SEXUAL FANTASIES, ATTITUDES, AND BELIEFS: THE ROLE OF SELF-REPORT SEXUAL AGGRESSION FOR MALES AND FEMALES

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate

School of the Ohio State University

By

JeAndra M. Barner, M.A.

*****

The Ohio State University 2003

Dissertation Committee:

Steven J. Beck, Ph.D., Adviser Approved By

Herbert Mirels, Ph.D. ______Adviser Charles Emery, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT

Using self-reported data from male and female undergraduate college students in an introductory psychology class, the present study investigated the correlates of sexual aggression. Specifically focusing on how sexual aggression/ correlates with different types of sexual fantasies, sexual attitudes (using Burt’s Myth Acceptance scales), and Sexual Self-Schema. Participants were broken down into the following groups: Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, and Virgins by . It was found that males were more likely than females to self-report a history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors. The results indicated that a self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion is correlated with higher numbers of self-reported deviant and aggressive sexual fantasies for all male groups except male virgins. A self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion is significantly correlated with frequency of fantasizing about deviant subject matter for all female groups; A self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion is significantly correlated with having greater repertoires of aggressive fantasies for all female groups except Rapists. Acceptance and

Adversarial Sexual Beliefs were positively correlated with self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion for all groups except Rapists and Virgins; however, Acceptance of

Interpersonal was only significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually coercive behaviors. Positive Sexual Self-Schema was associated with a self-

ii reported history of sexual aggression/ coercion for all groups except Rapists, male

Virgins, and male Sexually Aggressives. The theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

iii

DEDICATED TO MY MOTHER

iv

ANCESTRAL RECOGNITION STATEMENT

In the African tradition of which I am a part, it is customary to give recognition to those who came before you when you are the recipient of an honor. In that tradition I would first like to give praise to that force in the universe that we all know to be greater than each of us. I am humbled and honored to have been given the opportunity to live, grow, and work towards completion of this important academic work. I would be remiss not to recognize that my comparatively small achievement is but a continuation of the work of those ancestors that have gone before me, and upon whose shoulders I now stand. Few of these great people I know by name. I would like them to know that even though I did not have the pleasure of meeting them, I imagined and felt their support throughout my academic journey. I would also like to give respect to those elders in my who have guided me through this important process. Specifically, I would like to acknowledge the support given to me by both my parents Dr. Jorethia Chuck and Dr.

David Whitaker as well as my grandfather Alphonso Chuck.

I realize that it is now my responsibility to continue this never ending line of eldership and to provide strong shoulder for those who might be looking to me for support and guidance. This is what connects us to our higher power.

May we always remember those who have gone before us. May we be inspired by their vision and their valor. May their lives continuously remind us that service is

v more important than success, that people are more important that possessions, and that principle is more important than power. May whatever we do be shaped and molded by honesty, competence, and commitment. Ashé.

vi

VITA

March 3, 1969 ……………………………Born – Cleveland, Ohio

1991 ………………………………………B.A. Psychology, Purdue University

1996 ………………………………………M.A. Psychology, The Ohio State University

1992 – 1996 ………………………………Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University

1995 – 1996 ……………………………….Psychologist Trainee, Children’s Hospital Guidance Center, East, Columbus, Ohio

1996 – 1997 ……………………………….Substitute Teacher, Dahlberg Learning Center for the Mentally Retarded and Developmentally Disabled

1996 – 1998 ……………………………….Rehabilitation Specialist, Assistance for the Developmentally Disabled

1998 – 2000 ……………………………….Psychologist Trainee/Outpatient Clinician, St. Vincent’s Child and Guidance Centers

2000 – 2001 ……………………………….Psychology Intern, Applewood Centers Cleveland, Ohio

2001 – Present ……………………………..Psychology Asst./Outpatient Clinician, The Buckeye Ranch, Grove City, Ohio

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Psychology

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………....ii

Dedication………………………………………….……………………………………..iv

Ancestral Recognition Statement…….…………….……………………………………...v

Vita………………………………………………….…………………………………...vii

List of Tables……………………………………… ………………………………….…xi

Chapters:

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…….. 1

Historical Perspective……………………………………………………………. 1 Historical Context for Sexual Aggression/Rape…………………………………. 7 Why Females are only Recently being Studied………………………………….. 9 Sexual Aggression and our Youth……………………………………………….12 Theories of Sexual Aggression….……………………………………………….14 Biological Determinism………………………………………………….15 Evolutionary Theories……………………………………………………16 Feminist Theory………………………………………………………….16 Hypothesis…………………………………………..18 Cognitive Model...……………………………………………………….19 Conditioning Theory……………………………………………………..20 Integrated Theory……………………………………………….………..22

Current Literature on Sexual Offending ...………………………………………23 Treatment of Sex Offenders……………………………………………………...26 Present Study…………………………………………………………………….27 Hypothesis of Current Study……………………………………………………..28

2. Methods……………………………………………………………………………….30

Subjects…………………………………………………………………………..30 Background Variables……………………………………………………………31 Coercive Attitudes Scale…………………………………………………………31 Past Sexually Aggressive/Coercive Behavior……………………………………32 viii .…………………………………………………………………..34 Social Desirability…………………………………………….………………….34 Sexual Self-Schema.………………………………………..……………………35

3. Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………37

4. Results………………………………………………………………………………..39

Hypothesis 1……………………………………………………………………..42 Hypothesis 2……………………………………………………………………..43 Hypothesis 3……………………………………………………………………..44 Hypothesis 4……………………………………………………………………..45 Hypothesis 5……………………………………………………………………..46 Hypothesis 6……………………………………………………………………..47 Hypothesis 7……………………………………………………………………..48 Hypothesis 8……………………………………………………………………..49 Hypothesis 9……………………………………………………………………..51 Group Comparisons……………………………………………………………..52 Subject Characteristics…………………………………………..53 Group Comparison Results………………………………………63

5. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………….67

Sexual Fantasy and Sexual Aggression/Coercion………………………………..69 Sexual Aggression and Rape-Supportive Attitudes and Beliefs…………………73 Victimization and Rape-Supportive Attitudes and Beliefs………………………74 Sexual Aggression and Sexual Self-Schema…………………...………………..75 Limitations……………………………………………………………………….77 Summary…………………………………………………………………………78 Future Directions.…………………………………………..……………………80

References………………………………………………………………………….…….82

Appendix A: Script………………………………….….…………..………91 Appendix B: Form……..…………………………………….…………..…….91 Appendix C: Oral Instructions to Participants……………………………..……..…….91 Appendix D: Packet of Measures Given to Male Participants………..…………..…….91 Appendix E: Packet of Measures Given to Female Participants…………………..……91 Appendix F: Debriefing Form….…………………………………….…………..……..91 Appendix G: Correlation Matrix: Rapists Males Only…………………………...…….91 Appendix H: Correlation Matrix: Rapists Females Only………………………...…….91 Appendix I: Correlation Matrix: Non-Rapists Males Only………………………….…91 Appendix J: Correlation Matrix: Non-Rapists Females Only…………..………..…….91 Appendix K: Correlation Matrix: Sexually Aggressive Males Only……..……...…….91 Appendix L: Correlation Matrix: Sexually Aggressive Females Only……..……...…..91

ix Appendix M: Correlation Matrix: Non-Sexually Aggressive Males Only……..………91 Appendix N: Correlation Matrix: Non-Sexually Aggressive Females Only……..…….91 Appendix O: Correlation Matrix: Virgins Males Only……..……...…………………...91 Appendix P: Correlation Matrix: Virgins Females Only………………….……...…….91 Appendix Q: Correlation Matrix: Non-Virgins Males Only…………..…..……...…….91 Appendix R: Correlation Matrix: Non-Virgins Females Only…………....……...…….91 Appendix S: Specific Findings……………………………….…………....……...…….91

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Correlation Matrix Total Sample……………………………………………..38

2 Summary of Subject Characteristics………………………………………….41

3 Relationship of Sexual Aggression and Type of Fantasy…………………….43

4 Gender Differences in Sexually Aggressive and Coercive Behaviors………..44

5 Male versus Female Report of Sexual Aggression……………………………46

6 Deviant Sexual Fantasies and Sexual Aggression…………………………….47

7 Relationship of Coercive Attitudes and Sexual Aggression in Males and Females…………………………………………….48

8 Relationship of Coercive Attitudes and Victimization in Females……………49

9 Relationship of Sexual Aggression and Sexual Self-Schema…………………50

10 Relationship of Sexual Self-Schema and Romantic Fantasies for Males and Females…………………………………………………………….52

11 Summary of Subject Characteristics…………………………………………..54

12 Correlation Matrix Rapists Total Sample……………………………………..57

13 Correlation Matrix Non-Rapists Total Sample………………………………..58

14 Correlation Matrix Sexually Aggressive Total Sample…….…………………59

15 Correlation Matrix Non-Sexually Aggressive Total Sample………………….60

16 Correlation Matrix Virgins Total Sample……………………………………..61

xi 17 Correlation Matrix Non-Virgins Total Sample………………………………..62

18 Relationship of Sexual Aggression and Type of Fantasy……………………..63

19 Sexual Self-Schema scores and Average Frequency of Fantasizing…………..65

xii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Historical Perspective

In the not so distant past, sexuality was taboo as both a topic of conversation as well as in the field of research. Empirical research that focused on sexuality and its seemingly benign counterparts such as romantic love or attraction was not highly valued in mainstream society (Walster, 1971). Until the end of the nineteenth century, sexual behaviors performed for any purpose other than reproduction were considered deviant, and were even thought to cause various forms of mental and physical illness (Allgeier &

Allgeier, 1988). Historically, the first studies investigating were conducted by physicians such as obstetricians or family practitioners (e.g., Masters &

Johnson, 1966). These studies focused on the of the bodily expression of love, as well as the history of sexual behavior and in

(Dickenson & Beam, 1970; Van de Velde, 1965). Many of these studies were conducted under the guise of investigating how sexual behavior affects marital happiness, and uncovering information important to the institution of marriage (Hamilton & MacGowan,

1929). It was evident during this time period that studying sexuality for any reasons other than medical or religious sanctions (e.g., marriage) were unacceptable. Hamilton

(1986) explicitly addressed the potential misunderstanding of his motives for

1 investigating sexuality when he stated in his introduction, "A minor difficulty is contained in the possibility that a few misguided dealers might exploit this book as having erotic interest. This would not only be unfair to its , but a fraudulent misrepresentation of goods to persons who seek vicarious satisfaction of the sex instinct.

My publishers will meet this difficulty by keeping it out of the hands of such dealers"

(vii).

Despite such fears, initial research on sexual attitudes and behaviors was conducted during the first half of the twentieth century. During that time, people who attempted to study or teach others about sex-related topics (e.g., sexually transmitted diseases) were faced with hostility and lost their "good standing" in the research community. In the introduction to a book on marriage by Hamilton and MacGowan

(1929), John B. Watson recognized the perils of trying to study sexuality by stating that,

"The study of sex is still fraught with danger. It can be openly studied only by individuals who are not connected with universities" (xiii). This statement of danger became a reality for two professors that same year. One professor was dismissed and the other was suspended for one year without pay for allowing a student to include three questions on attitudes towards extramarital sexual affairs on a research questionnaire

(Esper, 1967). Despite the difficulties inherent in this opposition to research in the area of sexuality, several pioneers succeeded in making human sexuality a legitimate and accepted area of research and investigation (Hunt, 1974).

Alfred Kinsey was the first to gather large-scale information on sexual experiences and behaviors. He did this by interviewing and administering questionnaires to his students at Indiana University (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948; Kinsey,

2 Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953). At that time, researchers had long avoided the study of human sexuality mainly to prevent negative consequences to themselves and their professional reputations and positions. When Kinsey and his research group undertook the task of collecting sexual history information on the "typical" American throughout the lifespan, they were harassed, investigated by the police, threatened with legal action, and criticized by colleagues (Kinsey et. al., 1948). In addition, Kinsey's research was considered 'unclean' by many academics and by much of the public, which placed enormous pressure on those agencies funding his research. In 1954, the

Rockefeller Foundation, which was a major contributor of funds to the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, withdrew its aid as a result of public pressure and negative publicity for supporting this type of research (Hunt, 1974). Despite these obstacles, the Kinsey group continued its research and began to observe the physiological and sexual responses of female volunteers in their laboratory. Although Kinsey's data on the physiology of the sexual response and were limited, they served as an important foundation for the subsequent work of later researchers such as (see Pomeroy, 1966) and paved the way for future research in the area of sexuality.

The Kinsey group's well-documented and published findings provided the general public with a wealth of new descriptive statistical knowledge in the domain of human sexuality (Reisman & Eichel, 1990; Hunt, 1974). Not only did this knowledge profoundly impact sexuality’s ascension as a viable research topic, but it also offered people a basis for social comparison within the general population. For example,

Kinsey's findings provided the public with a baseline for some normal sexual information such as revealing that most of the participants of their interviews admitted to

3 masturbating at various times in their lives, and therefore could thus be considered "normative" behavior (Allgeier & Allgeier, 1988).

Other prominent research in the history of sexual behavior took a different focus from that of Kinsey’s. Masters and Johnson (1966; 1970) were the first to extensively investigate the physiological and psychological responses to . For example, they extensively studied and delineated the different cycles or phases that the body experiences before, during, and after . They were also interested in sexual dysfunction and studied its causes and correlates. The original description of the male and female sexual response cycle illustrated by Masters and Johnson in 1966 serves as the framework for conceptualizations of sexual dysfunction (Carey & Gordon,

1995).

Like the first studies on sexuality, Masters and Johnson's early work was tentatively conducted within the framework of obstetrical medicine. Because of Kinsey's pioneering research and their own medical focus, Masters and Johnson met with less opposition than previous researchers within the academic community. Studies that were funded by various councils on health and medical issues were far more common and accepted within research and academic settings. For example, Schofield (1963; 1965) collected sexual histories on behavior and attitudes from adolescents to investigate how adolescent related to the increase of venereal disease taking place during that time period.

In general, public attitudes on sexual research and sexually related topics have undergone dramatic changes. Today, it is not only more acceptable to study sexuality and other related topics, but it has also become common in the general public to discuss

4 issues surrounding sexuality and sexual behavior without the underlying purpose of that discussion being a medical issue. It appears as though the general public began to accept sexuality-related information before it was totally accepted in the field of research and academia. A more recent example illustrates this fact. Shere Hite conducted two studies to gather information on sexual behavior and attitudes from women (1976) and men

(1981). Hite's two reports were less formal than previous research in the area of human sexuality and were not conducted under any of the guises associated with previous research in sexuality. These reports were also somewhat sensationalized in the media and public because Hite reported verbatim personal sexual experiences written by respondents to her questionnaires. Nevertheless, although her studies were conducted without the aforementioned academic and public pressure, her research was still criticized. At the time, Robinson (1981) argued that Hite's studies were not really studies at all, but were sex books geared towards piquing the curiosity of the American population. This criticism seemed to be an admonishment directed at sexually related topics of study.

An example of the public's apparent acceptance of sexuality was recently published in Time Magazine (Elmer-Dewitt, 1994). The researchers who conducted this study (Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & Michaels, 1994) acknowledged how far research in the area of sexuality has come when they claimed that their research was free of the problems associated with Kinsey's research such as sampling . Like Kinsey,

Laumann et al. collected sexual information from the general public in an effort to report on typical or normative sexual behavior in Americans. Although they were able to collect information from random American households unlike Kinsey who had to settle

5 for collecting information from hitchhikers and people who sought out his sexual research, their research was still seen as provocative and they initially redesigned their study to assuage conservative critics. Even though they redesigned their study (e.g., taking out questions on masturbation) the Senate voted to terminate government funding of their research in 1991. It is also interesting to note that the research was initially funded under the auspices of collecting data with regards to risky sexual behaviors in reference to AIDS (Elmer-Dewitt, 1994).

As the study of sexuality has become more acceptable and more common, researchers have undertaken it more completely. Today there is easy access to literature and research that focus on aspects of sexuality ranging from sexuality in the elderly

(Brecher, 1984), how to have better (Keesling, 1999) to attitudes towards (Yang, 1997; Estrada & Weiss, 1999). However, all areas of sexuality have not been researched equally. Additionally, there are many areas of sexually related research that are still in their infancy. For example, although there is a wealth of information and research about the human cycle of , much less is known or agreed upon in the area of sexual aggression. It must be noted that although there has been a general progression from more restrictive attitudes to less restrictive, the rise of the topic of sexuality from that of taboo to open conversation has not been linear.

Research in the area of sexual offending and sexual aggression is very new, as well as the establishment of treatment programs specifically designed to target sexual aggression in our youth. This is especially true in both the areas of juvenile sexual offending and female sexual offending.

6 Historical Context for Sexual Aggression/Rape

The term “rape” comes from the word “rapere” which means, “to steal”

(Bohmer, 1991). The current definition of rape offered by Merriam Webster’s Dictionary

(2002) is “to seize and take away by force”. Encyclopaedia Britannica (1997) further states that rape is an “act of sexual intercourse with a by a without her consent, either through force or the threat of force or through . By the late 20th century, there was a tendency to enlarge the definition of rape to cover any act of against the will of the victim; this definition includes forcible , the victim of which may be another man or a child.” The term “sexual aggressive” was coined by Abel, Barlow, Blanchard, and Guild (1977) to describe men who rape and carry out other forceful sexual acts on women. This term is especially useful in talking about any variety of aggressive sexual acts not restricted to rape. For the purposes of this paper, sexual aggression is used to describe any aggressive behavior that is expressed in a sexual manner. This would include behaviors ranging from touching someone against his/her will up to and including the act of forceful sexual penetration or rape.

