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Uncinia Pers. (Cyperaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands! Pacific Science (1988), vol. 42, nos. 3- 4 © 1988 by the University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Uncinia Pers. (Cyperaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands! JAMES HENRICKSON2 ANDDERRAL HERBST 3 ABSTRACT: The Hawaiian Islands contain two species of Uncinia (Cyperaceae): Uncinia uncinata, with glabrous utricles, occurs at high elevations in Hawai'i , Maui, Moloka'i, and Kaua'i, and is the most common species in New Zealand; U. brevicaulis, with hirsute-strigose utricles , is rare and previously unreported from Hawai'i. It otherwise occurs in the Juan Fernandez, Fa lkland, and Tristan da Cunha islands, western Chile, and Argentina. Uncinia uncina ta var. uliginosa is not recognized as significantly distinct. The Hawaiian species are not con­ sidered taxonomically distinct from plants in their respective home areas. The occurrence of both species in the Hawaiian Islands is considered the product of separate long-distance dispersal events involving bird s. THE GENUS Uncinia (Cyperaceae) contains 40­ As in Carex , the flowers are monoecious, 50 species and occurs primarily in the south­ borne in slender spikes with pistillate flow­ ern hemisphere (except Africa) from New ers below staminate flowers. The genus was Guinea to New Zealand (32 species), and last monographed by Kiik enthal (1909); New in South America from Argentina and Ecua­ Zealand species have been treated by Hamlin dor north into Mexico. The genus is similar (1959) and Edgar (1970). to Carex , differing in its prolonged rach illa, which terminates in a distinct uncinate hook. The rachilla, representing the central axis of the lateral, one-fruited spikelet, aid s in disper­ RESULTSAND DISCUSSION sal of the fruit (a nutlet) contained within a saclike utricle, and this is subtended by a bract­ Two species occur in the Hawaiian Islands. like, deciduous or persistent glume (Figure I). Uncinia uncinata occurs in upper mesic to wet forests on Hawai'i, Maui, Moloka'i and Kaua'i, and is one ofthe most common species 1 Manuscrip t accepted October 1986. in New Zealand, being known from North, 2 Califo rnia State University, Dep artment of Biology, South, Stewart, and Chatham islands. The Los Angeles, California 90032. second, previously unreported species, U. 3 u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Ser­ vices, Pacific Island s Office, P.O. Box 50167. Honolulu, brevicaulis, is known from a few populations Hawaii 96850. at high elevations on east Maui, and also FIGURE I. Uncinia uncinata and U. brevicaulis. A-F, U. uncinata: A, habit showing inflorescence subtended by elongated basal bracts-glumes, note inset showing distinctive corne ous leaf-margin structure on lower right; B, ligule structure, side and adaxial view; C, inflorescence showing two pistillate florets with subtendin g glumes, styles, and distincti ve uncinate rachillas; glumes are deciduous, leaving distinct V- or U-shaped scar along rach is as seen at base; D, pistillate floret showing narrowly lanceoloid, glabro us, beaked utricle, styles, and uncinate rachilla; E, stamen, note narrow filament; F, nutlet showing cylindrical terminal rostellum. All from Henrickson 4084. G-L, U. brevicaulis: G, habit, note differences in leafmargin structure on lower left as compared to part A ; this inflorescence had no elongate d basal bracts-glumes; H, ligule, adaxial view, note minute marginal hairs; I , inflorescence showing two pistillate florets with subtending, broader, persistent glumes, styles, and uncinate rachillas; note minutely ciliate margins on glumes; J, pistillate floret showing more elliptical utricles with broader, hispid-strigose beaks, styles, and uncinate rachilla; K , stamen, note broad filament; L, nutlet showing conical rostellum. All from Henrickson & Vog13894. Magnifications as indicated; scale shown in part C holds for parts B- E, scale in par t 1 holds for parts H - K. Delineation by Bobbi Angell. 