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kasi:,ey kasi:,ey University University (1976) (1976)
IAN IAN hhITH hhITH CRALLAhDS CRALLAhDS
BY BY
Geography Geography at at Massey Massey University University
requirements requirements for for the the Degree Degree ofB.A. ofB.A. (Hons)·rn (Hons)·rn
A A dissert&tion dissert&tion in in partial partial fulfillment fulfillment of of the the
1:UVtR 1:UVtR TEJrnAC.ES TEJrnAC.ES
A A PRELHJil~AHY PRELHJil~AHY H:vtSTI(;A'.i.ICN H:vtSTI(;A'.i.ICN CF CF n,t n,t }OHP-.J~GINA }OHP-.J~GINA VALLEY VALLEY
Mrs. Mrs.
P.Challands P.Challands for for the the typing typing of of the the script. script.
for for
his his assist&i1ce assist&i1ce
in in the the collecting collecting of of field field data data and and
times. times.
I I
would would a:so a:so like like to to acknowledge acknowledge hr. hr. J.Challands J.Challands
Library Library for for
their their
co-oper~tion co-oper~tion and and helpfulness helpfulness at at all all
Special Special
thanks thanks to to the the staff staff of of Geography Geography Department Department
placing placing
~nformation ~nformation
on on their their benchmarks benchmarks at at my my disposal. disposal.
to to Mr. Mr.
D.McKee D.McKee
of of the the hanawatu hanawatu Catchment Catchment board board for for
preparation preparation
of of this this dissertation. dissertation. I I am am also also grateful grateful
continual continual
guidance guidance and and assistance assistance throughout throughout the the
I I am am
deeply deeply
indebted indebted to to Dr. Dr. M.J.Shepherd M.J.Shepherd for for his his ACKNOWLEDGEriJENTS ACKNOWLEDGEriJENTS
Appendix Appendix 4 4
Appendix Appendix 3 3
Appendix Appendix 2 2
Appendix Appendix 1 1
23. 23. Bibliography. Bibliography. ______
------
---·· ---··
Conclusion. Conclusion. 22. 22.
20. 20. Valley. Valley. ______
Terrace Terrace cover cover deposits deposits in in the the fohangina fohangina
------·-----
River River Terraces. Terraces. 17. 17.
Subsequent Subsequent deformation deformation of of the the Pohangina Pohangina
Terrace Terrace gradients. gradients. 17. 17.
Pohangina Pohangina River River Terraces. Terraces. ______13. 13. _ _
The The relationship relationship between between the the Manawatu Manawatu and and
13. 13.
Analysis Analysis of of results results obtained obtained in in the the Pohangina Pohangina
---
Terraces. Terraces. 12. 12.
Descriptions Descriptions of of the the Pohangina Pohangina River River
------·---
interpretation. interpretation. 11. 11.
Problems Problems of of data data collection collection and and
----
Field Field techniques techniques of of data data collection. collection. 10. 10.
------
Location. Location. 10. 10.
------
The The Pohangina Pohangina River River Terraces. Terraces. 10. 10.
-----
Rangitikei,and Rangitikei,and Pohangina Pohangina 5. 5. Terraces. Terraces.
The The estimated estimated ages ages of of the the Manawatu, Manawatu,
---
Terr~ce Terr~ce cover cover deposits deposits in in the the Manawatu. Manawatu.
------
Conditions Conditions of of terrace terrace formation. formation. 2. 2.
---·--· ---·--·
----·-. ----·-. -- --- Previous Previous works. works. 2. 2.
------
Introduction. Introduction. 1. 1.
TABLE TABLE OF OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Page. Page.
xxxxxx xxxxxx
and and Norsewood Norsewood Road. Road.
Appendix Appendix 4. 4. River River terraces terraces between between Konewa Konewa Stream Stream
and and Konewa Konewa Stream. Stream.
3. 3. Appendix Appendix River River terraces terraces between between Ohinetapu Ohinetapu Stream Stream
Ohinetapu Ohinetapu Stream. Stream.
A_ppendi~g. A_ppendi~g. River River terraces terraces between between Spur Spur Road Road and and
Spur Spur Road. Road.
Appendix Appendix 1. 1. River River ter1·aces ter1·aces bet~een bet~een Ashhurst Ashhurst and and
APPENDICES APPENDICES
figurLl. figurLl. Pohangina Pohangina River River Terrace Terrace profiles. profiles. ______16. 16. _ _
Figure Figure 2. 2. Terrace Terrace profiles._ profiles._ 14. 14.
Figure Figure Research Research 1. 1. area. area. 9. 9.
LIST LIST OF OF FIGURES. FIGURES.
Table Table 2. 2. Average Average terrace terrace gradients. gradients. ______18. 18. _ _
the the Manawatu Manawatu and and Rangitikei Rangitikei Basins. Basins. 6. 6.
Table Table 1. 1. The The estimated estimated ages ages of of the the terraces terraces of of
LIST LIST GF GF TABLES. TABLES.
the the study study undertaken undertaken by by Milne Milne (1973). (1973).
greater greater
attention. attention.
The The most most importaDt importaDt of of these these is is
the the ~anawatu, ~anawatu,
in in particulbr particulbr the the Rangitikei, Rangitikei, have have received received
-In -In
very very recent recent
years years the the river river basins basins adjacent adjacent to to
Manawatu Manawatu
from from a a more more geomorphological geomorphological viewpoint. viewpoint.
of of
previous previous
writers writers and and approached approached the the study study of of the the
Fair Fair
(1968) (1968)
combined combined and and related related much much of of the the work work
the the Manawatu. Manawatu.
articles articles
on on the the
Aokautere Aokautere Ash Ash and and the the loess loess deposits deposits in in
and and
Te Te PunLa PunLa
in in the the early early 1960s. 1960s. Coweie Coweie (1963) (1963) published published
the the GeolObY GeolObY
of of
tte tte Manawatu Manawatu were were produced produced by by Rich Rich (1959) (1959)
relevance relevance
throughout throughout
central central New New Zealand. Zealand. Works Works on on
article article
on on
Pleistocene Pleistocene
climatic climatic changes changes which which are are of of
more more
attention attention
in in the the p2st.Suggate p2st.Suggate (1965) (1965) published published an an
Adjacent Adjacent
arEae, arEae, howevEr, howevEr, have have recEived recEived considerably considerably
the the Pohanbina Pohanbina Cou~ty. Cou~ty.