The way in which rape has been defined and handled by society as well as how the victim was viewed has changed over the past centuries. During the Colonial period, the church ruled society. Since the church held the family in high esteem and the legitimacy of a man’s children were of high value, sexuality and sexual behaviors were forbidden outside the institution of marriage and were acceptable only for the purpose of procreation. Sexual intercourse for any purpose other than procreating was immoral and offensive to the church. Rape was considered an offense to the church as well as to the husband of the ‘damaged property’, and was not viewed as an offense to the rape victim

7 (Donat & D’Emilio, 1992). Prior to the 19th century, if a virgin was raped, the was believed to be against that woman’s since a ‘soiled’ woman was often unmarriageable and was therefore considered a liability for her parents. The burden of proving that she had not consented to the sexual act was placed on the victim, and she bore the brunt of the punishment if she could not produce proof (e.g., an eyewitness) that she was forced to have sexual intercourse (Lindemann, 1984).

The church reduced its constraints on governing sexuality during the 19th century.

Women were considered pure and virtuous by nature, were expected to be moral, and held the duty of controlling the of men. Instead of being viewed as victims, women who were raped were considered depraved, were often blamed for the crime, and were socially stigmatized (Freedman, 1981; Donat & D’Emilio, 1992). Interest in the causes of sexual aggression emerged during the early 1900’s. With the advent of psychodynamic theory, many believed that sexually aggressive individuals were mentally ill due to factors such as a defective superego or a strong mother coupled with a weak father (Amir, 1971). Unfortunately, at that time, the focus was on the plight of the mentally ill man, not the woman who had been raped or victimized.

Although most of the early literature on was specific to male aggression toward females, it is now clear that sexual violence is perpetrated on men, women, and children (Gordon & O’Keefe,1985) alike. Additionally, it is clear that it is not only men who are perpetrators of sexual aggression, but also women and even children/adolescents (Hunter & Mathews, 1997; Barbaree, Marshall, & Hudson, 1993;

Knopp, 1985).

8 Lately, researchers and the community have accepted the fact that it is also possible for males to be the victims of sexual (McMullen, 1990). Risin and Koss

(1988) reported that 30.7 % of their participants (2,972 males in 32 colleges) reported being victims of including penetration. Given this information, it is believed by this author that there will be a sizable number of males in the present study who will report having been the victims of sexual aggression.

Why females are only recently being studied

As previously illustrated, women in our society have always been viewed as innocents, nurturers, and . With this schema in mind, it is easy to understand why it has been difficult for most people to imagine women as perpetrators of sexual aggression. Struckman-Johnson & Anderson (1998) state that there are three major reasons why there have been so few studies on sexually aggressive females and why reports of female sexual aggression are so frequently discounted. The first is related to the acceptance of the myth that women can do no harm. Even though males perpetrate most sexual of children, there are a substantial number of victims who report being abused by females. This is clearly illustrated by a study conducted with male victims of (Fritz, Stoll, & Wagner, 1993) in which 60% of the victims reported being victimized by a female. In a previously mentioned study (Risin & Koss, 1988) 30.7% of male respondents reported having been sexually victimized and 42.7% of those who reported a history of sexual abuse identified a woman as their perpetrator.

9 Secondly, contrary to the modern stereotype that women are sexually passive nurturers, there are women who demand and extort sexual activity from children, adolescents, and even same-aged men (Anderson & Struckman-Johnson, 1998). In recent news, great attention has been given to several female teachers found to be having sexual intercourse with their adolescent students (“Teacher is Charged,” 2002; “Teacher Denies

Fling,” 2000). In one of the more sensationalized examples, Mary LeTourneau, a 34- year-old teacher and mother of four was sent to prison for having had sexual intercourse with her 13-year-old student (“Teacher Accused of Rape,” 1997). Mrs. LeTouneau found out she was pregnant by the 13 year old and ended up having two children by him

(“Burien Teacher’s Sex,” 1997; “Teacher Pregnant by Boy, 14, Again,” 1998). Although many of the male youths involved in these types of cases stated that they were “in love” and were not manipulated into having sex with their female teachers, the authorities clearly believed differently.

Finally, many people in the general population also believe that women either are not strong enough or do not possess the ability to force a man into sexual activity. One frequently used argument is that men cannot be forced into sexual intercourse with a women if he really does not desire its occurrence because it would be physically impossible for intercourse (penile-vaginal) to occur. Yet men can experience sexual arousal to the point of due to both physical stimulation and strong emotional reactions such as fear, even when they do not desire sexual activity (Sarrel & Masters,

1982). There are reports (Muehlenhard & Cook, 1988; Sarrel & Masters, 1982) of women forcing men to engage in unwanted sex either through the use of a weapon or

10 through intoxication which decreases the man’s physical abilities to fend off sexual advances.

Due to pervasive views that females are nurturers who are emotionally and/or physically incapable of committing sexually aggressive acts, researchers often simply fail to ask both men and women questions about female sexual aggression. An example of this problem is illustrated in the way the Sexual Aggression Survey (SES; Koss & Oros,

1982; Koss & Gidyz, 1985) has traditionally been utilized. This instrument was constructed to detect “hidden perpetration” in males and “hidden victimization” in females. Thus, the female version of the SES is worded to investigate women as the victims of sexual aggression and the same questions on the male form are worded to investigate men as the perpetrators of sexual aggression (Struckman-Johnson &

Anderson, 1998). Additionally, Stuckman-Johnson & Anderson (1998) report that it is not uncommon for researchers either to gather information on both male and female victimization but only report the female results; or to collect physical aggression data on males and females, and in the same study only collect sexual aggression data from the male participants. This supports the idea that females can only serve in the role of victim and men can only serve in the role of victimizer, and never the other way around. The current study will cross these boundaries and collect perpetrator and victimization data by using both versions of the SES on both males and females.

It is noteworthy that there is also a double standard in defining male and female sexual aggression. Historically, it has always been considered ‘normal’ for men to attempt to convince a woman to have sex through various means such as verbal coercion or physical force. Until the 1980’s when the term “” was coined, many believed

11 that it was even acceptable for men to use some degree of force (especially when the woman “makes” the man sexually excited). The reverse was true for women. A woman who tried to initiate sex was considered improper and aggressive. More recently, studies have also shown that male sexual aggression is often viewed as threatening while female sexual aggression is seen as romantic and motivated by intimacy (Struckman-Johnson &

Anderson, 1998). Clearly, an understanding of these three reasons helps explain why the study and treatment of women as perpetrators of sexual aggression is a relatively new idea.

Sexual Aggression and our Youth

Just as it has been difficult for people to view women as possible perpetrators of sex , seeing our youth in this light has been equally difficult. The National

Adolescent Perpetrator Network, the Task Force on Juvenile Sexual Offending (1988), states that “Sexual interaction involving children with peers or younger children are problematic if the relationship is coercive, exploitive or aggressive or threatens the physical or psychological well-being of either participant.” And that “the exploitive nature of child sexual offending is measured in terms of size and age differential; power or authority differential; lack of equality and consent; and threats, violence or aggression”

(p. 42).

There are several reasons why studying sexual aggression in our youth and young adults is vital to decreasing the amount of sexual violence in our society. It is not uncommon for young adult offenders to confess to having taken part in delinquent sexual

12 behaviors beginning at a much younger age than that at which they were apprehended.

Research on adult sex offenders indicates that approximately 50% of all adult offenders began their offending when they were juveniles (Abel, Mittelman, & Becker, 1985;

Groth, Longo, & McFadden, 1982). Additionally, adolescent perpetrators are responsible for 20-30% of all and 30-60% of all cases of child sexual abuse committed each year in the United States (Becker, Kaplan, Cunningham-Rathner, & Kavoussi, 1986;

Brown, Flanagan, & McLeod, 1984; Farber, Showers, Johnson, Joseph, & Oshins, 1984;

Fehrenback, Smith, Monastersky, & Deisher, 1986). It is clear that for some juvenile offenders there is a progression toward more serious sexual offenses as they become adults (Longo & McFadin, 1981; Longo & Groth, 1983). Stickrod and Ryan (1987) report that adolescent offenders admit to beginning their offending patterns as early as age five.

Consequently, juveniles commit numerous sexual offenses, and once this offending pattern begins, it is unlikely that it will dissipate on its own as the perpetrator ages. For some young offenders, sexually offending is a behavioral pattern that becomes more stable and refined over time and usually intensifies if the offender is not stopped by some external force and committed to treatment (Knopp, 1985).

Treatment for any problem, whether it be physical (e.g., cancer) or behavioral

(e.g., sexual aggression), is most effective when intervention begins as early as possible.

Early identification and treatment for sexual offending is also important. The goal is to identify potential sexual offenders and teach appropriate behavior rather than waiting until deviant sexual behavior becomes a deeply ingrained pattern that is difficult to

13 change and almost the ‘normal’ way of life for the perpetrator. These are but some of the reasons why it is critically important to understand and prevent juvenile sexual offending.

Knowing that in many cases sexual offending is a behavioral pattern that may begin in early childhood or adolescence makes it imperative not to dismiss instances of inappropriate sexual behavior between children since it may be an indicator of future inappropriate or coercive sexual behavior. Until recently, sexual activity or sex play between siblings, cousins, or close age mates was considered “exploratory” and professionals and nonprofessionals did not look upon these types of behaviors as possible indicators of serious future sexual deviancy. In general, mutual sex play and sexual exploration (i.e., touching, looking at others bodies and genitals) between two close-aged children is believed to be developmentally normal and healthy behavior and has not been shown to pose any threats to future positive development (Cunningham & MacFarlane,

1998). However, concerns arise when sexual activity takes place between two individuals that are not close in age (i.e., an eighteen-year-old and a twelve-year-old) and there is an element of coercion, manipulation, or trickery involved. With more recent focus on prevention (Gondles, 2002) there is a push to treat individuals as soon as possible and this means taking a much closer look at identifying and treating the juvenile (Bradford, 1993).

Theories of Sexual Aggression

In an attempt to determine how a person could come to exhibit behaviors of an aggressive nature, researchers have postulated and investigated many possible factors.

14 Theories of the etiology of sexual aggression or sexual deviancy are widely varied. Some explanations focus on why some individuals are sexually aggressive and others are not, while others consider how a person comes to prefer or enjoy either sexually aggressive behaviors or what is culturally considered sexually deviant. This paper reviews some of the major etiological theories on sexually aggressive and sexually deviant behavior.

Biological Determinism

These theoretical explanations are based on the general concept that behavior is biologically based, and problems within an individual’s biological makeup can cause deviant behaviors to emerge. These theories pose that sexually deviant or aggressive behavior is caused by some type of abnormality in hormonal, genetic, or neurological processes. Some have theorized that individuals who participate in sexually aggressive behaviors have a neurological disorder or they may be suffering from a type of organic dysfunction related to epilepsy or head (Rosen, 1964; Radzinowicz, 1957;

Selling, 1942). Still others propose that inordinately high testosterone levels may be a prominent causal factor in explaining sexual aggression. (Dabbs & Babbs, 2000).

15 Evolutionary Theories

Evolutionary based theories propose that behaviors that serve an adaptive response over others will be selected to continue and behaviors that do not serve to create an adaptive advantage over others will cease to continue. All of the following evolutionary based theories propose that an individual gains an advantage through rape or sexual aggression that he otherwise does not or would not have. Evolutionary theories of sexual aggression or rape assume that males intend to use any means necessary to gain sexual access to females including the act of rape if there is little risk of punishment or retaliation (Ellis, 1993).

Feminist Theory

In offering a social analysis of sexual aggression, feminist theory proposes that men who are sexually aggressive (i.e., commit rape) are not behaving in a deviant manner. Men who rape are considered normal, but extreme. To understand this view, one must interpret sexual aggression within the societal context. Most people in the world live in a male dominated society where the social definition of sexuality involves the eroticizing of male dominance and female submission. Here in the United States, images portraying male power and dominance and female submission in sexuality are prevalent. They can be seen on the cover of novels, on television, and in movies. Sexually aggressive behavior therefore can be understood as an of the prevailing societal norms, not necessarily a departure or deviation from the norm

(Herman, 1990).

16 The function of sexual aggression is to preserve male dominance through .

The primary emotional experience reported by rape victims is that of fear (Burgess &

Holstrom, 1974). Rape serves both the political and social function of demonstrating to women that they are powerless in order to keep them powerless (Largen, 1985). All men, including those that do not participate in sexually aggressive behavior, benefit from the fact that some men engage in sexually aggressive behavior by intimidating women and reminding them that ultimately they are not in control. The feminist analysis asserts that men engage in sexual assault not only because it is condoned, but also because it is physically and socially rewarding. Sexually aggressive/coercive behavior is condoned through societal images of sexual exploitation by way of societal acceptance of institutions such as and . This theory states that the act of raping is rewarding for two reasons. For the individual participating in sexual assault, the sexual activity resulting in is physically and mentally satisfying. Equally important is the fact that the act of sexual assault serves to reassert male dominance for all men (not just for the rapist) and keeps all women in a state of fear (Herman, 1990; Brownmiller,

1975).

Feminist theory predicts that men who are sexually aggressive will appear normal and lead normal lives, which is supported in research. For example, Groth (1979) points out that sexual offenders are not insane, retarded, or oversexed. In a study of serial rapists (Warren, Hazelwood, & Reboussin, 1991), 51% of the total sample scored in the bright normal or very superior range of intellectual functioning. Others point out that men who are sexual offenders resemble the general public in many ways (e.g., educated, stable employment; Schwartz, 1995; Finkelhor & Baron, 1986). Thus it is important to

17 understand that one cannot identify a man as a sexual offender or rapist simply by his appearance. This fact has serious implications for women in that if rapists are undetectable, women will fear all men as potential sexual aggressors or rapists. This is an example of one of the processes at work that serve to benefit all men, even those who do not rape (Brownmiller, 1975).

Feminist theory actually questions why all men are not participating in sexually aggressive behavior. This theory uses a model of addiction to explain how sexually aggressive behavior is maintained. Once a man experiences the intense excitement and pleasure offered by sexual assault, he can become compulsive with this behavior.

Therefore, once a man rapes, he may crave this behavior again and again and act on his impulse to satisfy this craving (Herman, 1990). One problem with this particular theory is that it has no way of handling or explaining the etiology of female sexual aggression.

In fact, this theory predicts an absence of female sexual aggression under the present circumstances of this society. Also problematic for this theory is to explain why only a small percent of men rape, given the tenet that this behavior is “normal” and condoned in our society.

Courtship Disorder Hypothesis

The courtship disorder hypothesis is based upon the proposition that there are four distinct phases for human erotic or sexual interaction. These phases are 1) location and first appraisal of a suitable partner 2) pretactile interactions consisting mainly in looking, smiling, posturing, and talking to a prospective partner 3) tactile interaction & 4) effecting genital union or sexual interactions. The commonly accepted expressions of a

18 courtship disorder are , , frotteurism, and the preferential rape pattern.

The term preferential rape is used to describe an individual who has an erotic preference for raping as opposed to intercourse with a consenting partner. Voyeurism can be defined as an unusually intense preference for observing a person in an erotic context. Exhibitionism is characterized by an overwhelming desire to expose one’s body, usually the genitalia, and frotteurism is the act of rubbing one’s body against another’s under the guise of accidental contact. According to the Courtship Disorder hypothesis, sexual aggression, specifically rape, and the other aforementioned sexually deviant behaviors (e.g., voyeurism) are a result of one of the four phases being either extremely intensified or disordered. For example, voyeurism can be seen as an exaggeration of phase 1 and rape as a distortion of normal genital union (Freund, 1990). It must be noted that the courtship disorder hypothesis only explains rape for offenders who exhibit a preferential rape pattern.

Cognitive Model

The cognitive model of deviant sexual behavior purports that sexually aggressive behavior can be attributed to an individual’s cognitive distortions. Cognitive distortions, which are commonly referred to as “thinking errors”, are self-talk statements that an individual uses to rationalize behaving in a way that may not be acceptable. Cognitive distortions are used by an individual in order to decrease inhibitions and increase comfort when engaging in sexually aggressive or deviant behaviors. Cognitive distortions are also used by individuals who have engaged in deviant sexual behavior to help increase

19 positive self-view, maintain current beliefs about positive self-qualities, decrease regard for victims, and to decrease the likelihood of feeling guilty about the performance of sexually inappropriate or sexually aggressive behavior (Abel, Osborn, & Twigg, 1993).

Some examples of thinking errors include: “Women aren’t supposed to want sex, so they have to fight a little so they don’t look like whores”, “She flirted with me while we were in the bar, she wanted it just as much as I did”, and “Having sex with kids doesn’t harm them, I did her a favor by showing her what sex is like”.

Conditioning Theory

Conditioning Theory proposes that the acquisition and maintenance of all forms of sexual behaviors and preferences, including deviant ones, are a result of the principles of Pavlovian, or classical conditioning, and operant conditioning (Laws & Marshall,

1990). Traditional classical conditioning occurs when a previously neutral stimulus

(Conditioned Stimulus: CS) consistently occurs contiguously with another stimulus

(Unconditioned Stimulus: UCS) where the CS serves as a predictor of the UCS. Over time, the CS then comes to elicit either the same, or some level of the biological response

(Conditioned Response: CR) that is naturally elicited by the UCS (Unconditioned

Response: UCR). Traditional operant conditioning takes place when some operant or action is either strengthened or weakened based upon the consequences (reinforcement or punishment) that occur immediately following that operant/action.

