint‐like Limonia maculipennis (Meigen, 1818). marking. Records range from early May to early Local July; however most records are from within the period of mid‐May to mid‐June. An early spring cranefly of hedgerows, the distribution of this species is mostly associated

4 with south‐eastern England. The Shropshire records both come from Cyril Pugh from the 3 Oswestry area during the 1920’s and are at odds with the rest of the UK distribution of the fly. 2 Identification is easy due to the front femora having a banded appearance with the top section 1 orange, then a darkened brown section around

0 the middle of the femora with another orange section below and finally a black section nearest 9 the joint with the tibia.

2345678 Limonia flavipes

Limonia macrostigma (Schummel, 1829). Common

Fig. 44 – front femora of Limonia maculipennis This Limonia cranefly lacks wing markings, making it different from other species of the same One of Pugh’s specimens resides in the genus. It is a common species that can be found in Manchester Museum collection. 82

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Limonia nigropunctata (Schummel, 1829). Local 3 This smart‐looking cranefly occurs in association 2 with limestone influenced habitats at woodland edge or by seepages and small streams, though 1 other less base‐rich habitats are suggested.

0 Shropshire records include the Oswestry hills area from old quarries, Wenlock Edge by Cyril 9 Pugh in 1949 and David Gibbs (Gibbs 1992), The Ercall by Tom Mawdsley (Judd 1999), and 8 Haughmond Hill (collected by Dan Wrench).

2345678 4 Limonia maculipennis

3 Limonia masoni (Edwards, 1921). RDB3 2

1 The taxonomy of this cranefly is not fully established and there appear to be different 0 colour forms which can cause confusion between this and L. nigropunctata. The main national 9 distribution is in areas of carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire and calcareous clays of the south‐ 8 east. Shropshire records came to light during 7 Andy Godfrey’s dingle woodland surveys when 2345678 specimens were discovered at Habberley Valley Limonia nigropunctata and Holbrook Coppice (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Given that calcareous clays and carboniferous Limonia nubeculosa Meigen, 1804. limestones occur elsewhere in Shropshire further Common searches may be rewarding. A very common cranefly with speckled wings

4 found in damp woodland and other wet and shady habitats. It is the only cranefly with three 3 dark ring markings upon the femora (top leg segment) (see Fig. 2) and therefore easily 2 identified in the field. Shropshire records come from many habitats however dark, mossy places 1 are a good place to look. It can be found by

0 sheltered, damp quarry faces, mine entrances, underneath river bridges and in allsorts of other 9 dank places. Records cover the period from early April to mid‐November. 8

2345678 Limonia masoni

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

record comes from Wollaston where it was 4 identified in a Malaise trap sample (Boardman in

3 prep.)

2 4

1 3

0 2

9 1

8 0

7 9 2345678 Limonia nubeculosa 8

Limonia phragmitidis (Shrank, 1981). 7 Common 2345678 Limonia stigma

A commonly encountered species of woodland, this cranefly can be found in a range of sites from Limonia trivittata (Schummel, 1829) peat carr to well drained woods. It is the Local commonest yellow coloured species in woodland and it is characteristic of spring in Shropshire Wet, shady places close to flowing water are the woods. The fly is on the wing from late April most likely locations to find this cranefly. It is a until early July. yellow coloured species with three stripes on the top of the thorax and a grey head. It was another of the species that was almost ubiquitous when 4 Andy Godfrey carried out his survey of dingle woodlands in Shropshire for Lipsothrix craneflies 3 (Godfrey 2000 & 2001). Other records came from

2 Cyril Pugh at Morda in the 1920’s and David Gibbs at Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992) whilst the 1 author recorded the species widely during 2006.