(1975) (1975)
has has resulted resulted
in in the the compilation compilation of of a a soil soil map map of of
Terraces Terraces
(Rijkse, (Rijkse,
1972). 1972). Further Further ~ark ~ark by by the the same same author author
carried carried
out out on on the the cover cover deposites deposites on on the the Pohangina Pohangina
district district
(Carter, (Carter,
1972). 1972). Recent Recent work work has has also also been been
work work has has been been undertaken undertaken
on on the the Geology Geology oLPohan~ina oLPohan~ina
-ff._p_ -ff._p_
geomorphological geomorphological
literature literature on on this this area area is is lacking, lacking,
or or no no geomorphological geomorphological
work work has has been been published. published. Whereas Whereas
is is the the
Pohangina Pohangina
Catchment, Catchment, an an area area about about which which little little
The The principal principal ~rea ~rea of of study study in in this this dissertation dissertation
INTRODUCTiuN INTRODUCTiuN 1. 1.
Terraces Terraces
both both the the
axial axial r&nges r&nges and and the the flanking flanking marine marine
In In the the case case
of of tne tne ~anawatu ~anawatu and and Pohangina Pohangina River River
(Stevens, (Stevens, 1974, 1974, 155). 155).
line line
fell fell
to to
about about
present present day day sea sea level, level, or or just just below' below'
line-fell line-fell
to to
between between
3,600 3,600 and and 3,900 3,900 feet feet and and the the tr£e
'During 'During
the the glacial glacial
episodes episodes of of the the Pleistocene Pleistocene the the snow snow
river river
channels channels due due to to the the absence absence of of vegetation. vegetation.
so so produced produced
would would
quickly quickly have have found found its its way way into into the the
of of the the
process process
of of
frost frost shattering. shattering. Much Much of of this this debris debris
in in
the the Tararua Tararua
and and Ruahine Ruahine Ranges Ranges through through the the operation operation
sufficiently sufficiently
cold cold
to to produce produce l~rge l~rge quantities quantities of of debris debris
During During
the the
glacials glacials the the climate climate would would have have been been
scale scale 12,rge 12,rge
enough enough to to produce produce terrs_cine,' terrs_cine,'
. .
for for periodic periodic
aggradation aggradation and and degradation degradation
on on
a a
chan6es chan6es
in in
the the regime regime of of rivers rivers that that would would
allow allow
stadials stadials
were were of of sufficient sufficient magnitude magnitude
to to induce induce
climate climate
durint durint the the wanini wanini phases phases of of the the
Pleistocene Pleistocene
conclusion conclusion
reached reached i0 i0 that that fluctuations fluctuations
in in
Oroua Oroua
and and
Manawatu Manawatu River River Valleys, Valleys, and and
the the general general
'Research 'Research
has has been been carried carried out out in in the the Rangitikei, Rangitikei,
Heerdegen Heerdegen (1972,8) (1972,8) states states that: that:
due due to to eustatic eustatic ch&nges. ch&nges.
Terrace Terrace
was was
primarily primarily
the the result result of of uplift uplift rather rather than than
concludes concludes
that that
the the ernerience ernerience of of the the Tokomaru Tokomaru Marine Marine
Terrace Terrace
(Fair, (Fair,
1968). 1968). Furthermore, Furthermore, Fair Fair (1968) (1968)
produced produced
what what
is is locally locally known known as as t½e t½e Tokomaru Tokomaru Marine Marine
flanks flanks
of of
the the
Tararua-R~ahine Tararua-R~ahine Range Range during during the the Oturian Oturian
The The
retreat retreat
of of the the of of the the ssa ssa from from the the western western
Conditions Conditions o( o( terr&ce_forffietion terr&ce_forffietion
PR:SVIOUS PR:SVIOUS WORKS WORKS c..,; c..,;
All All
the the major major terrace terrace surfaces surfaces are are mantled mantled with with
of of
use use in in the the estimation estimation of of the the ages ages of of the the terraces. terraces.
major major
Manawatu Manawatu
terraces terraces are are distinctive distinctive and and have have been been
The The
cover cover deposites deposites aEsociated aEsociated with with e~ch e~ch of of the the
Terrace Terrace cover cover deposites deposites in in the the ~anawatu ~anawatu
or or sea sea level level changes. changes.
importance importance
as as they they are are not not associated associated with with any any climatic climatic
the the Holocene. Holocene. These These are are of of co~paratively co~paratively little little
terraces terraces
a a series series of of minor minor terraces terraces were were created created during during
Subsequent Subsequent to to the the formation formation of of the the Pleistocene Pleistocene
Milson, Milson,
the the Ashhurst Ashhurst , , and and the the Raukawa Raukawa were were formed. formed.
Valley Valley
identified identified
by by Fair Fair (1968): (1968): the the Forest Forest Hill, Hill, the the
In In this this way way the the four four major major terraces terraces of of the the Manawatu Manawatu
(Heerdegen, (Heerdegen, 1972) 1972)
eventually eventually they they cut cut into into the the underlying underlying bedrock. bedrock.
rivers rivers
entrenched entrenched
themselves themselves into into their their own own deposits deposits but but
intensified intensified
by by uplift uplift (Fair, (Fair, 1968). 1968). Initially Initially the the
of of
river river entrench:ement entrench:ement
which which in in
the the 1anawatu 1anawatu l Region Region was was 1
lead lead
to to an an end end of of aggradation aggradation and and then then the the commencement commencement
accompanying accompanying
the the return return to to warmer warmer conditions conditions would would firstly firstly
interglacial. interglacial.
The The decrease decrease in in the the sediment sediment supply supply
was was
then then followed followed
by by a a period period of of degradation degradation
during during an an
-
The The period period of of river river aggradation aggradation during during the the glacials glacials
are are of of marine marine origin'. origin'. (Rich, (Rich, 1959,22). 1959,22).