The concept of preparedness (Seligman, 1970) is vital to the Conditioning Theory of the etiology and maintenance of deviant and behavior. It states that sexual behavior develops along a dimension of preparedness, where individuals are more

20 likely to develop associations between certain stimuli (prepared) and sexual arousal than others. Depending on the degree of preparedness (well-prepared versus less-prepared), some deviant sexual behaviors that are learned through the concept of prepared associations may develop with very few pairings and can be very resistant to extinction.

Deviant sexual preferences, which would include sexual aggression, are acquired by the same exact mechanisms that create normal non-aggressive forms of sexual behavior

(Laws & Marshall, 1990).

According to this theory, an individual’s early associations with sexual arousal are of paramount importance in setting the tone for what types of stimuli that individual will later associate with sexual arousal. For example, if the initial sexual associations learned by an individual are those of aggression and pleasure, these may serve as the foundation for future deviant sexual arousal where aggression becomes a cue for sexual arousal. In the United States, it is common to see sexuality portrayed with a male forcefully attempting to convince a woman to have some sort of sexual contact with him and the woman ends up not only submitting, but also enjoying the sexual encounter that follows.

Thus, if an individual experiences sexual arousal leading to orgasm in association with violent or aggressive cues, the deviant cues that are focused on during fantasy or while watching pornography become more dominant and acquire more stimulating power over time (Marshall & Eccles, 1993). For example, the act of masturbating while watching a pornographic movie depicting a woman initially fighting off the sexual advances of a male who eventually appears to enjoy the experience of forced intercourse or begs for more, may come to associate sexual pleasure with forcing a woman to participate in sexual activity (Laws & Marshall, 1990).

21 Other general principles associated with classical and operant conditioning

(differential reinforcement, chaining, extinction) also applies in this context of acquiring and maintaining deviant or aggressive sexual behaviors. Classically and operantly conditioned behaviors are highly resistant to extinction, especially when they are intermittently reinforced. This would explain why sexual deviant preferences (such as a foot fetish) are so powerful in eliciting sexual excitement and so difficult to change or extinguish. It must be noted that this theory accounts for the development of deviant sexual interests that could lead to deviant sexual behaviors. However, it does not account for the deviant sexual behavior of offenders who do not have extensive deviant interests

(Laws & Marshall, 1990). Sexually offensive or aggressive behavior cannot solely be explained by conditional learning since many sex offenders do not have deviant sexual preferences (Marshall & Eccles, 1993). Although this theory focuses on male sexual aggression, it would also account for sexual aggression in women and children without any difficulty.

Integrated Theory

An integrated theory of the etiology of rape and sexual offending behavior in the human male focuses on integrating the role of biological processes, learning experiences, and socio-cultural factors in the etiology and maintenance of sexual aggression or offending behavior. This theory states that in order to decrease sexual aggression, it is necessary for males to gain inhibitory control over biologically endowed tendencies toward aggression as well as to decrease the tendency to fuse sex with aggression.

Marshall & Barbaree (1990) point out that it is difficult to differentiate sex from

22 aggression on both a physiological and subjective level due to the fact that sex and aggression appear to be mediated by the same neural substrates, have similar neural networks, and use the same activating endocrines.

According to the integrated theory, biological factors present an individual with the task of learning to appropriately separate sex and aggression as well as to inhibit aggressive behaviors in a sexual context. Learning experiences shape the attitudes and behaviors acquired during childhood and serve as a foundation for the pubescent male to respond to burgeoning sexual desires with either a prosocial or antisocial mental set.

Socio-cultural factors such as society’s portrayal of interpersonal violence, acceptance of male dominance, and negative attitudinal views of women also affect the degree to which males are able to develop inhibitory controls over their aggressive tendencies and how well they may be able to separate sex and aggression (Marshall & Barbaree, 1990).

Current Literature on Sexual Offending

In the area of sexual aggression and sexual offending, effort has been spent in an attempt to determine some of the correlates of sexually aggressive behavior. It is accepted that sexual fantasies serve a function in the etiology and maintenance of sexual aggression and other sexual (Quinsey & Earls, 1990; Warren et. al., 1991;

American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), delineates sexually arousing fantasies as an important feature in the diagnoses of paraphilias. According to DSM-IV, the defining features of paraphilias are “recurrent,

23 intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving 1) non-human objects, 2) the suffering or of oneself or one’s partner, or 3) children or other non-consenting persons, that occur over a period of at least 6 months” (pp. 522-523).

Since sexual fantasy is believed to figure prominently within the nomological network of sexual aggression, it has been investigated by many. In fact, researchers have investigated the properties of sexual fantasies in normative populations (Wilson, 1997), as well as the moderating effects of the quantity and quality of sexual fantasies on sexual aggression by studying incarcerated rapists and controls (Langevin, Lang, & Curnoe,

1998; Plaud & Bigwood, 1997; Daleiden, Kaufman, Hilliker, & O’Neil, 1998; Prentky,

Burgess, Rokous, Lee, Hartman, Ressler, & Douglas, 1989). There is some in the literature that the quality of an individual’s fantasy is related to history of experiencing sexual abuse as a child (Gold, 1991) and history of experiencing violent sexual stimuli (Malamuth, 1981; Linz, 1989). Researchers have also begun to look at women’s fantasies (Wilson, 1997) and more specifically women’s force fantasies

(Strassberg & Lockerd, 1998; Gold, Balzano, & Stamey, 1991).

In trying to identify how sexually aggressive individuals are different from individuals who are not sexually aggressive, most researchers have focused on comparing incarcerated male youths and adults with young adult college males. Studies have looked at how these groups differ in their attitudes towards rape (Anderson, 1996; Briere &

Malamuth,1983; Hall, Howard, & Boezio, 1986), sexual arousal to rape scenarios

(Malamuth, 1986), sexual fantasy content (Gold & Clegg, 1990), coercive and deviant sexual fantasy (Daleiden, Kaufman, Hilliker, & O’Neil, 1998; Plaud & Bigwood, 1997;

Greenlinder & Byrne, 1987), psychopathic traits (Hersh & Gray-Little, 1998; Rapaport &

24 Burkart, 1984; Ouimette, 1997), attraction to sexual aggression (Malamuth, 1989a;

Malamuth, 1989b), and self-reported sexual aggression and likelihood to rape (Dean &

Malamuth, 1997; Ryan, 1998; Anderson, 1998).

Additionally, studies have compared and contrasted these variables for males who are incarcerated for sexual aggression, males incarcerated for non-violent offenses, and

“normal” male college students. These studies are valuable in the respect that they provide information about how individuals who are extreme in their sexual offenses differ on certain variables (i.e., sexual behavior, attitudes, history, and fantasy) from individuals who have no such extreme behavior. In studying the variables related to sexual aggression, focusing research on investigating incarcerated youth and adults brings with it many problematic issues. Investigating individuals incarcerated for sexual aggression/rape brings with it other important variables not specifically related to sexual aggression that might impact the outcome of the research questions. An estimated 10% of all sex offenders are reported to the authorities, however, it is estimated that this is only 1% of the total sexually aggressive population. Due to the nature of sexually aggressive crimes, most people who end up incarcerated for their sexually aggressive behaviors have used extreme force or violence and are possibly not sophisticated enough to avoid being caught. Additionally, incarcerated sexually aggressive individuals have many experiences related to the process of criminal prosecution, conviction, sentencing, prison life, and living in a “deviant society” or prison that have not influenced the lives of the majority of the population. Therefore, the population of sexually aggressive individuals who end up incarcerated for their offenses are more likely to represent a very skewed, unrepresentative example of the common sex offender (Herman, 1990). Taking

25 a closer look at undetected sexual aggression or sexually aggressive individuals in the population who are not involved with the legal system for their sexual aggression may shed more light on sexual aggression and its correlates than the current body of literature which looks at only the extreme cases of sexual aggression in society. This study will address this issue and paint a larger picture while using other shades of sexual aggression that research has been ignoring during its focus on the incarcerated offender.

Treatment of Sex Offenders

Originally, the behavioral interventions most commonly used with rapists and sexual offenders were to treat them with psychotherapy and/or biofeedback techniques with the specific goal of reducing the individual’s sexual arousal (i.e., obtaining an erection) to deviant stimuli (i.e., while observing a three year old ; Marshall, 1971).

Today, there is evidence to support the belief that the most effective treatment programs are those that not only focus on reducing deviant sexual behaviors and fantasies, but additionally provide individuals with skills that will help them to enhance or increase their appropriate sexual behaviors and fantasies. A key component in juvenile sexual offender treatment is addressing deviant sexual arousal, fantasies, and cognitive distortions or thinking errors related to sexual behavior (Marshall & Eccles, 1993).

Given that fantasies have figured prominently in the treatment of both adult and juvenile sex offenders, it would be extremely beneficial to understand how fantasy elements and frequency relate between ‘hidden’ (non-incarcerated) sexually aggressive and non- sexually aggressive individuals. This study will address this issue forthright.

26 Present Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the sexual fantasies, coercive attitudes and beliefs, and sexual self-schemas of college males and females who self-report a history of sexual aggression or sexually coercive behaviors compared to those who self-report no history of sexual aggression. Recall from the DSM-IV the importance of fantasies in the etiology and maintenance of sexually deviant behavior.

The current study will investigate how self-reported sexually aggressive individuals and self-reported sexually non-aggressive individuals differ in the content and frequency of their fantasies, self-reported sexual abuse, and stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about interpersonal violence and rape. As previously mentioned, the current trend of using incarcerated males and comparing them with non-incarcerated individuals has drawbacks. The mere fact that someone is incarcerated brings with it exposure to a multitude of negative attitudes as well as exposure to other negative behaviors and situations. Therefore, it is believed that there are other variables that would cause incarcerated men to be different from their comparison population of college students.

This study is different from others in that it investigated undetected sexually aggressive/coercive individuals, as determined from a self-report measure. This study compared participants who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors with those who self-reported a history of lower levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors. This study will expand the literature on the relationship between sexual fantasies, sexual aggression/coercion, and coercive attitudes

& beliefs by including women and through comparing sexually aggressive men and women on these same variables.

27

Hypothesis of Current Study

1. Participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion

will also identify having fewer Traditional/Romantic fantasies (non-deviant) than

participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

2. Male participants will self-report a history of more sexual aggression and sexually

coercive behaviors than female participants.

3. Participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive

behaviors will also report having more sexual fantasies with aggressive themes than

participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

4. Participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive

behaviors will report having more frequent deviant fantasies.

5. Male participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual

aggression/coercion will endorse more stereotypical and rape-supportive attitudes and

beliefs than male participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual

aggression/coercion.

6. Female participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual

aggression/coercion will endorse fewer stereotypical and rape-supportive attitudes

compared to female participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual

aggression/coercion.

7. Female participants who report rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs will be more

likely to have a history of sexual victimization.

28 8. Individuals who report negative sexual self-schemas are more likely to self-report a

history of more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors than individuals who report

positive sexual self-schemas.

9. Participants who described themselves as “Passionate-Romantic/ Passionate-Loving”

or “Open” (SSS – Factor 1 or Factor 2) will report greater overall frequencies of

fantasizing than individuals who score lower on these Factors. Conversely, female

participants who describe themselves as “Embarrassed-Conservative” (SSS – Factor

3) will be more likely to report less frequent fantasizing.

29

CHAPTER 2

METHODS

Subjects

Participants for this study were currently enrolled in introductory psychology and volunteered through the Research Experience Program (REP). This study was posted online (see appendix A for solicitation script/sign up sheet) through REP and potential subjects voluntarily chose to participate. All students who volunteered to participate in this study received class credit for their participation. Data was collected over the course of 18 months.

Upon arrival, participants were seated in every other row with two desks between themselves and the next person to ensure that others could not readily see what they were writing on their questionnaires. Although the sign-up sheet explicitly stated that individuals under the age of 18 could not, and would not be allowed to participate (see

Appendix A), this researcher first asked if everyone in the room was over 18 years of age.

Anyone not meeting this requirement was excused from the study. Secondly, participants listened to a verbal description of what this study entailed (see Appendix C) and signed a university consent form (Appendix B) if they were still interested in participating in the study. Participants then filled out the packet of questionnaires (see Appendices E for male measures and F for female measures) and placed their packets of measures in a box 30 located at the front of the room as they exited. Researcher gave all subjects course credit for participating in the study. Credit was given regardless of whether participants chose to complete the measures or to decline participating in the study after hearing a verbal description of the sexually explicit nature of the study. Participants were asked to take debriefing form (see Appendix F for copy of debriefing form) before leaving the room.

Background Variables

Demographic information was collected from all participants. Specifically, participants reported their gender, age, ethnicity, , and highest level of education obtained by their parents. Participants also reported their current relationship status (i.e., single, dating, married), age at first sexual intercourse experience, and if they had ever been raped or if they had ever raped anyone.

Coercive Attitudes Scales

Three of the scales developed by Burt (1980) were used in this study. The

Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale (AIV) consists of six items that reflect support for the use of . Burt reports a Cronbach’s alpha of .586 for this scale. The AIV has been found to be strongly related to past sexual aggression

(Malamuth, 1986). The Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale (ASB) consists of nine items and measures a competitive, exploitive view of male-female relationships. The

Cronbach’s alpha for this scale is .802. The Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (RMA)

31 consists of 14 items and measures the endorsement of myths about rape that tend to blame the victim (a = .875). Items for all three scales are rated on a 7-point scale ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (7) and took approximately 10 minutes to complete.

Past Sexually Aggressive/Coercive Behavior

The Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) is one of the most widely used instruments to assess both perpetration of sexually aggressive behaviors by males and victimization experiences of females. The SES was designed to identify hidden rape victims and undetected offenders among a normal population (Koss & Gidycz, 1985) which makes it an ideal instrument to use with the present population. The SES inquires about a variety of sexual behaviors including verbal coercion, authority abuse, as well as acts legally defined as attempted rape and rape. Since this study is interested in sexual aggression as well as how it may relate to victimization and fantasy, both forms were completed by all participants. The SES questions that inquire about perpetration/sexual aggression are worded to be appropriate for males only. Therefore, modifications were made to make the perpetration/sexual aggression measure appropriate for the female subjects. For example, one of the questions on this survey was presented as follows as indicated by the participant’s gender: male – “has a woman had sexual intercourse when she didn’t want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting her arm, holding her down, etc) to make her?” and female – “has a man had sexual intercourse when he didn’t want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force

32 (twisting his arm, holding him down, etc) to make him?” The same was done for men on the victimization form so they could report on victimization experiences. It must be noted that verbal instructions directed participants who were bisexual or homosexual to qualify each of their positive responses by indicating whether this behavior occurred with a male partner (m), female partner (f), or with both (b).

The 10-item SES (Koss & Oros, 1982) was used in this study. Cronbach’s alpha of .74 (women) and .89 (men) have been reported, as well as a one-week test-retest agreement rate of 93% (Koss & Gidycz, 1985). Each item is answered dichotomously with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ and it took approximately 15 minutes to complete both forms (history of perpetration/sexual aggression and history of victimization).

The Coercive Sexuality Scale (CSS; Rapaport & Burkhart, 1984) consists of 19 items. This instrument measures both the degree of intimacy of a sexual act as well as the method of force used by the perpetrator. For example, questions range from “held a woman’s hand against her will” to “had intercourse with a woman against her will” and

“attempted to verbally convince a woman” to “used a weapon on a woman”. As with the measure of sexual aggression in this study, all items were modified in order to be appropriate for the gender of the participant who completed the measure (e.g., male - attempted to verbally convince a woman; female - attempted to verbally convince a man).

This measure took approximately 10 minutes to complete.

33 Sexual Fantasy

The Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ; Kaufman, 1993) is a 127-item self- report questionnaire that asks subjects to indicate the frequency with which they experience certain types of sexual fantasies. Each fantasy is rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never in my life) to 6 (two or more times per day). This measure has two scales representing Global and Global Non-deviance in fantasy content. The deviance scale includes fantasies such as whipping, beating, or torturing others and fantasizing about paraphilias such as arousal to fire setting, cross-dressing, or telephone scatalogia. The non-deviance scale includes fantasies such as hugging, kissing, undressing, loving, and sex in romantic places. Additionally, this measure has six narrow-band content scales termed (a) Traditional/Romantic, (b) Variety of Partners, (c)

Variety of Settings, (d) Nontraditional, (e) Mild Coercion, and (f) Aggressive scales

(Wallace, Kaufman, Daleiden, & Hiliker, 1994). This measure took approximately 15 minutes to complete.

Social Desirability

Reporting sexual fantasies and other personal sexually related information is very sensitive. There is a greater likelihood that people who are high on socially desirable responding will not honestly endorse items they see as too controversial, possibly deviant, or embarrassing. It is believed that the seating arrangement along with anonymity reduced this problem and facilitated truthful responding; however, it is possible that there were still participants who responded to the measures in a socially

34 desirable way. This study used the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS;

Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) to deal with this issue.

The MCSDS is a 33-item scale measures respondents’ propensity to offer responses related to social demands. It is one of the most widely utilized scales of its kind and offers acceptable reliability and validity coefficients. This measure takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. Crowne and Marlowe (1960) reported an internal consistency coefficient of .88 and a test-retest coefficient of .89. This scale has been shown to be a valid measure of social desirability separate from the unwillingness to admit to symptoms of pathology and neuroticism (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960).