2345678 1 Limonia phragmitidis

0 Limonia stigma (Meigen 1818) 9 Local

8 A widespread but often elusive species this cranefly is said to occur on dry soils by 7 hedgerows and woodland. A single Shropshire 2345678 Limonia trivittata 84

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Lipsothrix errans Edwards, 1938. 4 Nationally Scarce 3 An uncommon species of woodland dingle streams. It breeds in coarse woody debris in 2 streams and seepages. All Shropshire records 1 come from the dingle woodlands examined by

Andy Godfrey (Godfrey 2000, 2001 & 2003). 0 Further specimens were recorded by David Heaver, Mike Howe and Liz Howe from 9 Loamhole Dingle at Ironbridge during 2000 and the author from Ledwyche Brook during 2006. 8

4 2345678 Lipsothrix nervosa

3 Lipsothrix nobilis Loew, 1873. 2 RDB1

1 The rarest of the dingle woodland craneflies (and

0 known as L. nigristigma until very recently), this species was the focus for Andy Godfrey’s 9 autecological studies in Shropshire and the Welsh borders. Larvae were found to use wet woody 8 debris in dingle streams at Ironbridge and

7 elsewhere in Shropshire (Godfrey 2000, 2001 & 2003). Other records came from Mike and Liz 2345678 Lipsothrix errans Howe in 1994, Alan Stubbs and Martin Drake in 1995 and the author from Ledwyche Brook in Lipsothrix nervosa Edwards, 1938. 2006. Local

4 Another species of dingle woodland, this cranefly is a little more widespread than the previous one. 3 Larvae use a range of soaked timber around streams and seepages. Shropshire records largely 2 come from Andy Godfrey (2000 & 2001), however 1 Ken and Rita Merrifield also encountered the species at Trefonen near Oswestty during May 0 2001 and the author identified it from the

Baveney Brook Malaise trap samples from 2004, 9 and from Badger Dingle during 2006. 8

2345678 Lipsothrix nobilis

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Lipsothrix remota (Walker, 1848). 4 Common 3 The only species of the Lipsothrix genus that is reasonably widespread and common, this pale 2 yellow coloured cranefly can be found by 1 woodland streams and seepages where saturated dead wood occurs. Shropshire records show a 0 widespread distribution in dingle and wet woodlands. 9

3 2345678 Metalimnobia bifasciata 2 Metalimnobia quadrinotata (Meigen, 1818). 1 Local

0 Another distinctive cranefly of woodland, this 9 species is said to be a little more frequently encountered than the previous one. Both breed 8 upon fungi. Shropshire records come from

7 Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), Catherton Common by Alan Stubbs and David Heaver in 1993, and 2345678 Lipsothrix remota Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR by E.G. Hancock, but it is probably more widespread. Metalimnobia bifasciata (Shrank, 1781). Hancock’s specimen is in the Liverpool Museum Local insect collection.

Quite a distinctive cranefly with broad wings 4 (Fig. 45) and an orange‐yellow body, this species is a woodland specialist. Sweep netting over 3 bracken in late summer is advocated as the best method of searching for this insect. Shropshire 2 records are few with only a couple of records by 1 Cyril Pugh from Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield

Mosses NNR during 1928. Specimens are housed 0 in the Manchester Museum collection.

2345678 Metalimnobia quadrinotata

Fig. 45 – wing of Metalimnobia bifasciata

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Neolimonia dumetorum (Meigen, 1804). Rhipidia maculata Meigen, 1818. Common Common

This is a very distinctive species of cranefly. It has A small cranefly with “peppered” wing markings an orange coloured thorax and an obvious dark commonly found in damp places. It is easily side stripe along the pleura (side of thorax). The identifiable by the combination of the wing cranefly (Fig. 46) is common in woodland markings and the highly serrate antennae. It is locations in both wet and dry situations. Larvae very common in Shropshire and one of the first are known from decaying wood. In Shropshire species of small cranefly that one gets to know, records are widespread from such locations as along with Cheilotrichia cinerascens and Wenlock Edge (Gibbs 1992), The Ercall (Judd Dicranomyia chorea. It was recorded from 8 of the 9 1999), and several of the dingle woodlands farms sites during 2006 by the author (Boardman investigated by Andy Godfrey (2000 & 2001). in prep.)