~re ~re
greywacke greywacke whereas whereas the the sand sand and and silt silt sized sized particles particles
comprises comprises
them. them. In In general general 'the 'the gravel gravel sized sized particles particles
strata strata have have
been been the the source source of of the the material material which which 3. 3.
loess loess has has decreased decreased and and had had probably probably ceased ceased at at least least
creation creation of of the the Ashhurst Ashhurst Ierrace Ierrace the the accumulation accumulation of of
Aokautere Aokautere
Ash Ash was was deposited. deposited. (Fair, (Fair, 1968). 1968). Since Since the the
formed formed after after or,., or,., being being
formed formed at at the the time time that that the the
Wc,.S Wc,.S
found.- This This means means that that the the Ashhurst Ashhurst Terrace Terrace was was either either
of of loess loess within within which which the the Aokautere Aokautere Ash Ash is is not not to to be be
terrace terrace gravels gravels are are directly directly overlain overlain by by a a thin thin veneer veneer
the the older older two two terraces. terraces. On On the the Ashhurst Ashhurst Terrac~ Terrac~ the the
the the Ashhurst Ashhurst Terr&ce Terr&ce is is totally totally different different from from those those of of
The The profile profile of of the the cover cover deposits deposits associated associated with with
relic relic soil soil is is apparent. apparent.
this this case case the the loess loess deposits deposits are are not not so so thick thick and and no no
that that it it also also contains contains the the Aokautere Aokautere Ash. Ash. However, However, in in
The The ~ilson ~ilson profile profile is is similar similar to to the the Forest Forest Hill Hill in in
within within the the loess loess deposits. deposits.
is is also also to to be be found found in in the the Forest Forest Hill Hill profile profile embedded embedded
dated dated
at at 21,000 21,000 years years B.P. B.P. 500 500 years years (Cowie, (Cowie, 1963, 1963, ) )
and and below below the the loess. loess. (Fair, (Fair, 1968). 1968). The The Aokautere Aokautere Ash Ash
include include a a relic relic soil soil immediately immediately above above the the terrace terrace gravels gravels
The The cover cover beds beds of of the the Forest Forest Hill Hill Terrace Terrace also also
glaciated glaciated areas. areas. (Stevens, (Stevens, 1974). 1974).
existence existence of of strong strong anti-cyclonic anti-cyclonic winds winds around around the the
abundance abundance of of rock rock debris, debris, a a lack lack of of vegetation vegetation and and the the
accumulation. accumulation. The The cold cold phases phases were were characterized characterized by by an an
conditions conditions were were most most favourable favourable for for its its formation formation and and
greatest greatest during during the the cold cold phases phases of of the the Pleistocene Pleistocene when when
loess. loess.
(Cowie, (Cowie, 1963). 1963). This This loess loess accumulation accumulation was was 4-. 4-.
in in Table Table 1. 1.
combined combined
results results of of all all these these researchers researchers are are summarized summarized
which which
includes includes
an an attempt attempt to to establish establish their their ages. ages. The The
detailed detailed
study study of of the the terraces terraces in in the the Rangitikei Rangitikei Basin, Basin,
in in the the region. region.
Milne Milne (1973) (1973) has has recently recently concluded concluded a a
Terraces Terraces
and and the the older older Marine Marine formation formation that that is is present present
date date
of of formation formation for for all all the the major major Manawatu Manawatu River River
Various Various researchers researchers have have estimated estimated an an approximate approximate
appear appear to to be be represented represented in in the the Pohangina Pohangina Catchment. Catchment.
fair fair
(1968), (1968), that that is: is: Forest Forest Hill, Hill, Milson, Milson, Ashhurst, Ashhurst,
three three
of of the the major major Manawatu Manawatu Terr2.ces Terr2.ces identified identified by by
significance significance
for for any any study study of of the the Pohangina Pohangina Valley Valley as as
accurate accurate
dating dating of of the the Jv1anawa Jv1anawa tu tu River River terraces terraces is is of of
obtained obtained
for for the the Manawatu Manawatu Terraces. Terraces. Furthermore, Furthermore, an an
the the
Rangitikei Rangitikei should should conform conform closely closely to to those those previously previously
in in
neighbouring neighbouring
basins. basins. Thus Thus the the dates dates of of terraces terraces in in
phase phase
in in one one river river basin basin is is likely likely to to have have its its counterpart counterpart
expected expected
that that an an aggrada aggrada tional tional ph2.se ph2.se or or a a degrada degrada tional tional
are are
phenomena phenomena
that that extend extend over over large large areas areas it it is is to to be be
sea sea
level. level.
As As both both climatic climatic change change and and sea sea level level change change
response response
to to climatic climatic changes changes and and associated associated changes changes in in
formed formed
by by
the the aggredation aggredation and and degradation degradation of of rivers rivers in in
and and Manawatu Manawatu
Terraces Terraces since since
river river ter1·aces ter1·aces arb arb primarily primarily
-
1973) 1973)
are are of of importance importance to to studies studies of of both both the the Pohangina Pohangina
Recent Recent studies studies of of the the Ran&itikei Ran&itikei Terraces Terraces (Milne, (Milne,
Pohangina Pohangina Terraces Terraces
The_ The_
es es tirna tirna ted_ ted_ ages ages
of of the the Manah::~ Manah::~ tu tu Rnngi Rnngi tikei_ tikei_ L_ L_ and and
6,000 6,000 years years B.P. B.P. (Cowie, (Cowie, 1963). 1963). s. s.
*Supported *Supported
by by absolute absolute dating dating techniques. techniques.
contemporaneous contemporaneous
with with the the l\iilro l\iilro n n Terrace Terrace gravels. gravels.
( ( corrected corrected
years). years). C
The The gravels gravels
are are probably probably 14 14
Shepherd Shepherd
(N.Z.3938) (N.Z.3938)
gave gave an an age age of of 42,700 42,700 yrs.B.P. yrs.B.P.
beneath beneath
the the
lower lower
~anawatu ~anawatu floodplain floodplain by by Hesp Hesp and and
1 A A 1 recent recent c'4-
dating dating
of of a a log log within within terrace terrace gravels gravels
So..:g.rc§_;_ So..:g.rc§_;_ Milne, Milne, 1973. 1973.
Bulls, Bulls,
Rewa, Rewa, Onepuhi, Onepuhi, Kakariki Kakariki 0-12,000 0-12,000
*Ohakea *Ohakea
12,000-25,000 12,000-25,000
Vinegar Vinegar
Hill Hill 25,000-30,000 25,000-30,000
Rata Rata
30,000-40,000 30,000-40,000
Putorino Putorino
40,000-70,000 40,000-70,000
*Porewa *Porewa
70,000-80,000 70,000-80,000
*Ngarino *Ngarino
and and Rapanui Rapanui ~arine ~arine Benches Benches 80,000-120,000 80,000-120,000
Terraces Terraces
of of the the
Rangitikei Rangitikei Age Age (000s (000s yrs.B.P.) yrs.B.P.)
Source: Source: Suggate, Suggate, 1965. 1965.
Raukawa Raukawa
14, 14, 000-14_, 000-14_, ;400 ;400
Ashhurst Ashhurst
18,000-21,000 18,000-21,000
I·'lilson I·'lilson 32,000-35,000 32,000-35,000
Forest Forest Hill Hill 37,000-45,000 37,000-45,000
Tokomaru Tokomaru Marine Marine Terrace Terrace 45,000 45,000
Jerrgces Jerrgces
of of the the Manawatu Manawatu Age Age (000s (000s yrs.B.P.) yrs.B.P.)
and and Rangitikei Rangitikei Basins Basins
9 The The
_timated _timated
§;
ages ages of of the the tern::ces tern::ces of of the the l'1anav:atu l'1anav:atu
TABLE TABLE 1. 1.
by by Milne Milne
(1973), (1973),
the the Rapanui Rapanui is is dated dated by by him him at at between between
In In addition addition
the the youngest youngest marine marine bench bench identified identified
the the literature. literature.