Sexual Self Schema

Anderson and Cyranowski (1994) define sexual self-schemas as cognitive generalizations about sexual aspects of oneself. They argue that these schemas are derived from past experiences and tap a variety of sexually related domains such as one’s attitudes and behaviors, as well as one’s cognitive representation of the sexual self. Since the way a person views him/herself greatly influences how they behave, sexual self- schemas are proposed to be influential in processing sexually relevant information and in guiding sexual behaviors (Anderson & Cyranowski, 1994; Andersen, Cyranowski, &

Espindle, 1999; Cyranowski & Anderson, 1998).

The Women’s Sexual Self-Schema Scale (Anderson & Cyranowski, 1994) is a 50 item scale consisting of adjectives to which the subject rates herself on a scale ranging from 0 = not at all descriptive of me to 6 = very much descriptive of me. This measure has a full-scale internal consistency coefficient of .82 (Factor 1 = 0.81, Factor 2 = 0.77, 35 and Factor 3 = 0.66). It has a reported nine-week test-retest coefficient of .88. This scale assesses a woman’s sexual self-schema construct (cognitive view of sexual self) which is composed of three factors. Factor 1 is “Passionate-Romantic”, Factor 2 is “Open-

Direct”, and Factor 3 is “Embarrassed-Conservative”. This measure takes approximately

5 minutes to complete.

The Men’s Sexual Self-Schema Scale (Anderson, Cyranowski, & Espindle, 1999) is a 45 item scale consisting of adjectives to which the subject rates himself on a scale ranging from 0 = not at all descriptive of me to 6 = very much descriptive of me. This measure has a full-scale internal consistency coefficient of .86 (Factor 1 = 0.89, Factor 2

= 0.78, and Factor 3 = 0.65). It has a reported nine-week test-retest coefficient of .81.

This scale assesses a man’s sexual self-schema construct (cognitive view of sexual self) which is composed of three factors. Factor 1 is “Passionate-Loving”, Factor 2 is

“Powerful-Aggressive”, and Factor 3 is “Open-Minded-Liberal”. This measure took approximately 5 minutes to complete.

36

CHAPTER 3

DATA ANALYSIS

In this study, participants were asked to self-report on potentially socially undesirable cognitions, fantasies, attitudes, and behaviors. Thus a social desirability response bias is likely relevant for the current research. Marlowe & Crowne (1960) define social desirability as “the need of Ss to obtain approval by responding in a culturally appropriate and acceptable manner” (p. 353). Given the fact that the current study uses words like “rape”, “pornographic”, and “forcing sexual intercourse” coupled with the finding that there is a relationship between concern for social approval and a delay in reporting “taboo” words (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964), it is appropriate to eliminate participants who evidenced a social desirability response bias.

In an attempt to eliminate extremely High Social Desirability individuals as indicated by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDC), participants whose scores were within the highest possible thirty percent (a score >24) were excluded.

This eliminated a total of 51 subjects from all analysis (5% of the total sample). Even though there is no research to support this particular cutoff score, after investigating the scatter plot of MCSDC scores, it intuitively appeared as though this score separated a small group of participants who may be prone to a social desirability response set. It

37 must be noted that although participants high on social desirability were deleted from the study, given the nature of this research socially desirable responding remains an issue.

Correlational analysis (Bivariate) were performed to explore all hypotheses except hypothesis 2 which required an Independent Samples T-Test. See Table 1 for the correlational matrix of all the measures in the present study. Additionally, some analyses were conducted separately for males and females for certain hypotheses.

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.039 -.055 -.072 -156 .052 .168 -103 -.039 -.059 -.137 -.206

SES --- .390 .256 .408 .097 .121 .118 .187 .037 .117 .237

VIC --- .740 .230 .166 .138 .080 .024 .073 .118 .146

RAPE --- .205 .175 .136 .082 -.016 .064 .126 .125

CSS --- .066 .047 .172 .158 .107 .166 .254

SSSF --- .a -.070 -.050 .063 .310 .154

SSSM --- .050 -.012 .078 .107 -.040

ASB --- .487 .310 .047 .195

RMA --- .235 .019 .182

AIV --- .080 .147

T/R --- .507

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped by someone in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant. N = 857.

Table 1: Correlational Matrix Total Sample

38

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

Subject Characteristics

A total of 908 individuals participated in this study before the removal of the subjects who were high in social desirability (N=51). See Table 2 for a summary of subject characteristics for the total sample, males, and females. Subjects who participated in this study ranged in age from 18 to 49 with a mean age of 19.28 and a standard deviation of 2.55. Most of the sample (89.6%; N=814) was ages 18 to 21.

Twenty-nine subjects had missing data for the age value (3.2%). A total of 460 subjects were male (50.7%), 447 were female (49.2%), and one subject identified him/herself as both “male” and “female”. There were 698 Caucasians (76.9%), 87 African-American

(9.6%), 67 Asian (7.4%), 18 Hispanic (2%), 3 Native-American (0.3%), 24 “Other”

(2.6%), and 11 subjects (1.2%) who did not respond to this variable.

In terms of sexual orientation, 872 subjects reported being heterosexual (96%), 10 subjects reported being homosexual (1.1%), 18 subjects reported being bisexual (2%), and 8 subjects did not respond to this question (0.9%). Two hundred forty subjects

(26.4%) identified themselves as virgins or never having had sexual intercourse. Of the remaining subjects, 63% indicated that they had sexual intercourse for the first time between the ages of 14 and 19 (N=572), 2.1% at or before age 13 (N=19), 1.8% at or

39 after age 20 (N=16), and 61 subjects did not respond to this question (6.7%). The mean

“age at first sexual intercourse” reported for non-virgins was 16.6 with a standard deviation of 1.85. The average total number of lifetime partners reported was 2.9 with a standard deviation of 4.6. The mean for “Average number of times participating in sexual intercourse per month” is 5.0 with a standard deviation of 6.8. Two hundred thirty subjects (25.3%) self-reported that they had been forced to have sexual intercourse against their will on the Sexual Experiences Survey, however, interestingly only 35 subjects reported that they had been raped (3.8%) in response to the question “Have you ever been raped?”. Forty-two subjects self-reported that they have raped someone on the

Sexual Experiences Survey and nine subjects reported having raped someone by responding “Yes” to item number 11 on the Coercive Sexuality Scale, however, in response to the question “Have you ever raped someone?” all subjects responded “No”.

40

Combined Males Females N % N % N %

Total Population 908 460 50.7 447 49.2

Age: 18-20 765 84.3 362 78.7 402 89.9 21-24 89 9.8 65 14.1 24 5.4 25-29 18 2.0 14 3.0 4 .9 30-34 1 .1 1 .2 0 0 35-39 2 .2 1 .2 1 .2 40-49 4 .4 1 .2 3 .6

Ethnicity: Caucasian 698 76.9 366 79.6 332 74.3 Asian 67 7.4 39 8.5 28 6.3 Hispanic 18 2.0 12 2.6 6 1.3 African-American 87 9.5 23 5.0 63 14.1 Native-American 3 .3 1 .2 2 .4 Other 24 2.6 12 2.6 12 2.7

Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual 872 96.0 441 95.9 430 96.2 Homosexual 10 1.1 7 1.5 3 .7 Bisexual 18 2.0 5 1.1 13 2.9

Parent’s level of Education: Graduate/Professional 284 31.3 158 34.3 126 28.2 College/University Degree 291 32.0 158 34.3 133 29.8 Partial College 172 18.9 71 15.4 101 22.6 High School Graduate 139 15.3 60 13.0 78 17.4 Partial High School 9 1.0 4 .9 5 1.1 Junior High School 2 .2 2 .4 0 0 Less than 7 years of School 1 .1 1 .2 0 0

Relationship Status: Single 465 51.2 268 58.3 196 43.8 Dating 422 46.5 180 39.1 242 54.1 Married 18 2.0 11 2.4 7 1.6

Age at First Intercourse: Virgin/No Intercourse 240 26.4 115 25.0 125 28.0 8-11 3 .3 1 .2 2 .4 12-14 51 5.6 19 4.1 31 6.9 15-17 370 40.7 175 38.0 195 43.6 18-20 171 18.8 109 23.7 62 13.9 21-25 11 1.2 9 2.0 2 .4

Table 2: Summary of Subject Characteristics (table continued)

41 (continued table)

Combined Males Females N % N % N % Total Number of Sexual Partners: 0/No Intercourse 276 30.4 135 29.6 141 31.5 1-5 460 50.7 238 51.5 222 49.7 6-10 96 10.6 49 10.7 47 10.5 11-15 29 3.2 1 3.0 15 3.4 16-20 9 1.0 5 1.1 4 .9 21-42 9 1.0 6 1.3 2 .4

Avg. Sexual Intercourse/Month: 0/No Intercourse 321 35.4 164 35.7 156 34.9 1-5 276 30.4 143 31.1 133 29.8 6-10 124 13.7 61 13.3 63 14.1 11-15 71 7.8 36 7.8 35 7.8 16-20 44 4.8 18 3.9 26 5.8 21-42 24 2.6 14 3.0 10 2.2

Has Been Raped: No 852 93.8 442 96.1 409 91.5 Yes 35 3.9 3 .7 32 7.2 (SES)Yes 230 25.3 87 18.9 143 32.0

Has Raped Someone: No 891 98.1 447 97.2 443 99.1 Yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 (SES)Yes 42 4.6 28 6.1 14 3.1 (CSS)Yes 9 1.0 6 1.3 3 .7 Note: N’s do not equal 100% due to missing data; CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey

Table 2: Summary of Subject Characteristics

Hypothesis 1: Participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual aggression will also identify having fewer Traditional/Romantic fantasies (non-deviant) than participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

Analysis revealed a low positive correlation significant at the .01 level between both measures of sexual aggression (.117) and sexually coercive behavior (.166) and

Traditional/Romantic sexual fantasies (see Table 3). Thus in the opposite direction of the hypothesis, participants who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexual aggression

42 or sexually coercive behaviors endorsed experiencing more Traditional/Romantic (non- deviant) fantasies than participants who self-reported a history of lower levels of sexually aggressive or coercive behaviors. When separated by gender, this correlation was only significant for females.

Hypothesis 2: Male participants will self-report a history of higher levels of sexual aggression and sexually coercive behaviors than female participants.

Independent samples t-test shows that male participants are significantly higher than females on sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors. Table 4 shows means and standard deviations on the two respective scales. It must be noted that despite the fact that equal variances cannot be assumed using Levene’s test for equal variances, the p- values are essentially the same (see Table 5). Males reported higher levels of sexual aggression than females. The mean scores on measures of sexually aggressive and

Sexually Coercive Behavior Sexually Aggressive Behavior Fantasies (CSS) (SES) Totala Malesb Femalesc Totala Malesb Femalesc Traditional/ Romantic .166** .093 .229** .117** .058 .178**

Aggressive .287** .252** .324** .241** .224** .246**

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey aParticipants (N = 857); bParticipants (N = 438); cParticipants (N = 418)

Table 3: Relationship of Sexual Aggression and Type of Fantasy

43

Sexually Coercive Behavior Sexually Aggressive Behavior CSS SES

Malesa Femalesb Malesc Femalesd

Mean Score 1.14 .837 .342 .176

Standard Deviation 1.96 1.53 .955 .560

CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey aParticipants (N = 438); bParticipants (N = 418); cParticipants (N = 435); dParticipants (N = 416)

Table 4: Gender Differences in Sexually Aggressive and Coercive Behaviors

coercive behavior were higher for males than for females. Twenty-one percent (SES) and

41.8% (CSS) of the males reported having participated in sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors, whereas only 12% (SES) and 36.6% (CSS) of the females reported sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors.

Hypothesis 3: Participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors will also report having more sexual fantasies with aggressive themes than participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

Analysis revealed a positive correlation significant at the .01 level between both measures of sexual aggression (.241) and sexually coercive behavior (.287) and Total 44 number of sexual fantasies containing aggressive themes such as teasing, pinching, hurting, or torturing. Thus as predicted individuals who self-reported a history of having participated in higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors also reported having a greater variety of sexual fantasies that contain aggressive behaviors.

Additionally, individuals who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion also endorsed more fantasies than those who self-reported a history of lower levels of sexually aggressive (.241) or sexually coercive behaviors (.287; see

Table 3)

Hypothesis 4: The total number of different types of deviant fantasies endorsed will not distinguish more sexually aggressive/coercive individuals from less sexually aggressive/coercive individuals, however, it is hypothesized that individuals who self- report a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors will report having more frequent deviant fantasies.

Analysis revealed moderate positive correlations significant at the .01 level between both measures of sexual aggression (.262) and sexually coercive behavior (.263) and frequencies of having deviant sexual fantasies (see Table 6). This indicates that individuals who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion also reported fantasizing about deviant subject matter more frequently than individuals who self-reported a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

45 Test for Equality Of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df sig.* mean diff.

Sexually Aggressive Behavior (SES) 28.167 .000 -3.094 849 .002 -.1670

Sexually Coercive Behavior (CSS) 12.698 .000 -2.485 854 .013 -.2997

*Significance test is 2-tailed; CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey

Table 5: Male versus Female Report of Sexual Aggression

Hypothesis 5: Male participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion will endorse more stereotypical and rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs than male participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

Analysis revealed low positive correlations significant at the .01 level between both measures of sexual aggression/sexually coercive behavior and Adversarial Sexual

Beliefs as well as Rape Myth Acceptance. There was also a low positive correlation significant at the .01 level between a measure of sexual coercion and acceptance of interpersonal violence. However, the correlation between sexual aggression and acceptance of interpersonal violence was positive but not significant (see Table 7). This indicates that in general, males who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion also tended to report more sex role stereotyping, more restrictive definitions of rape, and a more extensive ideology that serves to excuse sexual assault.

46

Deviant Fantasies Sexually Coercive Behavior Sexually Aggressive Behavior (CSS) (SES)

Total Number .254** a .237** c

Frequency .263**b .262**d

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); Total Number = The total quantity of deviant fantasies endorsed; Frequency = The average number of times participants reported having deviant fantasies. CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey; aParticipants (N = 857) ; bParticipants (N = 855) ; cParticipants (N = 852) ; dParticipants (N = 850)

Table 6: Deviant Sexual Fantasies and Sexual Aggression

Hypothesis 6: Female participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion will endorse fewer stereotypical and rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs compared to female participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

Analysis revealed low positive correlation significant at the .01 level between a measure of sexually aggressive behavior and Rape Myth Acceptance (.166); and a low positive correlation between a measure of sexually coercive behavior and Adversarial

Sexual Beliefs and Rape Myth Acceptance (see Table 7). This indicates that females who reported having narrow definitions of rape also reported a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive and coercive behaviors. Female participants who reported a history of participating in more sexually coercive behaviors, on the Coercive Sexuality Scale

(CSS) only, also reported having more Adversarial Sexual Beliefs. Since Adversarial

Sexual Beliefs are expected to vary directly with Rape Myth Acceptance, it is interesting

47 that for females ASB is significantly correlated with the CSS (.157) and not Sexual

Experiences Survey (SES) (.093).

Hypothesis 7: Female participants who self-report rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs will be more likely to have a history of sexual victimization.

Analysis revealed a low positive correlation significant at the .05 level between a measure of sexual victimization and adversarial sexual beliefs. Self-reported victimization was not significantly correlated with the Rape Myth Acceptance or

Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence scales (see Table 8). It is of note that the

Coercive Attitudes Sexually Coercive Behavior Sexually Aggressive Behavior CSS SES

Malesa Femalesb Malesc Femalesd

AIV .152** .035 .028 .038

ASB .154** .157** .098 .093

RMA .158** .110 .170** .166**

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey AIV – Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale; ASB – Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA – Rape Myth Acceptance Scale aParticipants (N = 437) ; bParticipants (N = 418) ; cParticipants (N = 434) ; dParticipants (N = 416)

Table 7: Relationship of Coercive Attitudes and Sexual Aggression in Males and Females

48 victimization measure (including items indicating unwanted penetration) does not perfectly correlate with the question “Have you ever been raped?” which is included in the demographic section of the protocol.

Hypothesis 8: Participants who self-report negative Sexual Self-Schemas are more likely to report histories of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors than individuals who report positive Sexual Self-Schemas.

Analysis revealed low positive correlations significant at the .05 level between a measure of sexually aggressive behavior and total Sexual Self-Schema score for both

Coercive Attitudes Raped Sexually Victimizedc Single SESa Questionb

AIV .083 .004 .084

ASB .051 .007 .124*

RMA .020 -.061 .060

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed); SES – Endorsed at least one of the Sexual Experiences Survey item numbers 6 through 10; Sexually Victimized – Sexual Experiences Survey Victim Form; AIV – Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale; ASB – Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA – Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; aParticipants (N = 418); bParticipants (N = 412) cParticipants (N = 415)

Table 8: Relationship of Coercive Attitudes and Victimization in Females

49 males and females. For males, Factor 2 (Powerful-Aggressive) was significantly correlated with a measure of sexually aggressive behavior whereas for females, Factor 1

(Passionate-Romantic) was significantly correlated with sexually aggressive behavior

(see Table 9).