2345678 Rhipidia maculata

Fig. 46 – Neolimonia dumetorum Thaumastoptera calceata Mik, 1866. Nationally Scarce

4 An uncommon cranefly with a pale yellow body

3 and black tips to the femora (upper leg section), this species is small and very fragile in

2 appearance and another that is easy to overlook in a white butterfly net. It is associated with mud 1 around limestone seepages. There are only a small number of Shropshire records, Lydebrook 0 Dingle (Godfrey 2000 & 2001), Baveney Brook in

9 the Wyre Forest where three individuals were identified by the author from Malaise Trap 8 samples, and from Alberbury, where one individual was taken at a moth trap by the author 7 and Ian Cheeseborough during 2006. 2345678 Neolimonia dumetorum

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0

9 9

8 8

7 7

2345678 2345678 Thaumastoptera calceata Diazosma hirtipenne

Subgenus SALTRICHOCERA TRICHOCERIDAE: WINTER GNATS UK 10 species Trichocera annulata Meigen, 1818. Common

Winter gnats differ from true craneflies in that A frequently encountered winter gnat found in a they have ocelli (simple eyes) on top of the head, number of habitats including woodland and whereas ocelli are absent from craneflies. Ocelli gardens from autumn until spring. Adults have a are light‐sensitive organs but cannot determine yellow and black banded abdomen which makes the direction from where the light comes. Other it easy to identify in the field, though a hand lens than the ocelli, winter gnats are very similar to is sometimes needed to check this due to the smaller craneflies but a good quick separating small size of the fly. factor is to check the first anal vein, as it dips quickly into the wing edge (see Fig. 47)

4 Diazosma hirtipenne (Siebke, 1863). 3 Nationally Scarce

2 Nature is full of contradictions (or rather our interpretation of it is!) as despite the name 1 ‘Winter Gnat’ this is a mid‐summer‐flying 0 species! It is uncommon but widely scattered and appears to have a preference for woodland. No 9 information is currently known about its life history. The only known record from Shropshire 8 is from Whitwell Coppice south of Ironbridge where Andy Godfrey found the insect whilst 7 2345678 carrying out a project on Lipsothrix craneflies in Trichocera annulata dingle woodlands (Godfrey 2000 & 2001).

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Trichocera parva Meigen, 1804. 4 Local 3 This is a small species and as such stands out 2 against the commoner but larger T. regelationis and T. hiemalis. It is found in woodland and by 1 mature hedgerows in autumn. It is reasonably widespread throughout Britain. Shropshire 0 records are few but well scattered, suggesting it is under‐recorded and habitats represented are 9 woodland and woodland edge. This habitat is 8 seemingly represented by churchyard yew trees in which one specimen was found by the author 7 in 2006. 2345678 Trichocera regelationis

4 Trichocera saltator (Harris, [1776]).

3 Common

2 Another of the very common winter gnats, this species is potentially ubiquitous from gardens, 1 farmland and woodland around the county and can be found from autumn to spring. More 0 recording effort should show a much more

9 frequent distribution.

8 4

7 3 2345678 Trichocera parva 2

Trichocera regelationis (Linnaeus, 1758). 1 Common 0 This is probably the commonest of the winter 9 gnats. Males can be seen swarming in sheltered spots along footpaths, in woodland clearings and 8 gardens. A brownish wing spot (which can sometimes be faint) on vein r‐m is generally the 7 first indication that one has come across this 2345678 Trichocera saltator species. Shropshire records are widespread and cover the period from the end of October to mid‐ Subgenus TRICHOCERA April.