230 Uncinia Pers. in the Hawaiian Islands-HENRICKSON AND HERBST 231 A. B. 2<ml cmm. 232 PACIFI C SCIENCE, Volume 42, July/October 1988 occurs in the Ju an Fernandez, Falkland, Caespitose, densely tufted; briefly rhizo­ Tristan da Cunha, St. Pau l's, and Amsterda m matous perennials (2-)3-7.5 dm tall; basal islands, and in western Chile near Valdivia to sheaths light to dark brown, adaxial portion west and southern Argentina. The Hawaiian membranous, strongly veined, com pletely sur­ representatives can be sepa rated by the fol­ rounding the culms, with distal margin trans­ lowing key: verse, entire, extending upward 0.5-2 mm A. Spikes (4.5-)8- 13(- 16.5)[-21] em long; and continuous with up per ma rgin of the pistillate glumes oblong-elliptical, na r­ membranou s ligule; ligules white, glabrous , rowly elliptical to lanceolate, long acu­ 0.5- 1.2 mm high at ma rgin, often shorter mina te to attenuate at tip, straminous, abaxially; leaf blades (10-)25-50(-60) em chartaceous, or with green along midrib long, (1.2-)2-5(-6) mm wide, blue-green to when immature, deciduous and leaving gray-green, flat, revolu te, often conduplicate distinct V- or Ll -shaped raised scars on along base, strongly, sha rply scabrous all the rachis; utricles narrowly lanceolate along margins and on upper sur face with an­ in outline, with a conical-cylindrical, trorse, silicaceous, tapering hairs 0.1-0.2 mm glabrous terminal beak; nut rostellum long, with yellow, distinctly raised midvein cylindrical; filaments slender; Hawai'i, beneath; spikes slender to slightly clavate, Maui , Moloka'i, Kau a'i . (4.5-)8- 13(- 16.5)[-21] cm lon g, 2.5- 4(-8) . .. .. .. .. .. .. I. Uncinia uncinata mm wide; flowers crowded or ra ther lax at AA. Spikes 2.9- 5 em long; pistillate glumes base; peduncles (9-)20-60 em long, 0.7- 0.9 oblong-obovate to rhombic, obtuse at mm in dia mete r, 3-angled, smooth, termina­ tip, somewhat leafy-membranous, green ting culms; lowermost 1-3 bracts often ter­ on back with brown and white bands minating in elongate scabro us-margined, green alo ng the minutely ciliate margins, per­ setae 1-21.5 em long; pistillate flower glumes sistent; utricles oblanceolate in outline, oblong-elliptical, narrowly elliptical to lan­ with a flattened, broad, strongly hispid­ ceolate, (3.5-)4.5-6(-8) mm long, (0.8-) 1.0­ strigose beak bearing hairs 0.1-0.3 mm 1.2(- 1.5) mm wide, glabrous, narrowly acute, long; nut rostellum conical; filaments long acuminate to attenuate at tip, cuneate flattened; east Maui . above clasping base, at margins entire, often . .. .. .. .. .. .. 2. Uncinia brevicaulis somewhat revolute or inrolled near base or near tip, rounded across back, chartaceous, weakly nerved, tan with a green midstripe 1. Uncinia uncinata (L. ji1.) Kiikenth. Pflan­ zenr. 38: 62, 1909; based on Carex uncinata 0.2- 0.3 mm wide, this occasionally bordered L. jil. Suppl. Pl. 413. 1781. Uncinia australis with nar row red stripes when young, stiffer, more chartaceous, smooth, straminous to ta n Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 534. 1807. See Kiikenthal (1909) and Hamlin (1959) for additiona l or sometimes brownish with a shiny surface synonymy. varnish, with raised midvein when mature, deciduous, leaving distinctive V- or U-shaped, Uncinia uncinata var. uliginosa Skottsb. Act. raised, persistent bases that encircle one-half Hort. Gothob. 15: 328, 1944. Type: Ha­ to three-fourths around rachis; utricle com­ waiian Islands. West Maui : Pu 'ukukui, pressed, narrowly lanceoloid , 4.0- 5.4 mm in the summ it bog, approx. 1750 m, 25 long including a narrow basal stipe 1.0-1 .2 July 1938, Cranwell, Selling, & Skotts­ mm long, to 1.0-1 .3 mm wide, longer or berg 3826 (syntype); in bog below summit shorter than subtending bract, at maturity ofPu'uku kui toward Nakalaloa , 1380 m, straminous to brownish, glabro us, somewhat 27 July 1938, Cranwell, Selling, & Skotts­ chartaceous-indurate, developing shiny sur­ berg 3826b (syntype BISH!) . Skottsberg face varnish, terminal beak conical-cylindrical, (ibid.; 276) stated that specimens have glabrous, nervation obscure; rachilla 7-9 mm been sent to sand GB, and will be sent long, exposed beyond ut ricle 3.5-5.2 mm , to BISH; we have seen only the BISH rachilla crook 1.5-2.5 mm long; nut narrowly specimen. oblong-ovoid, 2.3-2.5 mm long, 0.9-1.1 mm UnciniaPers. in the Hawaiian Islands-HENRICKSON AND HERBST 233 wide, grayish when mature, with short ter­ There exist other specimens basically sim­ minal cuplike, cylindrical rostum 0.1 mm ilar to Uncinia uncinata tha t differ conspicu­ long; terminal male spike 12-25 mm long, ously in their dark-brown, obtuse- to rounded­ 1.3-2.2 mm wide; bracts oblong-elliptical, tipped, broadly oblong-ovate glumes 5-6.5 somewhat obrhomboid, 4-6 mm long, 1.5­ mm long, 1.6- 2.3 mm wide, which are dis­ 1.8 mm wide, acute at tip, clasping at base, tinctly longer than the utricles. The utricle distal margins