Sexual Sexually Coercive Behavior Sexually Aggressive Behavior Self-Schema CSS SES

Malesa Femalesb Malesa Femalesb

Factor 1 .007 .064 .074 .107*

Factor 2 .070 .063 .123* .092

Factor 3 .017 -.005 .051 .008

Total Score .047 .066 .121* .097*

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed); CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey Factor 1 = Females: Passionate-Romantic; Males: Passionate-Loving; Factor 2 = Females: Open-Direct; Males: Powerful-Aggressive; Factor 3 = Females: Embarrassed-Conservative; Males: Open-Minded-Liberal; aParticipants (N = 437) ; bParticipants (N = 418)

Table 9: Relationship of Sexual Aggression and Sexual Self-Schema

50 Hypothesis 9: Participants who described themselves as “Passionate-Romantic/

Passionate-Loving” or “Open” (SSS – Factor 1 or Factor 2) will report greater overall frequencies of fantasizing than individuals who score lower on these Factors.

Conversely, female participants who describe themselves as “Embarrassed-

Conservative” will be more likely to self-report less frequent fantasizing.

Analysis revealed moderate positive correlations significant at the .01 level between average frequency of fantasizing and SSS Factor 1 for males (Passionate-

Loving) and females (Passionate-Romantic), SSS Factor 2 (Open-Direct) for females, and a significant low negative correlation with SSS Factor 3 (Embarrassed-Conservative) for females (see Table 10). This indicates that participants who view themselves as passionate/romantic/loving report higher frequencies of overall fantasizing than participants who describe themselves as low on this factor. Female participants who view themselves as “Open-Direct” are more likely to fantasize than females who scored low on this subscale. The more likely a female is to describe herself as “Embarrassed-

Conservative”, the less likely she is to report fantasizing (see Table 10).

51

Sexual Self-Schema Frequency of Romantic Fantasies

Malesa Femalesb

Factor 1 .308** .336**

Factor 2 .133** .302**

Factor 3 .084 -.110

Total Scale Score .257** .369**

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); Factor 1 = Females: Passionate-Romantic; Males: Passionate-Loving; Factor 2 = Females: Open-Direct; Males: Powerful-Aggressive; Factor 3 = Females: Embarrassed-Conservative; Males: Open- Minded-Liberal; aParticipants (N = 436); bParticipants (N = 418)

Table 10: Relationship of Sexual Self-Schema and Romantic Sexual Fantasies for Males and Females

Group Comparisons

It was decided that three unique groups should be examined in this study:

Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, and Virgins. It is believed that the former two groups are particularly noteworthy given that they are undetected sexually aggressive individuals in a college population. Virgins were investigated as a group in order to serve as a meaningful comparison to Rapists and Sexually Aggressive participants. Participants were identified as Virgins if they indicated a “0” or “N/A” as their ‘Age at first sexual intercourse’ in the demographic section of the measures. Participants were identified as

Sexually Aggressive if they endorsed having participated in any of the items listed on the

Sexual Experiences Survey, or if they endorsed any of the Coercive Sexuality Scale items

1 through 11. Participants were identified as Rapists if they positively endorsed either

52 the Coercive Sexuality Scale item number 11 or any of the Sexual Experiences Survey items 6 through 10. It must be noted that these three groups are not mutually exclusive.

For example, Virgins and Rapists were included in the Sexually Aggressive group as long as they met criteria as previously described.

Subject Characteristics

Rapists’ ages ranged from 18 to 29 with a mean age of 19.52 and a standard deviation of 1.93. Male Rapists have a mean age of 19.77 (standard deviation of 2.21) and female Rapists have a mean age of 19.00 (standard deviation of 1.00). The sample included a total of 240 Virgins (115 Males & 125 Females), 382 Sexually Aggressives

(212 Males & 170 Females), and 46 Rapists (31 Males & 15 Females). Subjects in the

Sexually Aggressive group ranged in age from 18 to 49 with a mean age of 19.34 and a standard deviation of 2.63. Male Sexually Aggressives have a mean age of 19.63 and a standard deviation of 2.64, and female Sexually Aggressives have a mean age of 19.00 with a standard deviation of 2.58. Virgins ranged in age from 18 to 25 with a mean age of 18.74 and a standard deviation of 1.05. Male Virgins have a mean age of 18.85 with a standard deviation of 1.22 and female Virgins have a mean age of 18.65 with a standard deviation of .85.

The mean age for first sexual intercourse for Rapists is 16.46 with a standard deviation of 2.04 (males = 16.71 with a standard deviation of 2.28; females = 15.93 with a standard deviation of 1.33). The mean age for first sexual intercourse for the Sexually

Aggressive group is 16.58 with a standard deviation of 1.80 (males = 16.93 with a

53 Combined Males Females N % N % N % Rapists 46 31 67.4 15 32.6 Age: 18-20 38 82.6 25 80.6 13 86.7 21-24 6 13.0 4 12.9 2 13.3 25-29 2 4.4 2 6.5 0 0 Ethnicity: Caucasian 28 60.9 20 64.5 8 53.3 Asian 6 13.0 5 16.1 1 6.7 Hispanic 1 2.2 1 3.2 0 0 African-American 7 15.2 2 6.5 5 33.3 Native-American 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 3 6.5 3 9.7 0 0 Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual 43 93.5 28 90.3 15 100.0 Homosexual 1 2.2 1 3.2 0 0 Bisexual 1 2.2 1 3.2 0 0 Parent’s level of Education: Graduate/Professional 15 32.6 13 41.9 2 13.3 College/University Degree 15 32.6 10 32.3 5 33.3 Partial College 7 15.2 4 12.9 3 20.0 High School Graduate 8 17.4 3 9.7 5 33.3 Partial High School 1 2.2 1 3.2 0 0 Relationship Status: Single 18 39.1 16 51.6 2 13.3 Dating 28 60.9 15 48.4 13 86.7 Married 0 0 0 0 0 0 Age at First Intercourse: 12-14 6 13.1 5 16.1 1 6.7 15-17 27 59.7 16 51.7 11 73.3 18-20 11 23.9 8 25.9 3 20.0 21-25 2 4.4 2 6.4 0 0 Total Number of Sexual Partners: 1-5 31 67.4 21 67.9 10 66.5 6-10 9 19.5 6 19.3 3 20.1 11-15 6 13.0 4 13.0 2 13.4 Avg. Sexual Intercourse/Month: 0/No Intercourse 2 4.3 2 6.5 0 0 1-5 19 41.3 14 45.2 5 33.3 6-10 9 19.6 6 19.4 3 20.0 11-15 7 15.2 4 12.9 3 20.0 16-20 6 13.0 2 6.5 4 26.8 21-42 2 4.3 2 6.5 0 0 Has Been Raped: Yes* 1 2.2 1 3.2 0 0 (SES)Yes 34 73.9 22 71.0 12 80.0

Table 11: Summary of Subject Characteristics (table continued)

54 (continued table)

Combined Males Females N % N % N % Sexually Aggressive 383 212 55.4 170 44.4 Age: 18-20 320 83.6 166 78.3 153 90.0 21-24 43 11.2 31 14.6 12 7.1 25-29 9 2.3 8 3.8 1 0.6 30-49 2 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.6 Ethnicity: Caucasian 286 74.7 164 77.4 122 71.8 Asian 33 8.6 19 9.0 14 8.2 Hispanic 8 2.1 6 2.8 2 1.2 African-American 41 10.7 13 6.1 27 15.9 Native-American 1 0.3 0 0 1 0.6 Other 11 2.9 8 3.8 3 1.8 Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual 367 95.8 202 95.3 164 96.5 Homosexual 4 1.0 3 1.4 1 0.6 Bisexual 8 2.1 3 1.4 5 2.9 Parent’s level of Education: Graduate/Professional 116 30.3 76 35.8 40 23.5 College/University Degree 130 33.9 73 34.4 57 33.5 Partial College 74 19.3 33 15.6 41 24.1 High School Graduate 55 14.4 23 10.8 31 18.2 < Partial High School 5 1.3 5 2.4 0 0 Relationship Status: Single 185 48.3 123 58.0 61 35.9 Dating 189 49.3 82 38.7 107 62.9 Married 8 2.1 6 2.8 2 1.2 Age at First Intercourse: Virgin/No Intercourse 68 17.8 31 14.6 37 21.8 12-14 35 9.1 14 6.6 20 11.8 15-17 169 44.1 93 43.9 76 44.7 18-20 82 21.4 56 26.4 26 15.3 21-25 7 1.8 7 3.3 0 0 Total Number of Sexual Partners: 0/No Intercourse 78 20.4 36 17.0 42 24.7 1-5 218 56.9 128 60.4 90 52.9 6-10 47 12.3 27 12.7 20 11.8 11-15 18 4.7 9 4.2 9 5.3 > 16 10 2.6 6 2.8 3 1.8 Avg. Sexual Intercourse/Month: 0/No Intercourse 94 24.5 48 22.6 46 27.1 1-5 139 36.3 81 38.2 57 33.5 6-10 57 14.9 34 16.0 23 13.5 11-15 38 9.9 21 9.9 17 10.0 16-20 23 6.0 8 3.8 15 8.8 21-42 10 2.6 9 4.2 1 0.6 Has Been Raped: Yes* 15 3.9 2 0.9 13 7.6 (SES)Yes 139 36.3 62 29.2 77 45.3 Has Raped Someone: (SES)Yes 41 10.7 27 12.7 14 8.2 (CSS)Yes 9 2.3 6 2.8 3 1.8

Table 11: Summary of Subject Characteristics (table continued) 55 (continued table)

Combined Males Females N % N % N % Virgins 220 106 48.2 114 51.8 Age: 18-20 204 92.7 98 92.5 106 93.0 21-24 9 4.1 6 5.7 3 2.6 25-29 1 0.5 1 0.9 0 0 Ethnicity: Caucasian 174 79.1 91 85.8 83 72.8 Asian 21 9.5 10 9.4 11 9.6 Hispanic 1 0.5 0 0 1 0.9 African-American 15 6.8 3 2.8 12 10.5 Native-American 1 0.5 0 0 1 0.9 Other 6 2.7 1 0.9 5 4.4 Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual 217 98.6 106 100.0 111 97.4 Homosexual 2 0.9 0 0 2 1.8 Bisexual 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parent’s level of Education: Graduate/Professional 74 33.6 36 34.0 38 33.3 College/University Degree 78 35.5 41 38.7 37 32.5 Partial College 34 15.5 18 17.0 16 14.0 High School Graduate 30 13.6 8 7.5 22 19.3 Partial High School 1 0.5 1 0.9 0 0 Junior High School 1 0.5 1 0.9 0 0 Relationship Status: Single 170 77.3 87 82.1 83 72.8 Dating 49 22.3 19 17.9 30 26.3 Married 0 0 0 0 0 0 Has Been Raped: Yes* 0 0 0 0 0 0 (SES)Yes 3 1.4 1 0.9 2 1.8 Note: N’s do not equal 100% due to missing data; CSS – Endorsed the Coercive Sexuality Scale item number 11; SES – Endorsed at least one of the Sexual Experiences Survey Victim Form (has been raped)/Perpetrator Form (has raped someone) item numbers 6 through 10; *Answered yes to the question “Have you ever been raped?”

Table 11: Summary of Subject Characteristics

standard deviation of 1.85; females = 16.12 with a standard deviation of 1.60). See Table

11 for summary of subject characteristics for Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, and Virgins.

Correlational analysis (Bivariate) were performed to explore previous hypotheses with the following groups: Rapists, Non-Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, Non-Sexually

Aggressives, Virgins, and Non-Virgins. Additionally, each of these groups were 56 separated to investigate gender differences. See Tables 12 through 17 for correlation matrixes on these groups. For correlation matrixes on these groups by gender, refer to

Appendices G through R.

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- .269 .120 .023 -.265 -.173 .201 .015 -.036 -.156 .044 .016

SES --- .573 .287 .208 -.300 -.054 .076 .305 -.059 .134 .564

Victim --- .529 .312 -.396 -.283 .320 .500 .244 .016 .498

Raped --- .329 -.229 -.304 .268 .112 .162 .030 .269

CSS --- -.030 -.225 .215 .176 .253 -.006 .195

SSSF --- .a .258 .015 -.082 .518 -.141

SSSM --- .003 -.221 .063 .138 -.173

ASB --- .429 .636 -.026 .135

RMA --- .325 -.019 .380

AIV --- -.047 .097

T/R --- .452

D/A --- Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self- Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 46

Table 12: Correlational Matrix: Rapists Total Sample

57

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.122 -.067 -.072 -147 .064 .169 -106 -.034 -.050 -.143 -.217

SES --- .170 .100 .265 .142 .091 .101 .109 .024 .117 .145

Victim --- .747 .093 .184 .160 .030 -.078 .038 .109 .072

Raped --- .098 .180 .130 .049 -.064 .044 .114 .083

CSS --- .055 .034 .148 .112 .071 .174 .233

SSSF --- .a -.081 -.059 .071 .303 .158

SSSM --- .039 -.015 .065 .101 -.047

ASB --- .485 .285 .043 .188

RMA --- .222 .010 .151

AIV --- .083 .145

T/R --- .507

D/A --- MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 810

Table 13: Correlational Matrix: Non-Rapists Total Sample

58 MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- .030 -.036 -.056 -.110 -.017 .210 -.078 -.010 -.079 -.169 -.206

SES --- .449 .268 .246 .082 .141 .106 .247 .014 .097 .243

Victim --- .710 .165 .190 .149 .125 .104 .101 .102 .158

Raped --- .137 .189 .155 .128 .016 .076 .137 .102

CSS --- -.056 .002 .157 .195 .116 .119 .229

SSSF --- .a -.032 -.021 .213 .357 .144

SSSM --- .024 -.022 .043 .066 -.029

ASB --- .458 .310 .070 .185

RMA --- .172 .017 .170

AIV --- .131 .102

T/R --- .481

D/A --- Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self- Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 383.

Table 14: Correlational Matrix: Sexually Aggressive Total Sample

59 MC Victim Raped SSSF SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.008 -.028 .122 .158 -.084 -.037 -.021 -.081 -.156

Victim --- .753 .113 .079 -.028 .-.101 .011 .072 .044

Raped --- .127 .078 -.019 -.087 .023 .066 .072

SSSF --- .a -.132 -.092 -.055 .263 .116

SSSM --- .061 -.011 .107 .127 -.084

ASB --- .499 .298 -.007 .160

RMA --- .284 -.007 .168

AIV --- .032 .176

T/R --- .529

D/A --- Note. Bold type signifies p < .01; The SES and CSS are not included in this table since this sample contained only individuals who scored “0” on these two measures. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 474.

Table 15: Correlational Matrix: Non-Sexually Aggressive Total Sample

60

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.072 -.082 -.091 -.071 .089 .209 -.065 -.062 -.058 -.152 -.188

SES --- .186 .123 .108 .237 -.033 .018 .080 .035 .149 .158

Victim --- .354 .110 .179 -.101 -.078 .-.093 .060 .131 -.005

Raped --- .035 .181 .066 -.009 -.096 .084 .012 .001

CSS --- .081 .132 .151 .094 .070 .119 .033

SSSF --- .a -.253 -.069 .009 .276 .125

SSSM --- .011 -.005 -.101 -.082 -.180

ASB --- .482 .308 .031 .198

RMA --- .284 -.041 .119

AIV --- .-.041 .121

T/R --- .554

D/A --- Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self- Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 220

Table 16: Correlational Matrix: Virgins Total Sample

61 MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.030 -.038 -.056 -.171 .083 .172 -.117 -.031 -.056 -.119 -.205

SES --- .380 .226 .428 .048 .097 .138 .219 .033 .103 .243

Victim --- .738 .219 .079 .096 .113 .051 .086 .074 .142

Raped --- .187 .061 .079 .107 -.004 .068 .093 .104

CSS --- .029 -.016 .183 .183 .111 .164 .288

SSSF --- .a -.004 -.041 .078 .264 .112

SSSM --- .071 .003 .115 .145 -.030

ASB --- .489 .311 .060 .198

RMA --- .220 .054 .208

AIV --- .124 .150

T/R --- .487

D/A --- Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self- Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 637

Table 17: Correlational Matrix: Non-Virgins Total Sample

62 Group Comparison Results

Significant findings specifically with the following groups: Rapists, Non-Rapists,

Sexually Aggressives, Non-Sexually Aggressives, Virgins, and Non-Virgins are being reported here. Higher levels of self-reported sexual aggression/coercion is significantly correlated with a self-reported history of having a greater variety of Traditional/Romantic fantasies for females with the exception of female Rapists and female Sexually

Aggressives (see Table 18). Thus, for female Rapists and female Sexually

Sexually Coercive Behavior Sexually Aggressive Behavior (CSS) (SES) Types of Fantasies Males Females Males Females RAPISTS: Traditional/Romantic -.053 .147 .100 .334 Aggressive .252 .214 .589** .485 Deviant .241 .308 .516** .659** NON-RAPISTS: Traditional/Romantic .112 .221** .051 .164** Aggressive .229** .309** .116 .186** Deviant .238** .178** .143** .157 S/A: Traditional/Romantic .069 .182 .039 .192 Aggressive .264** .296** .239** .238** Deviant .243** .263** .225** .396** VIRGINS: Traditional/Romantic -.026 .263** .110 .202 Aggressive -.045 .250** .142 .384** Deviant -.013 .208 .016 .463** NON-VIRGINS: Traditional/Romantic .110 .206** .040 .170** Aggressive .302** .331** .230** .225** Deviant .281** .240** .229** .268** **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); CSS – The Coercive Sexuality Scale; SES – The Sexual Experiences Survey Deviant - The average frequency of fantasizing about deviant subject matter.