Trichocera hiemalis (De Geer, 1776). Common

This is a very common winter gnat occuring throughout Shropshire. Records cover the period 89

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman from the end of October to the middle of April. 4 Woodland, heathland, grassland and gardens offer habitat for this ubiquitous winter gnat. One 3 of the more unusual habitats was an old mine at Huglith where individuals were encountered in 2 the darkness of a mine tunnel. 1

4 0

3 9

2 8

1 7 2345678 0 Trichocera major

8 PTYCOPTERIDAE: FOLD‐WING CRANEFLIES 7 UK 7 species 2345678 Trichocera hiemalis Adult fold‐wing craneflies are easily recognised Trichocera major Edwards, 1921. through a combination of shape, colour and wing Local markings. They resemble true craneflies; however the evolutionary relationship between the two The largest of the genus this species of winter groups is apparently not close. Most species are gnat is uncommon and observations are nearly good indicators of habitat quality. Larvae of fold‐ always based upon single records. It is assumed winged craneflies are also easily recognised as that deciduous woodland is the preferred habitat, they have a long, retractable breathing tube which but also hedgerows in farmed environments are extends from the hind end of the abdomen suggested. In Shropshire a single record is noted (Stubbs 1993). from Wem Moss during 1988.

Ptychoptera albimana (Fabricius, 1787) Common

Females of this species are easily to identify in the field as they have silvery‐white tarsi (lower leg parts) which are generally easy to see with the naked eye. This is the most widespread of the fold‐wing craneflies. It occurs along woodland rides, at woodland edge, wet fields and seepages. Muddy puddles and mud at seepages provide breeding habitat. Indeed it is likely to occur in all but the most acid or bleak upland sites. The species is common in Shropshire and can be found from mid‐April to June, then again from August to September.

Fig. 47 - Trichocera major 90

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Ptychoptera lacustris Meigen, 1830. Local 3 This species is mostly associated with lightly 2 shaded woodland streams and sometimes marshy

1 seepages. In woodland though, it is likely to be found away from the more densely shaded areas. 0 Shropshire records range from May to early October and come from a variety of sites around 9 the county.

2345678 3 Ptychoptera albimana

2 Ptychoptera contaminata (Linnaeus, 1758) Common 1

0 Another widespread species, this fold‐wing cranefly can be found around the margins of 9 water bodies where tall emergent vegetation is present, slow‐flowing rivers and streams, canal 8 banks etc. Again it is widespread in Shropshire. 7 Mid‐May marks the emergence of this species 2345678 with records noted until mid or late September Ptychoptera lacustris with no obvious peak emergence. Ptychoptera longicauda (Tonnoir, 1919). Nationally Scarce 4

3 The most uncommon of the fold‐winged craneflies, this species is associated with

2 woodland streams with silted areas, many with some calcareous influence (Falk & Chandler 1 2005). The single Shropshire record came from the Baveney Brook Malaise trap samples within the 0 Wyre Forest on calcareous clays from August 2004, identified by the author and checked by 9 Alan Stubbs.

2345678 Ptychoptera contaminata

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

4 Ptychoptera paludosa Meigen, 1804 Local 3 This fold‐wing cranefly apparently is quite closely 2 allied to P. lacustris. Habitat is said to be

1 represented by more densely shaded locations than those that suit P. lacustris. Most Shropshire 0 records come from dingle woodland sites visited by Andy Godfrey (2000), with additional records 9 by Ken and Rita Merrifield from a Dipterists Forum field meeting during 1994 and the author 8 in 2006 from similar habitats. Old records come

7 from Fenn’s, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR

2345678 by Cyril Pugh in the 1920’s. Ptychoptera longicauda

4 Ptychoptera minuta Tonnoir, 1919.

Local 3

An association with standing water signals likely 2 habitat for this species, particularly eutrophic ponds, marshes, carr, mires and other places 1 where organically rich mud occurs at the water 0 surface. Thus the Meres and Mosses have been a successful hunting ground for this species in 9 Shropshire with records from several sites including The Moors at Ellesmere (Lockton & 8 Whild 1998). Mid‐May until early July is the peak 7 time for records with a few lingering towards late 2345678 July. This species can occur with P. albimana and Ptychoptera paludosa P. contaminata but distinct differences occur in habitat preferences.