No No
explanation explanation
for for
this this has has so so far far been been presented presented in in
in in the the
Rangitikei Rangitikei
Valley Valley than than in in the the Vianawatu Vianawatu Valley. Valley.
apparent. apparent.
Evidently Evidently
there there are are more more terraces terraces present present
At At this this
point point a a nu)-Ilber nu)-Ilber of of discrepancies discrepancies become become
same same
also also applies applies
to to the the Vinegar Vinegar Hill Hill Terrace Terrace . .
appears appears
to to have have no no
counterpart counterpart in in the the Manawatu. Manawatu. The The
then then the the
Porewa Porewa Terrace Terrace in in the the Rangitikei Rangitikei Valley Valley
Terrace Terrace
in in the the
Rangitikei. Rangitikei.
If If this this theory theory is is correct correct
in in
the the
~anawatu ~anawatu
Basin Basin is is equivalent equivalent to to the the Putorino Putorino
then then
it it is is
to to
be be expected expected that that the the Forest Forest Hill Hill Terrace Terrace
Assuming Assuming
that that
these these two two terraces terraces are are in in fact fact co-eval, co-eval,
proposition proposition
is is
supyorted supyorted
by by the the estimated estimated dates dates in in Table Table 1. 1.
the the
Rata Rata Terrace Terrace
in in
the the Rangitikei Rangitikei Valley.' Valley.' Again Again this this
is is co-eval co-eval
with with the the
St. St. Johns Johns Terrace Terrace in in Wane:,anui Wane:,anui and and
probable probable
that that the the
Milson Milson Terrbce Terrbce in in the the Manawatu Manawatu Valley Valley
Furthermore,Heerdegen Furthermore,Heerdegen
(1972,9) (1972,9) states states that that 'it 'it is is
co-eval co-eval
with with the the Raukawa Raukawa Terrace Terrace of of the the Manawatu. Manawatu.
Lower Lower Ohakean Ohakean
Terraces Terraces of of the the Rangitikei Rangitikei are are also also
given given
in in
Table Table
1, 1,
however, however, it it would would
alsm alsm seem seem that that the the
-
This This proposition proposition
appears appears to to be be supported supported by by the the dates dates
co-eval co-eval
with with
the the Ohakea Ohakea Terrace Terrace on on the the Rangitikei Rangitikei River'. River'.
(1972,9) (1972,9)
states states
that that 'the 'the Ashhurst Ashhurst Terr8.ce Terr8.ce might might be be
terrace terrace ages ages correlate correlate satisfactorily. satisfactorily. Heerdegen Heerdegen
An An
analysis analysis
of of Table Table
1. 1. indicates indicates that that some some of of the the 7 7
(1965). (1965). Suggate Suggate B.P. B.P. by by years years 45,000 45,000 at at estimated estimated
Terrace Terrace Marine Marine Tokomaru Tokomaru the the for for a~e a~e correct correct the the
be be to to likely likely rr,ore rr,ore is is B.P. B.P. which which years years 80,000-100,000 80,000-100,000 8 8
Figure Figure 1 1 Research Research Area Area
'.20 '.20 ""';le..s. ""';le..s.
Monawatu Monawatu River River
owotu owotu Gorge Gorge
/ /
/ / 1. 1.
Reserve, Reserve, and and Piripiri Piripiri located located at at co-ordinates co-ordinates 269-529, 269-529,
Feild Feild ing); ing); and and bridge bridge decking decking heights. heights. at at Raumai, Raumai, Tot2.ra Tot2.ra
at at co-ordinates co-ordinates 287-534 287-534 361-690 361-690 and and (N.Z.~.s. (N.Z.~.s. 1. 1. N.144 N.144
6
Pohan ina ina River River Bed Bed from from Ashhurst, Ashhurst, Survey Survey Trigs Trigs located located
extertd extertd at at half half ffiile ffiile intervals intervals twenty twenty one one miles miles up up the the
include: include: Kanaw2tu Kanaw2tu Catchment Catchment Board Board benchmarks benchmarks that that
located located in in the the Pohangina Pohangina Catchment. Catchment. Such Such known known heights heights
All All field field measurements measurements were were tied tied into into known known spot spot heights heights
were were measured measured by by means means of of a a Paulin's Paulin's Surveying Surveying Aneroid. Aneroid.
In In the the field field the the heithts heithts of of the the various various terraces terraces
Field Field Techniques Techniques of of Data Data Collection Collection
Ruahine Ruahine ?.ange ?.ange a a region region outside outside the the area area of of study. study.
mile mile mark mark the the Pohangina Pohangina River River is is confined confined to to the the main main
of of Umutoi. Umutoi. Further Further upstream upstream beyond beyond the the twenty twenty seven seven
Pohangina Pohangina and and Manawatu Manawatu Rivers Rivers combine, combine, to to the the settlement settlement
milEs milEs tortL tortL from from the the township township of of Ashhurst, Ashhurst, where where the the
5 The The area area of of study study (Fi ure ure 1 1 ) ) extends extends h,enty h,enty seven seven
to to southwest southwest orientation. orientation.
to to give give the the Pohangina Pohangina Catchment Catchment a a pronounced pronounced northeast northeast
Together Together these these two two features features of of higher higher elevation elevation combine combine
northern northern boundary boundary of of the the Fohangina Fohangina River River System. System.
southwesterly southwesterly direction, direction, forms forms both both the the western western and and
parallel parallel to to the the Ruahine Ruahine Range, Range, as as its its axis axis follows follows a a
Gorge. Gorge. The The Pohangina Pohangina Anticline, Anticline, which which generally generally runs runs
margin margin of of the the Ruahine Ruahine Range Range to to the the north north of of the the ~anawatu ~anawatu
The The Pohangina Pohangina Catchment Catchment lies lies along along the the western western
Location Location
THE THE POHANGINA POHANGINA RIVER RIVER TERRACES TERRACES ,o. ,o.
correlations correlations were were made made on on the the basis basis of of Aneroid Aneroid readings. readings.