Table 18: Relationship of Sexual Aggression and Type of Fantasy

63 Aggressives, as they reported higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors, they did not report having significantly more Traditional/Romantic fantasies. However, for females in the other groups, higher levels of self-reported sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors significantly correlated with greater repertoires of

Traditional/Romantic fantasies.

Fantasies with aggressive themes were significantly correlated with a history of self-reported sexual aggression (Sexual Experiences Survey: SES) for all female groups except female Rapists and for all male groups except male Non-Rapists and Virgins.

Fantasies with aggressive themes were significantly correlated with a history of self- reported sexual coercion (Coercive Sexuality Scale: CSS) for all female groups except female Rapists and for all male groups except male Rapists and Virgins. Therefore according to the SES, as female Rapists and male Virgins self-reported a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors, they did not report having more aggressive sexual fantasies (see Table 18). Frequently fantasizing about deviant subject matter significantly correlated with self-reported sexual aggression/coercion for all groups (see Table 18).

It is notable that Rapists and Virgins (both males and females) are the only two groups for which self-reported sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors did not significantly correlate with the Rape Myth Acceptance scale (RMA), whereas all other groups had a significant correlation between sexual aggression/coercion and RMA.

Additionally, Non-Virgin females were the only group that had a significant correlation between Adversarial Sexual Beliefs (ASB) and a self-reported history of sexual victimization.

64 The Sexual Self-Schema (SSS) was significantly correlated with sexual aggression/coercion only for Non-Rapist females. Sexual aggression (SES) was significantly correlated with the total SSS score as well as with Sexual Self-Schema

Factor 1 (Passionate-Romantic) for Non-Rapist females. For females of every group

(Sexually Aggressive, Non-Sexually Aggressive, Virgins, Non-Virgins, Non-Rapists) except Rapists, the Sexual Self-Schema total score and all factor scores significantly correlated with higher frequencies of fantasizing (see Table 19). Thus, female rapists were the only group who did not self-report significantly higher frequencies of fantasizing with higher SSS total, Factor 1, and Factor 2 scores. Additionally, all the female groups, except rapists, had negative correlations between SSS Factor 3

(Embarrassed-Conservative) and self-reported frequency of fantasizing.

Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Total Score Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Average Frequency of Fantasizing Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

Total Sample .223 .319 .250 .250 .130 .281 .076 -.122

Rapists .233 .094 .142 .080 .279 .259 .115 .153

Non-Rapists .212 .232 .255 .254 .109 .274 .067 -.133

Sexually Aggressive .167 .358 .151 .276 .120 .304 .096 -.145

Non-Sexually Aggressive .265 .258 .348 .188 .115 .251 .054 -.087

Virgins -.105 .268 .053 .253 -.141 .241 -.212 -.009

Non-Virgins .260 .268 .272 .200 .144 .247 .134 -.094 Note: Bold type denotes correlations that are significant at the p<.01 level. Factor 1: Males – Passionate-Loving Females – Passionate-Romantic; Factor 2: Males – Powerful-Aggressive, Females – Open-Direct; Factor 3: Males – Open-Minded-Liberal, Females – Embarrassed-Conservative.

Table 19: Sexual Self-Schema scores and Average Frequency of Fantasizing

65 For the males, Sexual Self-Schema Total score was significantly correlated with frequency of fantasizing for all groups except for Rapists (both males and females),

Sexually Aggressive males, and male Virgins (see Table 19). For these four groups

(male and female Rapists, Sexually Aggressive males, and male Virgins) with non- significant correlations between the Sexual Self-Schema Total score and frequency of fantasizing, it is of note that the Virgins correlations were negative and the correlations were positive for both the Rapists and Sexually Aggressive groups. Therefore, the

Virgins appear to be different from the Rapists and Sexually Aggresives. It is of note that overall, every group (Non-Rapists, Sexually Aggressives & Non-Sexually Aggressives,

Virgins & Non-Virgins) had at least some significant correlations between frequency of fantasizing and one of the Sexual Self-Schema scores (Total, Factor 1, Factor 2, or Factor

3) except for male and female Rapists. Therefore, Rapists (both males and females) looked different from all of the other groups in this respect.

66

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study was to investigate undetected sexual aggression in a college sample and how it correlates with sexual fantasies, attitudes, and beliefs in both males and females. Data was gathered from individuals participating in an introductory psychology class to investigate the proposed hypotheses regarding sexual aggression.

Although it was possible to investigate gender differences, differences based on sexual orientation and ethnic background were incalculable due to small sample sizes. It is important to note that this study is correlational in nature; therefore, causal statements cannot be made about the data.

Efforts were made to ensure that participants were honest about past sexually aggressive behaviors and fantasies. It is of note that five subjects turned in their protocols and refused participation after looking at the content of the measures.

Additionally, there were a handful of participants who began filling out the measures and refused to complete certain questionnaires. Therefore, one can assume that the remaining participants who chose to stay and complete the measures also would have felt comfortable enough to refuse participation if they realized 1) they were not able to honestly disclose or 2) reporting personal sexual information upset or offended them. It is believed that participants who completed the measures felt comfortable enough to honestly disclose the requested information. Recall also that this study excluded 51 more 67 subjects because of high scores on the social desirability scale, and correlational results of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale suggests that the remaining subjects appeared not to give overly socially desirable responses.

In general, more male participants reported a history of having participated in some form of sexually aggressive or coercive behavior than female participants, and the mean scores on measures of self-reported sexually aggressive and coercive behaviors were higher for male than female participants. Twenty-one percent (Sexual Experiences

Survey: SES) and 41.8% (Coercive Sexuality Scale: CSS) of the males reported having participated in sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors, whereas only 12% (SES) and

36.6% (CSS) of the females reported having participated in sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors.

It is of note that participants were more likely to endorse sexually aggressive behaviors on the CSS than on the SES. The manner in which questions are worded on the CSS and SES are in contrast to each other, with the CSS appearing less harsh or blunt than the SES. As an example, one of the questions on the CSS is “How often have you had intercourse with a woman against her will?” whereas in contrast one of the parallel

SES questions is “Has a woman had sexual intercourse when she didn’t want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting her arm, holding her down, etc.) to make her?” It is possible that participants felt more comfortable endorsing their use of sexual coercion/aggression on the CSS because of its less accusatory tone.

Participants may have also been bothered by the bluntness of the SES and therefore less likely to report having participated in sexually coercive/aggressive behaviors. Also consistent with the finding that more males than females self-reported a history of sexual

68 aggression/coercion, three times as many males self-reported perpetrating the act of rape

(N=46) than females (N=15).

The fact that more males self-reported a history of sexual aggression/coercion than females is consistent with all of the theories of sexual aggression. However, as previously stated, the Feminist Theory of Sexual Aggression does not adequately address why there are also women who report sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors. One could speculate that the Feminist Theory of Sexual Aggression would argue that sexually aggressive/coercive women are attempting to gain power in a male-dominated world by behaving in masculine ways. Brownmiller (1975) states that the “cultural assumption that it is the natural masculine role to proceed aggressively toward the stated goal while the natural feminine role is to “resist” or “submit” (p. 385). It might be hypothesized that sexually-aggressive/coercive women take charge sexually and act on feelings that they

(like men) have an innate right to sexual satisfaction in order to denounce their male- defined roles of ‘resisting’ and ‘submitting’ to the will of men.

Sexual Fantasy and Sexual Aggression/Coercion

For clarity of discussion, the group membership terms (i.e., Rapists, Sexually-

Aggressives) are being re-defined. ‘Total Sample’ refers to all participants. ‘Rapists’ refers to participants who self-reported committing the act of rape/forcing someone to have sexual intercourse against their will (‘Non-Rapists’ are the remainder of the sample after Rapists were removed). ‘Sexually-Aggressives’ refers to participants who endorsed any item on the Sexual Experiences Survey or Coercive Sexuality Scale (‘Non-Sexually-

69 Aggressives’ are the remainder of the sample after Sexually-Aggressives were removed).

‘Virgins’ refers to participants who self-reported that they have never had sexual intercourse (‘Non-Virgins’ are the remainder of the sample after Virgins were removed).

Additionally, ‘significant correlations’ are those that are significant at the .01 level.

All female groups with the exception of Rapists and Sexually-Aggressives who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexual aggression or sexually coercive behaviors also endorsed having greater repertoires of different types of

Traditional/Romantic fantasies than participants who reported lower levels of sexually aggressive or coercive behaviors. Also consistent with this result, as female participants reported higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors, they also reported higher overall frequencies of fantasizing (fantasizing more often) about

Traditional/Romantic themes. Again, this finding was not true for female Rapists. For male participants, a self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion did not significantly correlate with greater repertoires of or more frequent fantasizing about

Traditional/Romantic fantasies.

Therefore, in general, females who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors also reported having greater repertoires and higher frequencies of Traditional/Romantic fantasies; however, greater repertoires and higher frequencies of Traditional/Romantic fantasies did not significantly correlate with sexual aggression/coercion for males. Thus there appears to be a gender difference in that female groups who self-reported a history of more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors also reported having significantly more Traditional/Romantic fantasies compared to male groups. The only exception to this finding is that female Rapists and

70 female Sexually Aggressives had no significant correlation between sexually aggressive/coercive behavior and having larger repertoires of fantasies involving

Traditional/Romantic themes; and female Rapists had no significant correlation between sexually aggressive/coercive behavior and frequency of fantasizing about

Traditional/Romantic themes.

It would appear that in general female groups who self-reported a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion are likely to also more frequently process or contemplate a greater variety of Traditional/Romantic sexually related information; however, female Rapists do not. The fact that self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion did not significantly correlate with greater repertoires or frequency of fantasizing about Traditional/Romantic themes for any of the male groups may be due to differences. Males are raised to be tough and it is possible that men view romantic fantasies as wimpy and non-masculine, thus having or reporting fewer of these types of fantasies in general.

Unfortunately, most of the literature on sexual fantasies focuses on comparing deviant and aggressive themes in sexually aggressive and non-sexually aggressive male youths/adults, and overlooks investigating traditional or non-deviant fantasies

(Greendlinger & Byrne, 1987; Drieschner & Lange, 1999). The results obtained by this study are different from findings which indicate that youthful male sex offenders who are either incarcerated or in treatment programs for sexual offenses may have fewer traditional or non-violent fantasies than their non-sexually aggressive counterparts

(Daleiden, Kaufman, Hilliker, & O’Neil, 1998). However, it is worth noting that the current study sample appears to consist of socially conforming, goal oriented, and

71 academically successful individuals and is therefore not comparable to incarcerated sex offenders or sex offenders who have been court mandated to treatment. It is assumed that subjects in the current sample are more positively socialized compared to an incarcerated sample.

In general, results demonstrated that as an individual’s score on sexual aggression increased, so did their total number and frequency of having aggressive themes as a dominant factor in their fantasies. However, this finding was not true for female Rapists or male Virgins. For these two groups, higher levels of self-reported sexual aggression/coercion did not significantly correlate with greater numbers of or greater frequency of fantasizing about aggressive themes. While the data are correlational, it cannot be assumed that fantasizing about aggressive themes causes the sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors, however, it would seem likely that fantasizing about aggressive themes precedes any sexually aggressive/coercive behavior. Evidence of a fantasy-behavior connection has been suggested based on the finding that men convicted of aggressive sexual acts (such as rape) rate aggressive/coercive sexual fantasies as significantly more arousing and exciting than non-aggressive sexual fantasies (Abel et. al,

1977). According to the DSM-IV (American Psychological Association, 1994), fantasies that are associated with Paraphilias (e.g., Fetishism, Sexual Masochism, ) may begin in childhood or early adolescence and over the course of time and with repetitive fantasizing, paraphilic fantasies become more defined and elaborate. Perhaps, the more a person cognitively practices a particular sexual fantasy, the easier it is to act on that fantasy. If this is the case, knowledge of the contents of an individual’s fantasies could be a possible indicator of the likelihood of an individual committing sexually aggressive

72 acts. Another possible explanation is that because these individuals have experience with aggressive sexual behaviors, they may sexually fantasize about aggressive themes because they have actually experienced these acts.

All groups who self-reported more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors in this study were also more likely to report higher frequencies of deviant sexual fantasies.

Additionally, all groups except female Rapists and male Virgins had significant correlations between self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion and a greater variety of deviant fantasies. Therefore, unlike the other groups, female Rapists and male

Virgins self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behavior they did not report having more different types of deviant fantasies; however, like all other groups, frequency of fantasizing about deviant subject matter increases as history of self-reported sexual aggression/coercion increased. Although female Rapists do not report having greater overall numbers of deviant fantasies, there is a significant correlation between their level of sexual aggression/coercion and frequently fantasizing about the deviant fantasies that they have in their repertoire.

Sexual Aggression and Rape-Supportive Attitudes and Beliefs

It was hypothesized that male participants who self-reported a history of more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors would be more likely to endorse rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs. It was also hypothesized that female participants who self-reported a history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors would be less likely to endorse rape- supportive attitudes and beliefs. The opposite was hypothesized for women because the

73 rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs scales are worded in such a way that they illustrate women as victims as well as supporting the stereotype that women are responsible for their own victimization. If a woman possesses rape-supportive attitudes they may be more likely to believe that a woman who has been raped or sexually taken advantage of is either responsible for being raped or wanted a man to overpower her. If this same woman who possesses rape-supportive attitudes then behaves in a sexually aggressive manner, it would seem that this attitude/ behavior discrepancy would create cognitive dissonance since the attitude does not match the behavior. Thus it would seem that women who endorse having rape supportive attitudes would be less likely to be sexually aggressive against men since their belief system would be violated by behaving in a sexually aggressive manner, however, the data did not support this hypothesis. In general, participants who self-reported more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors also endorsed having more rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs. This finding was supported for both males and females for all groups except Rapists and Virgins (both males and females).

Victimization and Rape-Supportive Attitudes and Beliefs

Data analysis revealed that the Adversarial Sexual Beliefs scale was significantly correlated with a history of being raped only for three of the male groups: Non-Rapists,

Non-Virgins, and Sexually Aggressives. The Adversarial Sexual Beliefs scale did not significantly correlate with history of being raped for any of the females regardless of group membership; however, Adversarial Sexual Beliefs did significantly correlate with a

74 self-reported history of being sexually victimized for female Non-Virgins. History of victimization did not correlate significantly with the Rape Myth Acceptance scale.

Additionally, it is interesting to highlight the fact that for the 46 participants who self- reported committing the act of rape, self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion did not significantly correlate with the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence scale.

Perhaps it is possible to be discordant concerning what one does, particularly if the behavior is heinous, such as rape, and what one’s attitudes are about such behavior. For example, it is conceivable that a college student would be attitudinally opposed to binge drinking, and yet occasionally engage in such behavior.

Sexual Aggression and Sexual Self-Schema

Anderson and Cyranowski (1994) define sexual self schemas as “cognitive generalizations about sexual aspects of oneself that are derived from past experience, are manifest in current experience, are influential in the processing of sexually relevant social information, and guide sexual behavior” (p. 1079). Results of the current study indicated that the Women’s Sexual Self-Schema Total score was significantly correlated with a self-reported history of participating in more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors only for female Non-Rapists. Additionally, the Women’s Sexual Self-Schema Factor 1:

Passionate-Romantic and Factor 2: Open-Direct were significantly correlated with self- reported history of sexual aggression/coercion for all groups except female Rapists. This means that all females (with the exception of Rapists) who self-reported higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors are more likely to conceptualize and see

75 themselves in a sexually positive light, feel more positive about past sexual encounters, and are open to the possibility of engaging in new relationships or sexual activity.

One explanation for why female Sexually Aggressives and not female Rapists have a significant correlation between self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion and Sexual Self-Schema is that individuals who are sexually aggressive, but not to the extreme point of rape, may be more likely to use thinking errors to view themselves and their sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors in a more positive light. The use of cognitive distortions allows sexually aggressive/coercive individuals to continue participating in sexually aggressive or sexually coercive behaviors while minimizing both cognitive dissonance as well as feelings of guilt while allowing for the continuation of the sexually aggressive/coercive behavior. Such cognitive distortions would allow sexually aggressive/coercive individuals to have a positive cognitive representation of themselves

(e.g., Sexual Self-Schema). Another possibility is that women who see themselves as passionate may view sexually aggressive behaviors as ‘asserting themselves’. Perhaps for women, viewing oneself as extremely passionate or romantic may lend itself to being more aggressive in the realm of sexuality.

It is interesting that this finding is consistent with the previous finding that participants who self-report a history of having more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors is associated with more Traditional/Romantic fantasies for women. It would seem reasonable that women who view themselves as a ‘Passionate-Romantic’ person, might also tend to have more traditional or romantic fantasies and would explain why they both vary positively with sexually aggressive/coercive behavior.

76 The fact that self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behavior correlates most highly with Factor 2 (Powerful/Aggressive) for males Total Sample is not surprising. Males who view themselves as aggressive and powerful may be more likely to ‘take’ what they want when they perceive that they are being denied ‘what they deserve’. However, for the extreme group of Rapists (both males and females), sexual aggression/coercion did not significantly correlate with Sexual Self-Schema Total score or with any of the Factor scores. Additionally, for male Sexually Aggressives and male

Virgins, self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion did not significantly correlate with Sexual Self-Schema Total score or any of the Factor scores.