2345678 Ptychoptera minuta

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

REFERENCES BOARDMAN, P.J. & CHEESEBOROUGH, I.P. 2004. An invertebrate survey of the churchyard at St. John The BLUNT, A.G., DERRY, C., MASON J., & Baptist Church, Ruyton‐XI‐Towns (2003‐2004). THOMPSPON I. 2002. Shropshire Invertebrate Unpublished report for the Ruyton‐XI‐Towns Group – Annual report. published at Heritage Group. www.insectpix.net/SIG BRINDLE, A. & BRYCE, D. 1960. The larvae of the BLUNT, A.G., THOMPSON, I., JONES, N., & British Hexatomini (Dipt., Tipulidae). Entomologist’s MASON J. 2005. Shropshire Invertebrate Group – Gazette. 11: 207‐ 217. Annual report. published at www.insectpix.net/SIG BRINDLE, A. 1960. The larvae and pupae of the BOARDMAN, P. 2004. Notes on the autecology of British Tipulinae (Diptera: Tipulidae). Transcripts the cranefly Idioptera linnei Oosterbroek, 1992 Society of British Entomology 14 (3): 63‐114. (Diptera, Limoniidae). Dipterists Digest Volume 11, No.2 p167‐170 BRINDLE, A. 1967. The larvae and pupae of the British Cylindrotominae. Transcripts Society of BOARDMAN, P.J. 2005a. The Red Data Book British Entomology 17 (7): p149. invertebrates of Shropshire, a compilation and review of data. Unpublished report for the Shropshire BRINDLE, A. 1974. Obituary of C.H.W. Pugh. Biodiversity Partnership. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 136, 29‐30.

BOARDMAN, P. 2005b. A review of the known CHANDLER, P. 1998. Handbooks for the Identification records of Phylidorea heterogyna (Bergroth, 1913) of British Insects. Volume 12. Checklists of Insects of the (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Great Britain. Dipterists British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera. London. Digest Volume 12, No.1 p83‐86 Royal Entomological Society.

BOARDMAN, P. 2005c. Invertebrate Monitoring at EDWARDS, F.W. 1938. British Short‐palped Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield Mosses NNR during 2005. Craneflies. Taxonomy of Adults. Transactions of the Unpublished report for English Nature. Society for British Entomology. Vol.5, Part.1

BOARDMAN, P. 2005d. The Autecology and FALK, S.J. 1991. Research and survey in nature Distribution of the Craneflies Idioptera linnei conservation. No. 39 A review of the scarce and Oosterbroek, 1992 and Idioptera pulchella (Meigen, 1830) threatened flies of Great Britain (part 1). Peterborough. (Diptera: Limoniidae) in Britain. A dissertation JNCC. submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degreee of Master of Science. Department of FALK, S.J. & CHANDLER, P.J. 2005. Species Status Biosciences. University of Birmingham. No.2 A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain (part 2): Nematocera and Aschiza not dealt with BOARDMAN, P. in prep. Invertebrate monitoring at by Falk (1991).Peterborough. JNCC. selected farms in Shropshire. Unpublished report. HEAVER, D. 2006. The ecology of Ellipteroides BOARDMAN, P.J. & CHEESEBOROUGH, I.P. 2002 alboscutellatus (von Roser, 1840) (Diptera, – An invertebrate survey of Rhos Fiddle Nature Reserve Limoniidae) in England. Dipterist Digest Volume 13, (2001‐2002). Unpublished report to The Shropshire No. 1 p67‐86 Wildlife Trust. HOLMES, P., BOYCE, D.C. & REED, D.K. 1995. The BOARDMAN, P.J. & CHEESEBOROUGH, I.P. 2003. Welsh Peatland Invertebrate Survey. Caernarvon. An invertebrate survey of The Cliffe (2001‐2003). Unpublished report for The Countryside Council for Unpublished report to The Friends of the Cliffe. Wales.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