Watts Watts Telescopic Telescopic Level Level appe~red appe~red to to be be unsuitable unsuitable
degrees degrees by by subsequent subsequent tectonism. tectonism. Where Where the the use use of of the the
of of the the river river appear appear to to have have been been altered altered to to different different
arise arise out out of of the the fact fact that that the the terraces terraces on on either either side side
the the Watts Watts Telescopic Telescopic Level Level to to correlate correlate the the terraces, terraces,
Further Further complicstions, complicstions, associated associated with with the the use use of of
at at right right anbles anbles to to the the strike strike of of the the terraces. terraces.
through through the the Watts Watts Telescopic Telescopic Level Level are are only only approximately approximately
same same place place as as it it does does at at present. present. Thus Thus sightings sightings made made
terraces terraces were were formed formed the the river river flowed flowed in in precisely precisely the the
of of course course be be no no tuarantEe tuarantEe that that when when the the major major river river
to to ensure ensure that that this this ¼as ¼as the the case. case. However, However, there there can can
at at right right angles angles to to the the present present river river bed bed in in an an attempt attempt
6 of of the the terraces. terraces. Sightin s s where where possible, possible, were were made made
6 be be useful, useful, had had to to be be made made at at ribht ribht an les les to to the the strike strike
The The limiting limiting factor factor here here was was that that sightings, sightings, in in order order to to
Terraces Terraces a a Watts Watts Telescopic Telescopic Level Level was was used used in in the the field. field.
6 To To aid aid in in the the correlation correlation of of the the Pohan ina ina River River
covered covered the the country. country.
undertaken undertaken on on relativ~ly relativ~ly stable stable days days when when an an anticyclone anticyclone
to to chanbes chanbes in in barometric barometric pressure, pressure, field field work work was was only only
Barometers. Barometers. In In order order to to minimise minimise the the error error attributable attributable
in in altitude altitude affect affect the the altitude altitude recidings recidings t,i t,i ven ven by by Aneroid Aneroid
Changes Changes in in barometric barometric pressure pressure as as well well as as changes changes
Problems Problems of of Data Data Collection Collection and and InterQretation InterQretation
Feilding) Feilding)
329-639 329-639 and and 409-719 409-719 respectively respectively (N.Z.M.S. (N.Z.M.S. 1. 1. N N 144 144
- i. i. :.L :.L • •
of of the the Pohangina Pohangina Anticline. Anticline.
Pohangina Pohangina River River is is at at present present eroding eroding the the eastern eastern martin martin
below below Piripiri Piripiri Bridge Bridge (Appendix (Appendix 4 4 ). ). In In this this case case the the
removal removal of of the the terraces terraces for for a a dist8nce dist8nce of of four four miles miles
the the Pohangina Pohangina River River has has again again been been responsible responsible for for the the
Further Further upstream upstream on on the the west west bank bank lateral lateral ero~.ion ero~.ion by by
River River and and which which flow flow parallel parallel to to it it ( ( Appendix Appendix 3 ) • • ) 3
and and Beehive Beehive Creek Creek both both major major tributaries tributaries of of the the Pohangina Pohangina
tE tE rraces rraces have have been been rer:;oved rer:;oved by by the the actions actions of of Coal Coal Creek Creek
Reserve Reserve to to a a point point three three lliiles lliiles south south of of the the reserve reserve the the
also also devoid devoid of of major major terrace terrace remnants. remnants. From From Totara Totara
Sizeable Sizeable areas areas on on the the west west bank bank of of the the river river are are
of of the the Ruahine Ruahine Ranie. Ranie.
the the river river is is located located close close beside beside the the ¼estern ¼estern boundary boundary
terraces, terraces, as as in in both both of of these these places places the the preseLt preseLt bed bed of of
has has been been responsible responsible for for the the removal removal of of the the major major
these these instances instances lateral lateral erosion erosion by by the the Pohangina Pohangina ~iver ~iver
(Appendix (Appendix 3 3 ) ) a a dist8.nce dist8.nce of of three three n,iles. n,iles. In In both both of of
absent absent on on the the east east bank bank between between Totara Totara Reserve Reserve and and Kornako Kornako
Ashhurst Ashhurst (appendix (appendix All All 1 1 ). ). the the major major terraces terraces are are also also
River River to to a a point point approximately approximately five five miles miles upstream upstream from from
completely completely removed removed between between the the junction junction with with the the Manawatu Manawatu
On On the the east east bank bank of of the the river river th~ th~ terraces terraces have have been been
places places all all the the major major terraces terraces are are entirely entirely absent. absent.
and and Milson, Milson, are are well well preserved. preserved. However, However, in in several several
terraces, terraces, especially especially the the younger younger ones ones such such as as the the Ashhur~t Ashhur~t
6 Throughout Throughout much much of of the the Pohan ina ina Valley Valley the the river river
Descriptions Descriptions of of the the Poh~nbina Poh~nbina River River Terraces Terraces 12. 12. 13.
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE POHANGINA VALLEY
The relationship between the Mafilawatu and Pohan0 ina River_Terraces
Because the Manawatu Gorge acts as a local base
level for the Upper hanawatu Catchment, it is only
possible to construct a long profile that is likely to
resemble the so called graded profile of Davis, by
combining the river afid terrace profiles derived for the
Manawatu and Pohangina river systems.
Unfortunately, a similar combination of profiles incorporating the Manawatu and Oroua Catchments is not possible. Although the Oroua River is ths ohiy other major tributary of the Manawatu that joins it west of the Gor~e, the terraces associated with the two rivers are not present at the point of juncture in the
Kairanga Basin, which is an area of fluvial deposition.
From Figure 2 it is at once apparent that there is a reasonable degree of continuity between the present
~anawatu and Pohangina Rivers and the terraces associated with them. Figure 2 also appears to suggest a certain cyclic n.,.f-1,1->€., oS ·+w!.., pattern in terms of theAjunction between the two river system£. The Forest Hill profile is obviously unusual and confused at this point, and the sag in its long profile is difficult to explain. The ~ilson Right Bank profile would, however, seem to indicate that the two rivers had during the period of its formation attained
distinguishable distinguishable
from from
the the Holocene Holocene terraces. terraces. The The
be be
of of
very very
low low reiief reiief since since it it is is not not readily readily
existing existing
river river
channel. channel.