Limitations

Whenever dealing with a topic as explicit and personal as an individual’s sexual behaviors and sexual fantasies, self-disclosure and self-report methodology is an issue.

Steps were taken to increase the probability that participants in this study would answer the measures honestly. For example, recall that 51 subjects were eliminated due to high social desirability. Also, participants were informed about the explicit sexual and personal nature of the measure before they were handed out. Participants were told that if they even thought they might be offended or unable to be completely honest on the measures, they should excuse themselves from the study. It was explained that even if they chose not to complete the measures, they would be given full credit for participation.

Participants were told that if they became uncomfortable while filling out the measures or started thinking that they did not want to complete them honestly; they could stop and

77 leave with full credit. Each experimental session consisted of at least 60 participants to help them feel more anonymous. Additionally, participants were seated in such a way as to preserve their privacy. Although all of these steps were taken in an attempt to increase the likelihood that participants would fill out their measures in an open and honest manner, it is conceivable that participants were not altogether honest when filling out the measures. However, it is worth noting that a handful of participants refused to complete the questionnaires.

Additionally, it must be mentioned that although some of the correlations are statistically significant, some of them may not be meaningful. For example, although a correlation of .118 is significant at the .01 level, the correlation is so low as to not have much significance outside of the statistical world. One must also consider the problem of

Type I Error in that multiple analysis/correlations were conducted in this study. Due to the fact that so many correlations were conducted, there is an increased probability that some of the significant findings are due to error and are not really significant.

Summary

This study is noteworthy because it assessed a college sample on self-reported sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors and its correlates (i.e., coercive attitudes, sexual fantasies, sexual self-schema). As noted in DSM-IV, sexual fantasies are a precursor to deviant sexual behavior and the present study shows that aggressive and deviant fantasies are correlated with self-reported sexual aggression.

78 It was found that participants who self-reported higher levels of sexual aggression reported having a greater breadth and higher frequencies of Traditional/Romantic types of sexual fantasies. However, when males and females were examined separately, these results held true generally only for females, with no significant correlation between

Traditional/Romantic fantasies and self-reported history of sexual aggression for males of any group. It is noteworthy that these results did not hold true for the female Sexually

Aggressive group (non-significant correlation between breadth of Traditional/Romantic

Fantasies and sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors) or the female Rapists (non- significant correlation between breadth and frequency of Traditional/Romantic Fantasies and sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors).

Additionally, it was found that participants who self-reported higher levels of sexual aggression and sexually coercive behaviors, also reported having a greater breadth

(more different types) and higher frequencies of sexual fantasies containing aggressive/violent and deviant themes. However, self-reported sexual aggression/coercion did not significantly correlate with total number of aggressive fantasies for male Rapists or male Virgins. It is of note that Rapists and Virgins often yielded similar findings. For example, self-reported sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors did not significantly correlate with the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale,

Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale, Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale, or Aggressive fantasies ONLY for Rapists and Virgins.

In general, female Rapists correlations looked very different from the other female groups. Female Rapists correlations were significantly different from other females when looking at Traditional/Romantic, Deviant, & Aggressive fantasies and

79 Sexual Self-Schema. In inspecting the Female Rapists correlation matrix, only two correlations are significant. History of being sexually victimized is significantly correlated with having more different types of Deviant/Aggressive fantasies (.77), and self-reported history of raping someone is significantly correlated with having more different types of Traditional/Romantic fantasies (.76). See Appendix S for summary of specific findings.

Future Directions

Oliver & Hyde’s (1993) Meta-Analysis of 239 independent samples documented only two large gender differences and found very small gender differences in other sexual attitudes/behaviors. However, it is believed that in the area of sexual aggression gender is a significant differentiating variable (Van Wormer, 2001). The current study clearly shows that there are specific differences in the types of sexual fantasies that are correlated with higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion. Findings of gender-specific based differences highlight the need to have future studies to determine other gender specific differences in sexually aggressive/coercive individuals.

The fact that the groups Virgins and Rapists often appeared to have similar findings compared to the other groups suggests that it may be of interest to compare these groups in future studies and investigate how they differ on other variables. Due to the small sample size of the female Rapist group (N=15), it would be beneficial to investigate sexual fantasies and attitudes with a larger group of female Rapists. Additionally, future comparison studies to investigate the differences between female and male Rapists could

80 yield important information that may contribute to effectively designing appropriate treatment programs for sexually aggressive women.

Recall that previous studies with sexually aggressive and non-sexually aggressive adolescents and adults have used only males and focused on deviant and aggressive/violent sexual fantasies. The present study suggests that increasing traditional/non-violent fantasies such as Traditional/Romantic fantasies with convicted female sexual offenders could be a worthwhile therapeutic endeavor in that the present study found that more positively socialized females engaged in such fantasizing but not female Rapists. This notion supports the therapeutic strategy used in current sexual offender treatment with males (Gray & Pithers, 1993) by decreasing deviant arousal patterns (e.g., deviant sexual fantasies coupled with masturbation) through replacing deviant fantasies with more appropriate positive fantasies (Quinsey & Marshall, 1983).

81

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90

APPENDIX A: Solicitation Script:

SIGN-UP SHEET

The purpose of this study is to explore individual’s sexual experiences, sexual attitudes, and sexual fantasies. Participants will complete seven questionnaires that assess sexual activities, sexual fantasies, and attitudes about sex. This experiment will consist of one session lasting approximately one hour. Credit will be given at the end of the session.

NOTE: The questionnaires in this study include personal sexually explicit information and contain questions regarding illegal behaviors. Some students may not feel comfortable disclosing this information. STUDENTS’ RESPONSES WILL REMAIN

CONFIDENTIAL AND ANONYMOUS. Students may skip questions that they do not wish to answer, and may discontinue participation at any time during the study.

However, please do NOT sign up for this experiment if you are offended by, or uncomfortable with, sexually explicit material. YOU MUST BE OVER 18 YEARS OF

AGE TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS EXPERIMENT.

91

APPENDIX B: Consent Form Protocol No. ______

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY (On Psychology Department letterhead) CONSENT FOR PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH I consent to participate in research entitled: SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND FANTASY

The experimenter of this study, Steven Beck and JeAndra Barner, or one of their research assistants has explained the purpose of the study, the procedures to be followed, and the expected duration of my participation. Possible benefits of the study have been described as have alternative procedures, if such procedures are applicable and available. I understand that this study includes filling out questionnaires that inquire about personal sexually explicit information and contain some questions regarding illegal behavior. I also understand that my responses will be confidential and anonymous.

I acknowledge that I have had the opportunity to obtain additional information regarding the study and that any questions I have raised have been answered to my full satisfaction. Furthermore, I understand that I am free to withdraw consent at any time and to discontinue participation in the study without loss of credit.

Finally, I acknowledge that I have read and fully understand the consent form. I sign it freely and voluntarily. A copy has been given to me.

Date: Signed: (Participant) Signed: Signed: ( Investigator or (Person authorized to consent for his/her authorized participant – if required) representative) Witness:

HS-027 (Rev. 12/97) – (To be used only in connection with social and behavioral research.) 92

APPENDIX C: Oral Instructions to Participants

Instructions to Participants

As you know, the purpose of this study is to explore individual's sexual attitudes, experiences, and fantasies. You will be completing seven questionnaires that assess your past sexual activities, sexual fantasies, and your current attitudes about sexually-related topics such as relationships. The questionnaires will take approximately one hour to complete.

Please remember that participation in this study is voluntary. All of your responses will remain both confidential and anonymous. Also, remember that the questionnaires include sexually explicit information and ask about some illegal behaviors. Some of you may feel uncomfortable with disclosing these types of information. You may skip questions that you do not wish to answer, however, I ask that you make a serious attempt to answer every question. If a question does not apply to you because you have never experienced what the question is asking, it is important to circle the number “1” when “1” stands for “never experienced”, rather than to leave the question blank. Also, I would like to remind you that you may discontinue at any time during the experiment without penalty or loss of credit. However, I do ask that you be serious in your commitment to complete the study should you decide to do so.

Please keep in mind that half of these measures are sexual in nature. If you see any question that asks about drinking , being aggressive, or humiliating someone, 93 you should answer these in reference to drinking, humiliating someone, or acting out aggressively within a sexual context.

There are no right or wrong answers to the questions, so please be as honest as possible when completing the surveys. If you have any questions while you are filling out the measures, please raise your hand and I will come over to assist you. When you are done filling out your questionnaires, place them back into the folder, and place your folder inside the crate by the doorway as you exit. If for any reason you did not completely fill out any part of the seven measures, please write an “I” on the first page of your measures for “incomplete” before placing them back in the folder. Again I would like to encourage you to fill out all parts of all measures if you are going to participate, since incomplete questionnaires will limit the use of the responses you have provided. So, please take a moment to page through your questionnaire to check that it is completely filled out once you are finished.

(HAND OUT QUESTIONNAIRES)

I have a few things that I would like to point out. Please listen carefully. Do

NOT put your name, social security number, or any other identifying information on any of these measures. Please turn to page three titled Fantasy Content Questionnaire Items.

(PAUSE) Whenever you see the statement "How often do you fantasize about _____?" you will answer each item that follows based on your sexual fantasies, not on your sexual behavior. You may have fantasized about particular items while daydreaming, masturbating, or while engaging in other activities. Now turn to page 10. You will see the title "Fantasy Content Questionnaire” (PAUSE) there are three questions at the top of the page to answer. Following those three questions are more fantasy items.

94 Finally, look at the measure located on page 11. I just want to point out that if you are someone who prefers to have sexual relationships with people who are of the same gender as yourself or if you are bisexual, it will be necessary to follow all positive responses with an indication of whether this behavior has occurred with a male partner

(m), a female partner (f), or with both (b) types of partners. So for example, for the first question, “Have you ever had sexual intercourse with a man (woman) when you both wanted to?” if you have experienced this behavior, then you would circle “yes”. For those of you who are homosexual or bisexual, you would then circle either >m= if this behavior occurred with another male, >f= if you did this with another female, or >b= if you have done this with both a male and a female at some point in time, okay? If you are heterosexual, then you will only answer the question with a yes or no

(PAUSE/ IF ANY QUESTIONS - ANSWER).

All the directions are written at the beginning of each questionnaire in case you need to refer back to them. Does anyone have any questions? (ANSWER QUESTIONS)

(IF NO QUESTIONS) Okay, you may begin.

95

APPENDIX D: PACKET OF MEASURES GIVEN TO MALE PARTICIPANTS

96 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Age: ______Sexual Orientation: ___Heterosexual Gender: ___Male ___Female ___Homosexual ___Bisexual Ethnic ity: ___Caucasian ___ African-American Parent’s Educational Level: ___Asian ___Native-American ___Graduate/Professional Training ___Hispanic ___Other:______Standard College/University Degree ___Partial College Current Relationship Status: ___High School Graduate ___Single ___Partial High School ___Married ___Junior High School ___Dating ___Less than 7 years of School

Age at first sexual intercourse: Total number of past sexual partners: Average number of times per month participating in sexual intercourse: Have you ever been raped? Yes No Have you ever raped someone? Yes No (Note: This measure is the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale) PERSONAL REACTION INVENTORY Listed below are a number of statements concerning personal attitudes and traits. Read each item and decide whether the statement is true or false as it pertains to you personally.

T F 1. Before voting I thoroughly investigate the qualifications of all the candidates.

T F 2. I never hesitate to go out of my way to help someone in trouble.

T F 3. It is sometimes hard for me to go on with my work if I am not encouraged.

T F 4. I have never intensely disliked someone.

T F 5. On occasion I have had doubts about my ability to succeed in life.

T F 6. I sometimes feel resentful when I don’t get my way.

T F 7. I am always careful about my manner of dress.

T F 8. My table manners at home are as good as when I eat out in a restaurant.

T F 9. If I could get into a movie without paying and be sure I was not seen, I probably would do it.

T F 10. On a few occasions, I have given up doing something because I thought too little of my ability.

T F 11. I like to gossip at times.

T F 12. There have been times when I felt like rebelling against people in authority even though I knew they were right.

T F 13. No matter who I’m talking to, I’m always a good listener. 97

T F 14. I can remember “playing sick” to get out of something.

T F 15. There have been occasions when I took advantage of someone.

T F 16. I’m always willing to admit it when I make a mistake.

T F 17. I always try to practice what I preach.

T F 18. I don’t find it particularly difficult to get along with loud mouthed, obnoxious people.

T F 19. I sometimes try to get even rather than forgive and forget.

T F 20. When I don’t know something I don’t mind at all admitting it.

T F 21. I am always courteous, even to people who are disagreeable.

T F 22. At times I have really insisted on having things my way.

T F 23. There have been occasions when I felt like smashing things.

T F 24. I would never think of letting someone else be punished for my wrong- doings.

T F 25. I never resent being asked to return a favor.

T F 26. I have never been irked when people expressed ideas very different from my own.

T F 27. I never make a long trip without checking the safety of my car.

T F 28. There have been times when I was quite jealous of the good fortune of others.

T F 29. I have almost never felt the urge to tell someone off.

T F 30. I am sometimes irritated by people who ask favors of me.

T F 31. I have never felt that I was punished without cause.

T F 32. I sometimes think when people have a misfortune they only got what they deserved.

T F 33. I have never deliberately said something that hurt someone’s feelings.

98 (Note: This measure is the Sexual elf-Schema Scale) Below is a listing of 45 adjectives. For each word, consider whether or not the term describes you. Each adjective is to be rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 = not at all descriptive of me to 6 = very descriptive of me. Choose a number for each adjective to indicate how accurately the adjective describes you. There are no right or wrong answers. Please be thoughtful and honest.

Not at all Very descriptive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 descriptive

To what extent does the term______describe me? 1. humorous 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2. conservative 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3. smart 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. soft-hearted 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

5. unpleasant 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. powerful 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. spontaneous 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

8. shallow 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

9. independent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

10. inexperienced 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. domineering 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. healthy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. loving 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. helpful 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. passive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. open-minded 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. sloppy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. feeling 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

19. arousable 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

20. rude 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21. broad-minded 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

22. passionate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

99 Not at all Very descriptive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 descriptive

To what extent does the term______describe me?

23. wise 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

24. aggressive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

25. polite 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26. revealing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27. warm-hearted 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

28. stingy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. exciting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30. direct 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

31. sensitive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

32. responsible 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

33. reserved 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. experienced 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

35. good natured 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

36. romantic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

37. shy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

38. compassionate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

39. liberal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

40. kind 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

41. individualistic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

42. sensual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

43. outspoken 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

44. lazy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

45. excitable 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

100 For each item, please circle the number which describes how you feel about each statement.

Strongly Strongly Agree 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Disagree

(Note: Questions 1 – 9 is the Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale: Questions 10 – 15 is the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale; Questions 17 – 29 is the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale)

1. A woman will only respect a man who will lay down the law to her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Many women are so demanding sexually that a man just can’t satisfy them. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3. A man’s got to show the woman who’s boss right from the start or he’ll end up henpecked. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4. Women are usually sweet until they’ve caught a man, but then they let their true self show. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5. A lot of men talk big, but when it comes down to it, they can’t perform well sexually 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. In a dating relationship a woman is largely out to take advantage of a man. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7. Men are out for only one thing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8. Most women are sly and manipulating when they are out to attract a man. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9. A lot of women seem to get pleasure in putting men down. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10. People today should not use “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” as a rule for living. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

11. Being roughed up is sexually stimulating to many women. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. Many times a woman will pretend she doesn’t want to have intercourse because she doesn’t want to seem loose, but she’s really hoping the man will force her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

13. A wife should move out of the house if her husband hits her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14. Sometimes the only way a man can get a cold woman turned on is to use force. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

15. A man is never justified in hitting his wife. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

101 16. A woman who goes to the home or apartment of a man on their first date implies that she is willing to have sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

17. Any female can get raped. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

18. One reason that women falsely report a rape is that they frequently have a need to call attention to themselves. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

19. Any healthy woman can successfully resist a rapist if she really wants to. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20. When women go around braless or wearing short skirts and tight tops, they are just asking for trouble. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

21. In the majority of rapes, the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

22. If a girl engages in necking or petting and she lets things get out of hand, it is her own fault if her partner forces sex on her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

23. Women who get raped while hitchhiking get what they deserve. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

24. A woman who is stuck up and thinks she is too good to talk to guys on the street deserves to be taught a lesson. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

25. Many women have an unconscious wish to be raped, and may then unconsciously set up a situation in which they are likely to be attacked. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

26. If a woman gets drunk at a party and has intercourse with a man she’s just met there, she should be considered “fair game” to other males at the party who want to have sex with her too, whether she wants to or not. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

102 Please circle the answer following each question that represents what you believe to be true for that item.

27. What percentage of women who report a rape would you say are lying because they are angry and want to get back at the man they accuse? (Please Circle One)

Almost all About ¾ About Half About ¼ Almost None

28. What percentage of reported rapes would you guess were merely invented by women who discovered they were pregnant and wanted to protect their own reputation? (Please Circle One)

Almost all About ¾ About Half About ¼ Almost None

29. A person comes to you and claims they were raped. How likely would you be to believe their statement if the person were:

Your best friend? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

An Indian woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A neighborhood woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A young boy? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A black woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A white woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

103 (Note: This Measure is the Coercive Sexuality Scale) Using the scale below, circle the number which indicates how often you have engaged in the following activities.