GODFREY, A. 2000. English Nature Research Reports. PIERRE, C., 1924. Faune de France. No.8: Dipteres; No. 351. Species Recovery Programme. Survey for the Tipulidae. LeChevalier, Paris. cranefly Lipsothrix nigristigma. Peterborough. PODENAS, S., GEIGER, W, HAENNI J‐P & GIBBS, D. 1992. Invertebrate Survey at sites along GONSETH Y. 2006. Fauna Helvetica 14; Limoniidae & Wenlock Edge. Unbuplished report for The National Pediciidae De Suisse. Centre Suisse de cartographie de Trust. la faune Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft. GODFREY, A. 2001. English Nature Research Reports. No. 410. Species Recovery Programme. Survey for the SHIRT, D.B. (ed) 1987. British Red Data Books (2): cranefly Lipsothrix nigristigma in 2000. Peterborough. Insects. NERC/IUCN/JNCC/RSNC.

GODFREY, A. 2003. English Nature Research Reports. SKINGSLEY, D. 1999. Staffordshire Tipulidae – a No. 513. A review of the invertebrate interest of coarse provisional atlas. Staffordshire University Press. woody debris in England. Peterborough. SMART, M.J. & WINNALL, R.A., 2006. English JUDD, S., 1993. Liverpool Museum 1992‐1993 Nature Research Reports. No.707. The biodiversity of Invertebrate survey of Fennʹs, Whixall & Bettisfield three traditional orchards within the Wyre Forest SSSI in Mosses NNR. Unpublished report for English Nature Worcestershire: a survey by the Wyre Forest Study and The Countryside Council for Wales. NMGM. Group. Peterborough.

JUDD, S. (ed) 1998a. Liverpool Museum Invertebrate STUBBS, A.E. 1980. Exhibit, 22 May 1980. Proceedings Survey at Melverley Farm, Nr. Whitchurch, Shropshire of the British Entomology and Natural History Society. (SJ585408). Unpublished report for the Shropshire 13:133 Wildlife Trust. STUBBS, A.E. 1992. Provisional Atlas of the long‐palped JUDD, S (ed) 1998b. Liverpool Museum Invertebrate craneflies (Diptera: Survey at Poles Coppice, Nr Minsterley, Shropshire. Tipulidae) of Britain and Ireland. Monks Wood. Unpublished report for Shropshire County Council. Biological Records Centre

JUDD, S. (ed) 1999. Liverpool Museum Invertebrate STUBBS, A.E. 1993. Provisional Atlas of the Survey at The Ercall, Nr. Telford, Shropshire (SJ6409). ptychopterid craneflies (Diptera: Ptychopteridae) of Unpublished report for the Shropshire Wildlife Britain and Ireland, edited for the Biological Records Trust. Centre by P.T. Harding & J.C.M. Dring. Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre. LOCKTON, A.J. & WHILD, S.J. 1998. An Ecological Review of The Moors, Ellesmere. Unpublished report STUBBS, A.E. in prep. British Craneflies draft text. for The Countryside Service, Shropshire County Council. THEOWALD, B. 1967. Bestimmungsbücher zur Bodenfauna Europas. Familie Tipulidae (Diptera, LOCKTON, A.J. & WHILD, S.J. 2005. Rare Plants of Nematocera). Larven und Puppen. Akademie‐Verlag. Shropshire (3rd Edition). Shrewsbury. Shropshire Berlin. Botanical Society. Websites McBEAN, S. 2006. Creatures in the news: journalism or journalese? Biologist Vol.53 No.2 p 59‐60 www.buglife.org.uk – Buglife

OOSTERBROEK, P., BYGEBJBERG, R., & MUNK, T., www.ip30.eti.uva.nl/ccw ‐ Catalogue of the 2006. The West Palearctic species of Ctenophorinae craneflies of the world (Diptera: Tipulidae):, key, distribution and references. Entomologische Berichten 66(5): 138‐149.