This This being being the the case case it it must must
can can
only only occur occur
in in
the the
lower lower catchment catchment close close to to the the
If If
it it
is is in in fact fact
present present
in in the the Pohangina Pohangina Valley Valley it it
does does
~ot ~ot
appear appear
to to be be
present present in in the the Pohangina· Pohangina· Valley. Valley.
extensive extensive
in in the the Manawatu Manawatu
Valley Valley (Heerdegen, (Heerdegen, 1972,10 1972,10 ) )
at at this this
point, point,
that that
the the
Raukawa Raukawa Terrace Terrace which which is is fairly fairly
It It
is is perhaps perhaps
sigificant, sigificant, and and worth worth ruentionin~ ruentionin~
this this notion. notion.
in in tectonic tectonic
deforrnation(Figure deforrnation(Figure
3) 3) would would tend tend to to support support
Pohangina Pohangina
terrace terrace
profiles profiles are are surprisingly surprisingly lacking lacking
may may
be be aggrading, aggrading,
coupled coupled with with the the f~ct f~ct that that the the
gravels gravels
which which
tend tend to to
suggest suggest that that the the hanaw&tu hanaw&tu ~iver ~iver
inflection. inflection.
The The recorded recorded
downstream downstream migration migration of of
responsible responsible
for for
the the development development
of of these these points points of of
changes changes
in in
.the .the grade grade
of of the the Manawatu Manawatu River River may may be be
activity activity
altering altering
the the Pohangina Pohangina Catchment. Catchment. Alternatively, Alternatively,
movement movement
may may
have have
been been made made necessary necessary by by tectonic tectonic
rivers rivers
moving moving
towards towards
a a new new state state of of graoe. graoe. Such Such a a
Such Such
discontinuity discontinuity
may may
be be the the result result of of one one of of the the
discontinuity discontinuity
between between
the the two two river river systems systems has has increased. increased.
that that
since since the the
formation formation
of of the the Milson Milson Terrace Terrace the the
profile profile
and and
the the present present
river river
profile profile would would tend tend to to suggest suggest
The The
point point of of
inflection inflection in in the the Ashurst Ashurst Terrace Terrace
the the terrace terrace
profile profile at at the the point point of of intersection. intersection.
with with
each each
other, other,
as as is is evident evident
from from the the uniformity uniformity of of
a a highly highly
graded graded
condition condition
and and were were in in a a state state of of harmony harmony
channel; channel; consequently consequently terraces terraces older older than than the the Ashhurst Ashhurst
Range Range extend extend down down very very close close to to the the existing existing river river
deformation deformation occurs occurs the the side side ridges ridges from from the the Ruahine Ruahine
is is markedly markedly deformed. deformed. At At the the point point where where the the greatest greatest
lower lower sections sections of of the the East East Bank Bank Ashhurst Ashhurst Terrace, Terrace, which which
The The greatest greatest irregularity irregularity evident evident involves involves the the
most most likely likely explained explained by by subsequent subsequent tectonic tectonic activity. activity.
( ( Figure Figure 3 3 there there ), ), are are several several i i rregulari rregulari ties ties that that are are
show show a a surprising surprising lack lack of of deformation deformation due due to to tectonism tectonism
Although Although the the Pohangina Pohangina Terrace Terrace profiles profiles generally generally
Subsequent Subsequent deforrnation_of deforrnation_of the the Pohangina Pohangina River_Terraces_ River_Terraces_
the the north north in in the the upper upper Pohangina Pohangina Catchment. Catchment.
that that greater greater tectonic tectonic uplift uplift has has or or is is occurring occurring to to
distinctive distinctive characteristic characteristic would would tend tend to to suggest suggest
and and converge converge towards towards the the Gorge Gorge in in the the south. south. This This
Terrace Terrace the the Pohangina Pohangina Terraces Terraces diverge diverge to to the the north north
Hence Hence with with the the exception exception of of the the East East Bank Bank Nilson Nilson
the the
terrace, terrace, 11 11 the the steeper steeper ~ M M its its average average gradient. gradient.
is is
In In addition addition Table Table 1 1 illustrates illustrates that that the the older older
than than those those of of the the cor1esponding cor1esponding hanawatu hanawatu Terraces. Terraces.
average average gradients gradients of of the the Pohangina Pohangina Terraces Terraces are are treater treater
Figure Figure 2 2 and and Table Table 2 2 indicate indicate that that in in general general the the
1errace 1errace Gradients Gradients
not not present present further further up up the the valley. valley.
would would suggest suggest that that the the Raukawa Raukawa Terrace Terrace is is definately definately
Ashhurst Ashhurst terrace terrace in in the the upper upper catchment catchment (Appendix (Appendix 4) 4)
noticeable noticeable lack lack of of any any l(,inor l(,inor terr8ces terr8ces bE::lov.i bE::lov.i the the
7. 7. J J
used. used.
altitudes altitudes of of the the two two and and twenty twenty one one mile mile marks marks were were
except except the the Forest Forest Hill. Hill. In In the the case case of of the the latter latter the the
of of the the terraces terraces at at the the eight eight and and twenty twenty one one mile mile marks marks
1 1 All All average average gradients gradients are are derived derived from from the the altitudes altitudes
Source: Source: Field Field survey, survey, September September 1976. 1976.
Forest Forest Hill Hill 50•0 50•0
.!Vlilson .!Vlilson West West 37•7 37•7 Bank Bank
Milson Milson East East Bank Bank 38•4 38•4
Ashhurst Ashhurst West West 32·7 32·7 Bank Bank
Ashhurst Ashhurst East East Bank Bank 26•0 26•0
Pohangina Pohangina River River 26·6 26·6
Pohangina Pohangina Terraces Terraces
Source: Source: 1968,72 1968,72 Fair, Fair,
Forest Forest Hill Hill 22·1 22·1
Milson Milson Right Right Bank Bank 19 19 .. .. 3 3
Milson Milson Left Left l~ank l~ank 13•2 13•2
Ashhurst Ashhurst 11·6 11·6
Manawatu Manawatu River River 6•0 6•0
Manawatu Manawatu Terraces Terraces Gradient Gradient (fall (fall per per mile mile feet) feet) in in
Average Average terrac~_gsadients terrac~_gsadients
TABLE TABLE 2 2
also also
may may
indicate indicate
the the
presence presence
of of an an east east west west fault fault or or
parallel parallel
changes changes
in in
their their
gradients gradients (Figure (Figure 3). 3). This This
the the
Ashhurst Ashhurst
and and Milson Milson
west west bank bank terraces terraces exhibit exhibit
Similarily Similarily
at at
approximately approximately
the the 12 12 mile mile mark mark both both
the the 13outh 13outh side. side.
S½Spected S½Spected
fault fault line line
has has been been
downthrown downthrown relative relative to to
it it
would would
appear appear
that that
the the
area. area. to to the the north north of of the the
profiles profiles
(Figure (Figure 3). 3).