membranous, white, entire to characteristics are similar to those of U. erose, glabrous, weakly nerved , membranous, uncinata, being glabrous, narrowly lanceoloid , developing a thickened, slightly keeled distal compressed with a long basal stipe, and cylin­ midrib, tan to dark brown; 3 stamens; fila­ drical to conical beak , although they are more ments slender, 3-4 mm long; anther sacs yel­ dark brown in color. The nuts also are sim­ low, 2.1-2.7 mm long . See Figure lA-F. ilarly oblong-ovate, 2.5 mm long with short (Type locality: New Zealand.) cuplike, cylindrical rostrum. Only four spec­ Kiikenthal (1909) recognized three varie­ imens having these characters were observed ties in this species: Uncinia uncinata var. un­ in this study. Two are from the Wilkes expedi­ cinata (with slender spikes, acute glumes), tion: a sheet from GH where it is mixed with a occurring throughout New Zealand as well as specimen of typical U.
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  • Carex Key & Species
    CAREX Synonym: Uncinia Description: Perennial herbs, tufted or with creeping rhizome, monoecious, rarely dioecious. Culms mostly trigonous, rarely noded above base, often covered at the base by persistent leaf sheaths or their fibrous remains. Leaves mostly basal, 0-several cauline; ligule present. Inflorescence panicle-like, raceme-like or spike-like, more rarely reduced to a single spike. Spikes 1- many, terete, sessile or peduncled, with few- many spikelets, wholly male, wholly female, or bisexual; involucral bracts leaf-like or occasionally glume-like, sometimes absent. Spikelets unisexual, consisting of a solitary flower, in the axils of the spirally arranged glumes, in some species (the Uncinia clade) with hook-like tip of rachillas protruding beyond the perigynium (utricle) in the female spikelets. Stamens 3. Gynoecium enclosed in a bottle-shaped prophyll (perigynium utricle); style 2- or 3-fid, protruding through the small terminal mouth of the perigynium/utricle. Perigynia (utricles) membranous, papery, leathery, or corky, 2-keeled, narrowed to a beak with truncate or 2-fid apex. Nut trigonous or lenticular, enclosed in perigynium (also known as a utricle). Distribution and occurrence: World: >2000 species, cosmopolitan, mostly outside the tropics. Australia: c. 86 species (c. 30 species endemic), all States except N.T. The tribe Cariceae is currently being studied world-wide by the Global Carex Group and all genera (including Uncinia) are now included in an expanded monophyletic genus Carex - see Global Carex Group (2015 - DOI: 10.1111/boj.12298) for details. The inflorescence structure is complex in this genus. What are here termed spikes and spikelets have in the past often been called, respectively, spikelets and flowers.
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  • Hanging Sedge (Carex Pendula)
    Hanging Sedge (Carex pendula) Hanging sedge (Carex pendula), also called drooping or pendulous sedge, is a large, evergreen perennial sedge introduced to North America from Europe as an ornamental species. It is adapted to forested areas with damp, rich soil such as along creeks, wetlands and drainages. It grows in large clumps and spreads primarily by seed. It has a tendency to self-sow and spread outside of where it is planted. It can produce more than 20,000 seeds per plant and in ideal conditions, more than 90 percent of the seeds germinate. Seeds spread by water as well as other mechanisms of disturbance and by being planted. Local Distribution (excerpted from notes provided by Tom Erler) There are a number of infestations around the UW Seattle campus, where it was originally planted in a few landscaped areas. It is weedy in beds, medians, and cracks in sidewalks among central campus. Originally planted in 1988 near Fluke Hall, since then it has established a dense seedbank and has spread to the opposite side of the building where it is in the median on both sides of Mason Road and under big leaf maple trees. It is also dense near previous plantings around the Fisheries building on campus and is also growing along Portage Bay’s north shoreline behind UW Hospital. Staff at the UW Arboretum reported trying to control it on the Arboretum Creek and Tom has seen it growing around the wetlands in the vicinity of the Arboretum. Burke Herbarium collections from this infestation date back to Peter Zika’s observations in 1999, 2001, and Barbara Wilson in 2004.
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