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

INDEX Euphylidorea dispar 64 Euphylidorea lineola 64 Euphylidorea meigenii 65 Taxa Page Euphylidorea phaeostigma 65 Achyrolimonia decemmaculata 74 Gnophomyia viridipennis 45 Antocha vitripennis 74 Gonempeda flava 46 Atypophthalmus inustus 75 Gonomyia abbreviata 48 Austrolimnophila ochracea 61 Gonomyia abscondita 46 Cheilotrichia cinerascens 40 Gonomyia conoviensis 46 Cheilotrichia imbuta 40 Gonomyia dentata 47 Crypteria limnophiloides 40 Gonomyia lucidula 47 Ctenophora pectinicornis 12 Gonomyia recta 47 Cylindrotoma distinctissima 33 Gonomyia simplex 48 Dactylolabis sexmaculata 60 Helius flavus 80 Dactylolabis transversa 61 Helius longirostris 81 Diazosoma hirtipenne 88 Helius pallirostris 81 Dicranomyia affinis 75 Hexatoma fuscipennis 65 Dicranomyia aquosa 80 Hoplolabis areolata 48 Dicranomyia autumnalis 75 Idioptera linnei 9,65 Dicranomyia chorea 76 Idioptera pulchella 66 Dicranomyia didyma 76 Ilisia maculata 49 Dicranomyia fusca 80 Ilisia occoecata 49 Dicranomyia lucida 76 Limnophila schranki 66 Dicranomyia lutea 77 Limonia dilutior 81 Dicranomyia mitis 77 Limonia flavipes 82 Dicranomyia modesta 78 Limonia macrostigma 82 Dicranomyia morio 79 Limonia maculipennis 82 Dicranomyia omissinervis 78 Limonia masoni 83 Dicranomyia ornata 78 Limonia nigropunctata 83 Dicranomyia sericata 7,79 Limonia nubeculosa 6,83 Dicranomyia ventralis 79 Limonia phragmitidis 84 Dicranota bimaculata 35 Limonia stigma 84 Dicranota claripennis 35 Limonia trivittata 84 Dicranota exclusa 36 Lipsothrix errans 85 Dicranota gracilipes 35 Lipsothrix nervosa 85 Dicranota pavida 36 Lipsothrix nobilis 85 Dicranota subtilis 36 Lipsothrix remota 86 Dictenidia bimaculata 12 Metalimnobia bifasciata 86 Diogma glabrata 34 Metalimnobia quadrinotata 86 Dolichopeza albipes 14 Molophilus appendiculatus 49 Ellipteroides alboscutellatus 10 Molophilus ater 10 Ellipteroides lateralis 41 Molophilus bifidus 50 Eloeophila maculata 62 Molophilus cinereifrons 50 Eloeophila mundata 62 Molophilus corniger 50 Eloeophila submarmorata 62 Molophilus curvatus 51 Eloeophila trimaculata 63 Molophilus flavus 51 Eloeophila verralli 63 Molophilus griseus 51 Epiphragma ocellare 63 Molophilus lackschewitzianus 52 Erioconopa diuturna 41 Molophilus medius 52 Erioconopa trivialis 42 Molophilus obscurus 52 Erioptera divisa 42 Molophilus occultus 53 Erioptera flavata 42 Molophilus ochraceus 53 Erioptera fuscipennis 43 Molophilus pleuralis 53 Erioptera fusculenta 43 Molophilus pusillus 11 Erioptera griseipennis 43 Molophilus serpentiger 53 Erioptera lutea 44 Molophilus undulatus 54 Erioptera meijerei 44 Molophilus variispinus 54 Erioptera nielseni 44 Neolimnomyia adjuncta 67 Erioptera squalida 45 Neolimnomyia batava 68 Erioptera verralli 45 Neolimnomyia brunneus 67 Euphylidorea aperta 64 Neolimnomyia filata 69 95