From From the the nature nature of of the the irregularity irregularity
point point
display display an an
identical identical
irregularity irregularity in in their their
Ashhurst Ashhurst
East East
Bank Bank
and and
the the
Milson Milson East East Bank Bank at at this this
Ruahine Ruahine
Range Range
to to the the
present present
river river bed. bed. Both Both the the
a a
fault fault
running running
in in
an an east east
west west direction direction fvom fvom the the
Ashhurst Ashhurst
there there
is is evidence evidence
to to
suggest suggest the the presence presence of of
Between Between
11·5 11·5
and and 15 15 miles miles
above above the the township township of of
(Figure (Figure 3). 3).
Terrace Terrace
also also
displ2,ys displ2,ys some some slight slight deformation deformation
that that
at at the the
corresponding corresponding
point point the the West West Bank Bank Ashhurst Ashhurst
bed. bed.
This This notion notion
is is
further further
supported supported by by the the fact fact
for for
the the
warping warping
was was
centred centred
close close to to the the present present river river
This This
would would
tend tend
to to suggest suggest
that that the the tectonism tectonism responsible responsible
at at
this this
point point dli:splays dli:splays
a a very very regular regular uniform uniform profile. profile.
Ashhurst, Ashhurst,
the the east east
bank bank Milson Milson
Terra-ce Terra-ce is is present present and and
lies lies
between~ between~
5·5 5·5
and and 8•5 8•5 miles miles upstream upstream from from
upstream upstream
from from
the the area area of of
maximum maximum deformation, deformation, which which
similar similar pattern pattern
of of deformation. deformation.
However, However, immediately immediately
can can
not not
be be examined examined
to to
see see whether whether
they they also also e.:xhibit e.:xhibit a a
are are
non non
existent existent
at at
this this point point
which which rrieans rrieans that that they they I"/ I"/
The The
thickness thickness
of of t~e t~e loess loess cover cover on on the the Ashhurst Ashhurst
very very
similar similar to to
those those observed observed in in the the Manawatu Manawatu Valley. Valley.
Milson Milson
Terraces Terraces
in in the the Pohangina Pohangina Valley Valley seem seem b@ b@ to to
The The
cover cover
deposit deposit
profiles profiles on on the the Forest Forest Hill Hill and and
Terrace Terrace
cover cover deposites deposites in in the the Pohangina Pohangina Valley Valley
direction. direction.
smaller smaller
faults faults
or or folds folds running running in in an an east east west west
pattern, pattern,
it it
appears, appears,
is is then then superimposed superimposed a a series series of of
approximately approximately
along along
the the river river bed. bed. Upon Upon this this basic basic
principal principal
fault fault
runs runs in in a a northeast northeast southwest southwest direction direction
Pohangina Pohangina
Catchment Catchment
would would appear appear to to be be one one where where the the
In In summary summary
the the fault fault or or fold fold pattern pattern of of the the
faulting faulting
has has
complicated complicated the the situation. situation. (Figure (Figure 3). 3).
west west
bank, bank,
except except
where where probable probable east east west west folding folding or or
the the
east east bank bank are are
higher higher than than their their equivalents equivalents on on the the
supported supported
by by the the
fact fact that that generally generally the the terraces terraces on on
Sheet Sheet 11 11
Dannevirke). Dannevirke).
This This proposition proposition is is further further
geological geological
map map for for the the area.(N.Z.Geological area.(N.Z.Geological Survey Survey
fault fault
running running
northeast northeast
from from Raumai Raumai is is marked marked on on the the
terraces terraces
along along
the the
present present river river bed. bed. Indeed Indeed such such a a
southwest southwest
orientation orientation
and and thus thus runs runs parallel parallel to to the the
faulting faulting
in in the the area area probably probably has has a a northeast northeast
between between
the the
various various terraces terraces reveal reveal that that the the major major
An An
examination examination
of of the the differences differences in in altitude altitude
downthrown downthrown relative relative to to tbe tbe south south side. side.
fold, fold, again again
with with the the northern northern side side apparently apparently J.O. J.O.
terraces. terraces.
altitude altitude
between between
corresponding corresponding east east and and west west bank bank
that that
helps helps to to
explain explain the the apparent apparent differences differences in in
the the
two two river river
banks banks may may also also be be a a ~ontrxEut~x¥ ~ontrxEut~x¥ factor factor
Differences Differences in in
the the rate rate of of loess loess accumulation accumulation between between
matter matter
for for the the Milson Milson and and Forest Forest Hill Hill Terraces. Terraces.
is is difficult difficult
to to
draw draw any any conclusions conclusions regarding regarding this this
may may be be the the
case case on on
the the Ashhurst Ashhurst Terrace, Terrace, although although it it
of of
the the river. river.
Field Field observations observations suggest suggest that that this this
loess loess
accumulation accumulation
will will be be greater greater on on the the eastern eastern side side
from from
a a northwesterly northwesterly
quarter quarter it it is is to to be be expected expected that that
As As the the
prevailing prevailing
wind wind in in the the Pohangina Pohangina Valley Valley is is
accumulation. accumulation.
wind wind
could could
account account for for this this low low level level of of loess loess
relatively relatively
sheltered sheltered from from the the prevailing prevailing northwest northwest
channel channel
is is
narrow narrow
and and deeply deeply incised, incised, and and is is thus thus
upper upper
reaches reaches
of of
the the Pohangina Pohangina River River the the present present river river
gravels gravels
protrude protrude
at at the the surface. surface. The The fact fact that that in in the the
Terrace Terrace
is is
virtually virtually non-existent non-existent and and the the terrace terrace
the the
Pohangina Pohangina
Valley Valley the the loess loess covet covet on on the the Ashhurst Ashhurst
three three feet feet
However, However, thick. thick. in in the the upper upper reaches reaches of of
Ashhurst Ashhurst
Terrace Terrace
is is relat~vely relat~vely thin, thin, generally generally about about
lower lower
Pohangina Pohangina
Catchment Catchment
the the loess loess layer layer covering covering the the
Valley; Valley;
more more so so than than in in the the Manawatu Manawatu In In Valley. Valley. the the
Terrace Terrace
makes makes it it readily readily identifiable identifiable in in the the Pohanbina Pohanbina
is is not not as as complicated complicated as as was was first first thought. thought.
suggests suggests that that the the past past history history of of the the Pohangina Pohangina Valley Valley
river river
terraces terraces appear appear to to be be remarkably remarkably unaltered. unaltered. This This
significant significant
result result to to emerge emerge fro~ fro~ this this study study is is that that the the
and and
removed removed the the river river terraces; terraces; Perhaps Perhaps the the most most
eroision eroision by by tributaries tributaries would would have have deformed, deformed, obscured obscured
expected expected that that subsequent subsequent tectonism, tectonism, landslides landslides and and
of of
denudation denudation chronology chronology and and geomorphology. geomorphology. It It was was
find find the the Pohangina Pohangina Catchment Catchment very very complicated complicated in in terms terms
on on the the Manawatu Manawatu Region Region seemed seemed to to indicate indicate that that I I would would
Before Before any any field field work work was was carried carried out out the the literature literature
place, place, especially especially on on the the Ashhurst Ashhurst Terrace. Terrace.