A provisional atlas and account of the craneflies of Shropshire 2007: Pete Boardman

Neolimnomyia nemoralis 68 Tanyptera atrata 13 Neolimnomyia separata 68 Tanyptera nigricornis 13 Neolimnophila carteri 54 Tasiocera fuscescens 59 Neolimonia dumetorum 87 Tasiocera murina 59 Nephrotoma analis 15 Tasiocera robusta 60 Nephrotoma appendiculata 15 Thaumastoptera calceata 87 Nephrotoma cornicina 16 Tipula alpium 26 Nephrotoma crocata 16 Tipula cava 21 Nephrotoma flavescens 17 Tipula cheethami 26 Nephrotoma flavipalpis 17 Tipula confusa 27 Nephrotoma guestfalica 17 Tipula couckei 31 Nephrotoma lunulicornis 18 Tipula fascipennis 22 Nephrotoma quadrifaria 18 Tipula flavolineata 21 Nephrotoma scurra 18 Tipula fulvipennis 19 Nephrotoma submaculosa 11 Tipula grisescens 27 Nigrotipula nigra 19 Tipula helvola 22 Ormosia albitibia 55 Tipula hortorum 31 Ormosia depilata 55 Tipula irrorata 24 Ormosia hederae 55 Tipula lateralis 32 Ormosia lineata 55 Tipula luna 19 Ormosia nodulosa 56 Tipula lunata 22 Ormosia pseudosimilis 56 Tipula luteipennis 24 Ormosia staegeriana 11 Tipula marginella 32 Paradelphomyia dalei 69 Tipula maxima 20 Paradelphomyia ecalcarata 69 Tipula melanoceros 24 Paradelphomyia fuscula 70 Tipula montium 32 Paradelphomyia nielseni 70 Tipula obsoleta 27 Paradelphomyia senilis 70 Tipula oleracea 30 Pedicia littoralis 37 Tipula pabulina 25 Pedicia occulta 37 Tipula pagana 27 Pedicia rivosa 38 Tipula paludosa 30 Pedicia straminea 37 Tipula peliostigma 23 Phalacrocera replicata 34 Tipula pierrei 33 Phylidorea ferruginea 71 Tipula pruinosa 33 Phylidorea fulvonervosa 71 Tipula pseudovariipennis 25 Phylidorea heterogyna 71 Tipula rufina 28 Phylidorea squalens 72 Tipula scripta 8,31 Pilaria decolor 72 Tipula selene 23 Pilaria discicollis 72 Tipula signata 28 Pilaria fuscipennis 72 Tipula staegeri 28 Pilaria meridiana 73 Tipula subcunctans 30 Pilaria scutellata 73 Tipula submarmorata 25 Prionocera pubescens 14 Tipula subnodicornis 29 Prionocera subserricornis 14 Tipula unca 21 Prionocera turcica 15 Tipula variicornis 29 Pseudolimnophila lucorum 73 Tipula varipennis 26 Pseudolimnophila sepium 74 Tipula vernalis 23 Ptychoptera albimana 90 Tipula vittata 20 Ptychoptera contaminata 91 Trichocera annulata 88 Ptychoptera lacustris 91 Trichocera hiemalis 89 Ptychoptera longicauda 91 Trichocera major 9,90 Ptychoptera minuta 92 Trichocera parva 89 Ptychoptera paludosa 92 Trichocera regelationis 89 Rhabdomastix edwardsi 56 Trichocera saltator 89 Rhipidia maculata 87 Tricyphona immaculata 38 Rhypholophus bifurcatus 57 Tricyphona schummeli 39 Rhypholophus haemorrhoidalis 57 Trimicra pilipes 60 Rhypholophus varius 58 Ula mollissima 39 Scleroprocta pentagonalis 58 Ula sylvatica 39 Symplecta hybrida 10,59 Symplecta stictica 58 96