on on them. them. This This mantle mantle varies varies markedly markedly from from place place to to
that that
all all of of the the Pohangina Pohangina Terraces Terraces have have a a mantle mantle of of loess loess
forth forth from from the the Ruahine Ruahine Range. Range. Field Field evidence evidence indicates indicates
Pohangina Pohangina Valley Valley to to the the point point where where the the river river issues issues
terraces terraces found found in in the the Manawatu Manawatu Valley Valley extend extend up up the the
From From the the results results obtained obtained it it would would appear appear that that the the
before before any any definate definate conclucions conclucions can can be be reached. reached.
discussed, discussed, although although much much more more field field work work is is necessary necessary
have have enabled enabled several several contraversial contraversial points points to to be be
the the Manawatu, Manawatu, in in association association with with my-field my-field observations observations
The The literature literature on on neighbouring neighbouring river river basins, basins, especially especially
expectation expectation
that that more more work work will will be be undertaken undertaken in in the the area. area.
investigation investigation of of the the Pohangina Pohangina Catchment Catchment in in the the
This This study study should should be be regarded regarded as as a a preliminary preliminary
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 1.l. 1.l.
Massey Massey UnivErsity, UnivErsity, Dept. Dept. Geog. Geog.
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous paper paper No.2. No.2.
The The Geog. Geog. of of the the Manawatu. Manawatu.
Heerdegen, Heerdegen, R.G. R.G. 1972 1972 Landforms Landforms of of the the Manawatu. Manawatu.
M.Sc. M.Sc. Thesis Thesis Massey Massey University. University.
River River west west of of the the Gorg_g_. Gorg_g_.
geomor:J2h9logy geomor:J2h9logy of of _ _ _Jvianawa _Jvianawa ~h~ ~h~ tu tu
climatic climatic control control of of the the fluvial fluvial
Fair, Fair, E.E. E.E. 1968 1968 9Jructur.al, 9Jructur.al, tectonic tectonic and and
Geophys, Geophys, 7: 7: 389-96. 389-96.
New New Zealand. Zealand. N.Z. N.Z. J. J. Geol. Geol.
1963 1963 Loess Loess in in the the Manawatu Manawatu District, District,
Geol. Geol. _GeophysL _GeophysL 7: 7: 67-77. 67-77.
District, District, New New Zealand. Zealand. N.Z. N.Z. J. J.
Cowie, Cowie,
J.D. J.D.
1963 1963 Aokau Aokau tere tere Ash Ash in in the the Iviana-...,a Iviana-...,a tu tu
New New Zealand Zealand 2: 2: 3: 3:
Journal Journal of of the the Royal Royal Society Society of of
Ruahine Ruahine Range, Range, Ivianawatu. Ivianawatu.
District, District, Pohangina Pohangina Valley, Valley,
Carter, Carter, R • • R 1972 1972 .M. .M. Wanganui Wanganui Strata Strata of of the the Komako Komako
Articles Articles
--- -~------
Of Of Central Central New New Zealand. Zealand.
Stevens, Stevens, 1974 1974 G.R. G.R.
to to the the Stu~of Stu~of Landforms. Landforms.
Cotton, Cotton, 1942 1942 C.A. C.A.
Books Books BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY
N.Z. N.Z. Geological Geological Survey Survey Sheet Sheet 11 11 Dannevirke. Dannevirke.
N.Z.M.S. N.Z.M.S. 1. 1. N.149 N.149 Palmerston Palmerston North. North.
N.Z.M.S. N.Z.M.S. 1. 1. N.144 N.144 Feilding. Feilding.
~aps ~aps
N.Z. N.Z. Jl. Jl. Geol. Geol. Geophys, Geophys, 5: 5: 517-30. 517-30.
the the 0taki-Waikanae 0taki-Waikanae district. district.
Te Te Punga, Punga,
M.T. M.T.
1962 1962 S~me S~me geological geological features features of of
Bull. Bull. Geol. Geol. Surv. Surv. N.Z. N.Z. 77. 77.
South South Island,New Island,New Zealand. Zealand.
the the northern northern part part of of the the
Suggate, Suggate,
R.P. R.P.
1965 1965 Late Late Pleistocene Pleistocene geology geology of of
16: 16: 287-303. 287-303.
New New Zealand Zealand Journal Journal of of Science, Science,
Pohangina Pohangina County, County, New New Zealand. Zealand.
deposits deposits on on terraces terraces in in
Rijk.se, Rijk.se, W. W. C. C. 1972 1972 Soils Soils in in relation relation to to cover cover
University University Library, Library,
Microfilm Microfilm lodged lodged at at Massey Massey
Harvard Harvard Univ. Univ.
Unpublished Unpublished Ph.D. Ph.D. Thesis, Thesis,
Lower Lower Manawa Manawa tg__yalle;y.z.. tg__yalle;y.z..
Ri Ri eh, eh, 1959 1959 C. C. C. C. Late Late Cenozoic_Geology Cenozoic_Geology of of the the
Report Report 4. 4.
Zealand. Zealand. N.Z. N.Z. Soil Soil Survey, Survey,
Basin, Basin, North North Island, Island, New New
terraces terraces in in the the Rangitikei Rangitikei
Milne, Milne, 1973 1973 J.D.G. J.D.G. Maps Maps and and sections sections of of river river
N.Z.M.S. N.Z.M.S. 3. 3. Sheet Sheet N.144:3. N.144:3. Utuwai. Utuwai.
N.Z.M.S. N.Z.M.S. 3. 3. Sheet Sheet N.144:6. N.144:6. Makiekie. Makiekie.
N.Z.M.S. N.Z.M.S. 3. 3. Sheet Sheet N.144:8. N.144:8. Pohangina. Pohangina.
N.Z.M.S. N.Z.M.S. 3. 3. Sheet Sheet N.149:2. N.149:2. Ashhurst. Ashhurst. 25. 25. MASSEY UNIVERSITY MASSEY RESEARCH ONLINE http://mro.massey.ac.nz/
Massey Documents by Type Research Reports
A preliminary investigation of the Pohangina Valley river terraces : a dissertation ... for the degree of B.A. (Hons.) in Geography at Massey University
Challands, Keith I
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