1 2 3 4 NEVER ONCE OR TWICE SEVERAL TIMES OFTEN

How often have you:

1. Held a woman's hand against her will 1 2 3 4

2. Kissed a woman against her will 1 2 3 4

3. Placed your hand on a woman's knee against her will 1 2 3 4

4. Placed your hand on a woman's against her will 1 2 3 4

5. Placed your hand on a woman's thigh or crotch against her will 1 2 3 4

6. Unfastened a woman's outer clothing against her will 1 2 3 4

7. Removed or disarranged a woman's outer clothing against her will 1 2 3 4

8. Removed or disarranged a woman's underclothing against her will 1 2 3 4

9. Removed your own underclothing against a woman’s will 1 2 3 4

10. Touched a woman's genital area against her will 1 2 3 4

11. Had intercourse with a woman against her will 1 2 3 4

12. Attempted to verbally convince a woman 1 2 3 4

13. Ignored a woman's protests 1 2 3 4

14. Used verbal threats 1 2 3 4

15. Used physical restraint with a woman 1 2 3 4

16. Used threats of physical aggression with a woman 1 2 3 4

17. Used physical aggression on a woman 1 2 3 4

18. Threatened to use a weapon on a woman 1 2 3 4

19. Used a weapon on a woman 1 2 3 4

104 (Note: This Measure is the Sexual Experiences Survey: Perpetrator Form) For each question circle Yes (Y) or No (N) to indicate your personal experience Please note that sexual intercourse is defined as penetration of a woman’s , no matter how slight, by a man’s penis. Ejaculation is not required.

Y N Has a woman given in to sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when she didn't want to because she was overwhelmed by your continual arguments and pressure.

Y N Has a woman had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when she didn't want to because you used your position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor, supervisor) to make her?

Y N Has a woman had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when she didn't want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting her arm, holding her down, etc.) to make her?

Y N Have you attempted sexual intercourse (got on top of a woman, attempted to insert your penis) when the woman didn't want to by threatening or using some degree of force (twisting her arm, holding her down, etc.), but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Have you attempted sexual intercourse (got on top of a wo man, attempted to insert your penis) when a woman didn't want to by giving her alcohol or drugs, but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Has a woman had sexual intercourse when she didn't want to because you overwhelmed her with continual arguments and pressure?

Y N Has a woman had sexual intercourse when she didn't want to because you used your position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor supervisor) to make her?

Y N Has a woman had sexual intercourse when she didn't want to because you gave her alcohol or drugs?

Y N Has a woman had sexual intercourse when she didn't want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting her arm, holding her down, etc.) to make her?

Y N Has a woman had sex acts (anal or oral intercourse or penetration by objects) when she didn't want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting her arm, holding her down, etc.) to make her?

105 (Note: This Measure is the Sexual Experiences Survey: Victim Form) For each question circle Yes (Y) or No (N) to indicate your personal experience Please note that sexual intercourse is defined as penetration of a woman’s vagina, no matter how slight, by a man’s penis. Ejaculation is not required.

Y N Have you given in to sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when you didn't want to because you were overwhelmed by a woman's continual arguments and pressure.

Y N Have you had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when you didn't want to because a woman used her position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor, supervisor) to make you?

Y N Have you had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when you didn't want to because a woman threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.) to make you?

Y N Have you had a woman attempt sexual intercourse (get on top of you, attempt to insert your penis) when you didn't want to by threatening or using some degree of force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.), but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Have you had a woman attempt sexual intercourse (get on top of you, attempt to insert your penis) when you didn't want to by giving you alcohol or drugs, but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Have you given in to sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because you were overwhelmed by a woman's continual arguments and pressure?

Y N Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a woman used her position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor supervisor) to make you?

Y N Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a woman gave you alcohol or drugs?

Y N Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a woman threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.) to make you?

Y N Have you had sex acts (anal or oral intercourse or penetration by objects) when you didn't want to because a woman threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.) to make you?

106 SEXUAL FANTASY QUESTIONNAIRE Fantasies are thoughts, feelings, and images. We are interested in your fantasies that include sexual activities or feelings. Some of these may involve sexual activities that you have actually done. Others may involve things that you would not actually do. Please describe the fantasies you’ve had, even if they are about things that you would not actually do.

This questionnaire contains a list of fantasies that people sometimes have. For each item, please circle the number that best describes how often you’ve had that fantasy, while daydreaming, masturbating, or doing something else.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

1. Hugging someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2. Chasing someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3. Teasing someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. Whispering to someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

5. Comforting someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. Bribing someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. Sneaking 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

8. Making out 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

9. Being excited by another person’s body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

10. Other people excited by your body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. Loving someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. Getting a partner really sexually excited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. Someone you find attractive trying to get you sexually aroused 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. Getting married 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. Trying to arouse someone so they will want to have sex with you 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

107

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

16. Sex that lasts for hours 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. Gaining love of rejecting lover 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. Being rescued from danger 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

19. on your partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

20. Reliving past sexual experiences 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21. Dressing in costumes during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

22. Licking 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

23. Petting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

24. Sucking 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

25. Masturbating 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26. Showing you penis, vagina, buttocks, or 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27. Receiving 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

28. Giving oral sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. Taking someone’s clothes off 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30. Someone taking your clothes off 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

31. Someone using objects to get you excited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

32. Using objects to get someone else excited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

33. Looking at dirty/porno pictures or films 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. Kissing partner’s mouth 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

35. Holding a partner’s hand 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

108

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

36. Kissing your partner’s penis, vagina, buttocks, or breasts 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

37. Partner is watching you masturbate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

38. Masturbating your partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

39. having partner masturbate you 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

40. Watching partner masturbate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

41. Receiving 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

42. Giving anal sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

43. Touching partner’s genital area 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

44. Touching other non-genital parts of partner’s body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

45. Partner touching your genital area 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

46. Partner touching other non-genital parts of your body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

47. Intercourse in unusual positions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

48. Watching partner undress 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

49. Seeing pictures or movies of yourself having sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

50. Spanking someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

51. Being spanked by someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

52. Talking someone into having sex with you 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

53. Controlling or intimidating a partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

54. Yelling at a partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

109

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

55. Ignoring a partner’s protest 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

56. Having a partner take charge sexually 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

57. Pinching during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

58. Pushing during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

59. Using weapons during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

60. Hitting someone during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

61. Being forced to do something sexual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

62. Forcing someone to do something sexual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

63. Hurting partner during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

64. Being hurt by someone during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

65. Being tied up 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

66. Tying someone up 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

67. Threatening to hurt a partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

68. Partner threatening to hurt you during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

69. Raping someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

70. Being raped 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

71. Being sexually degraded (called names, laughed at, etc.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

72. Sexually degrading a partner (calling names, laughing at, etc.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

73. Being tortured by a sex partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

74. Being whipped or beaten by partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

75. Whipping or beating partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

76. Torturing a sex partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

77. Exposing yourself 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

78. Setting fires 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

79. Peeping on someone (e.g., looking in bedroom, locker room, etc.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

80. Scaring someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

81. Making prank/obscene telephone calls 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

82. Sex with a dead person 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

83. Paying money for sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

84. Being paid money for sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

85. Talking dirty 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

86. Watching others have sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

87. Having sex with a relative 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

88. someone for sexual purposes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

89. Being kidnapped by someone for sexual purposes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

90. Urinating (peeing) as a part of sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

91. Looking at pornographic material 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

92. Taking pornographic movies or pictures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

93. Sex with two or more other people 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

111

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

94. Mate/partner-swapping 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

95. Particular objects, materials, or clothes (e.g., shoes, silk, or underpants) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

96. Sex with young children (under 6 years-old) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

97. Sex with children (6-11 years-old) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

98. Sex with teenagers (12-17 years-old) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

99. Sex with people 18 years and older 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

100. Sexual activity with friends 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

101. Sexual activity with neighbors 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

102. Sexual activity with animals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

103. Sex with a loved partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

104. Sex with someone you know but have not had sex with 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

105. Sex with a stranger 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

106. Sex with a virgin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

107. Sex with someone of a different race 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

108. Sex with a former partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

109. Sex with a famous person 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

110. Sex with someone who has a physical handicap 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

111. Being promiscuous 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

112. Being much sought after sexually 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

113. Failure of sexual performance 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

112

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

114. Being sexually uninhibited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

115. Having multiple orgasms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

116. Fantasizing that you are of the opposite sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

117. Dressing in clothes of the opposite sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

118. Asking for what you want during sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

119. Using alcohol or drugs during sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

120. Being a virgin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

121. Having sex somewhere in the house other than in the bedroom 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

122. Having sex in a secluded place 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

123. Having sex where there is danger of being caught 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

124. Sex in a romantic setting (e.g., on the beach, honeymoon) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

125. Sex in an exotic setting (e.g., wilderness, foreign country) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

126. Sex in unusual locations (e.g., rooftop, library) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

127. Performing sex acts in front of a mirror 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

113 128. How often do you have daydreams/fantasies of any kind? (Please mark only one.)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or more life time in my a year a month a week a day times a day life

129. How often do you masturbate? (Please mark only one.)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or more life time in my a year a month a week a day times a day life

130. Of all your daydreams/fantasies, how often do they contain sexual thoughts or images? (Please mark only one.)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or more life time in my a year a month a week a day times a day life

How often do you have fantasies during these times: Never Sometimes Always 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 131. During daydreaming 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

132. During masturbation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

133. During 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

134. During petting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

135. During sexual intercourse 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

136. Immediately prior to orgasm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

137. Immediately after orgasm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

138. After a sexual encounter 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

139. In the morning 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

140. In the afternoon 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

141. In the evening 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

142. While sleeping/dreaming 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

143. While falling asleep or lying in bed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

114

APPENDIX E: PACKET OF MEASURES GIVEN TO FEMALE PARTICIPANTS

115 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Age: ______Sexual Orientation: ___Heterosexual Gender: ___Male _ X__Female ___Homosexual ___Bisexual Ethnicity: ___Caucasian ___ African-American Parent’s Educational Level: ___Asian ___Native-American ___Graduate/Professional Training ___Hispanic ___Other:______Standard College/University Degree ___Partial College Current Relationship Status: ___High School Graduate ___Single ___Partial High School ___Married ___Junior High School ___Dating ___Less than 7 years of School

Age at first sexual intercourse: Total number of past sexual partners: Average number of times per month participating in sexual intercourse: Have you ever been raped? Yes No Have you ever raped someone? Yes No

(Note: This measure is the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale) PERSONAL REACTION INVENTORY Listed below are a number of statements concerning personal attitudes and traits. Read each item and decide whether the statement is true or false as it pertains to you personally.

T F 1. Before voting I thoroughly investigate the qualifications of all the candidates.

T F 2. I never hesitate to go out of my way to help someone in trouble.

T F 3. It is sometimes hard for me to go on with my work if I am not encouraged.

T F 4. I have never intensely disliked someone.

T F 5. On occasion I have had doubts about my ability to succeed in life.

T F 6. I sometimes feel resentful when I don’t get my way.

T F 7. I am always careful about my manner of dress.

T F 8. My table manners at home are as good as when I eat out in a restaurant.

T F 9. If I could get into a movie without paying and be sure I was not seen, I probably would do it.

T F 10. On a few occasions, I have given up doing something because I thought too little of my ability.

T F 11. I like to gossip at times.

T F 12. There have been times when I felt like rebelling against people in authority even though I knew they were right.

T F 13. No matter who I’m talking to, I’m always a good listener. 116 T F 14. I can remember “playing sick” to get out of something.

T F 15. There have been occasions when I took advantage of someone.

T F 16. I’m always willing to admit it when I make a mistake.

T F 17. I always try to practice what I preach.

T F 18. I don’t find it particularly difficult to get along with loud mouthed, obnoxious people.

T F 19. I sometimes try to get even rather than forgive and forget.

T F 20. When I don’t know something I don’t mind at all admitting it.

T F 21. I am always courteous, even to people who are disagreeable.

T F 22. At times I have really insisted on having things my way.

T F 23. There have been occasions when I felt like smashing things.

T F 24. I would never think of letting someone else be punished for my wrong- doings.

T F 25. I never resent being asked to return a favor.

T F 26. I have never been irked when people expressed ideas very different from my own.

T F 27. I never make a long trip without checking the safety of my car.

T F 28. There have been times when I was quite jealous of the good fortune of others.

T F 29. I have almost never felt the urge to tell someone off.

T F 30. I am sometimes irritated by people who ask favors of me.

T F 31. I have never felt that I was punished without cause.

T F 32. I sometimes think when people have a misfortune they only got what they deserved.

T F 33. I have never deliberately said something that hurt someone’s feelings.

117 (Note: This measure is the Sexual elf-Schema Scale) Below is a listing of 50 adjectives. For each word, consider whether or not the term describes you. Each adjective is to be rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 = not at all descriptive of me to 6 = very descriptive of me. Choose a number for each adjective to indicate how accurately the adjective describes you. There are no right or wrong answers. Please be thoughtful and honest.

Not at all Very descriptive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 descriptive

To what extent does the term describe me? 1. generous 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2. uninhibited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3. cautious 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. helpful 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

5. loving 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. open-minded 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. shallow 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

8. timid 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

9. frank 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

10. clean-cut 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. stimulating 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. unpleasant 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. experienced 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. short-tempered 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. irresponsible 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. direct 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. logical 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. broad-minded 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

19. kind 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

20. arousable 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21. practical 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

22. self-conscious 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

23. dull 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

24. straightforward 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

25. casual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

118 Not at all Very descriptive 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 descriptive

To what extent does the term describe me?

26. disagreeable 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27. serious 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

28. prudent 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. humorous 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30. sensible 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

31. embarrassed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

32. outspoken 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

33. level-headed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. responsible 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

35. romantic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

36. polite 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

37. sympathetic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

38. conservative 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

39. passionate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

40. wise 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

41. inexperienced 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

42. stingy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

43. superficial 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

44. warm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

45. unromantic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

46. good-natured 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

47. rude 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

48. revealing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

49. bossy 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

50. feeling 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

119 For each item, please circle the number which describes how you feel about each statement.

Strongly Strongly Agree 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Disagree

(Note: Questions 1 – 9 is the Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale: Questions 10 – 15 is the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale; Questions 17 – 29 is the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale)

1. A woman will only respect a man who will lay down the law to her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Many women are so demanding sexually that a man just can’t satisfy them. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3. A man’s got to show the woman who’s boss right from the start or he’ll end up henpecked. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4. Women are usually sweet until they’ve caught a man, but then they let their true self show. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5. A lot of men talk big, but when it comes down to it, they can’t perform well sexually 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. In a dating relationship a woman is largely out to take advantage of a man. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7. Men are out for only one thing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8. Most women are sly and manipulating when they are out to attract a man. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9. A lot of women seem to get pleasure in putting men down. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10. People today should not use “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth” as a rule for living. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

11. Being roughed up is sexually stimulating to many women. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. Many times a woman will pretend she doesn’t want to have intercourse because she doesn’t want to seem loose, but she’s really hoping the man will force her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

13. A wife should move out of the house if her husband hits her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14. Sometimes the only way a man can get a cold woman turned on is to use force. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

15. A man is never justified in hitting his wife. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

120 16. A woman who goes to the home or apartment of a man on their first date implies that she is willing to have sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

17. Any female can get raped. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

18. One reason that women falsely report a rape is that they frequently have a need to call attention to themselves. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

19. Any healthy woman can successfully resist a rapist if she really wants to. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20. When women go around braless or wearing short skirts and tight tops, they are just asking for trouble. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

21. In the majority of rapes, the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

22. If a girl engages in necking or petting and she lets things get out of hand, it is her own fault if her partner forces sex on her. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

23. Women who get raped while hitchhiking get what they deserve. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

24. A woman who is stuck up and thinks she is too good to talk to guys on the street deserves to be taught a lesson. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

25. Many women have an unconscious wish to be raped, and may then unconsciously set up a situation in which they are likely to be attacked. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

26. If a woman gets drunk at a party and has intercourse with a man she’s just met there, she should be considered “fair game” to other males at the party who want to have sex with her too, whether she wants to or not. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

121 Please circle the answer following each question that represents what you believe to be true for that item.

27. What percentage of women who report a rape would you say are lying because they are angry and want to get back at the man they accuse? (Please Circle One)

Almost all About ¾ About Half About ¼ Almost None

28. What percentage of reported rapes would you guess were merely invented by women who discovered they were pregnant and wanted to protect their own reputation? (Please Circle One)

Almost all About ¾ About Half About ¼ Almost None

29. A person comes to you and claims they were raped. How likely would you be to believe their statement if the person were:

Your best friend? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

An Indian woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A neighborhood woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A young boy? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A black woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

A white woman? Always Frequently Sometimes Rarely Never

122 (Note: This Measure is the Coercive Sexuality Scale) Using the scale below, circle the number which indicates how often you have engaged in the following activities.

1 2 3 4 NEVER ONCE OR TWICE SEVERAL TIMES OFTEN

How often have you:

1. Held a man's hand against his will 1 2 3 4

2. Kissed a man against his will 1 2 3 4

3. Placed your hand on a man's knee against his will 1 2 3 4

4. Placed your hand on a man's chest against his will 1 2 3 4

5. Placed your hand on a man's thigh or crotch against his will 1 2 3 4

6. Unfastened a man's outer clothing against his will 1 2 3 4

7. Removed or disarranged a man's outer clothing against his will 1 2 3 4

8. Removed or disarranged a man's underclothing against his will 1 2 3 4

9. Removed your own underclothing against a man’s will 1 2 3 4

10. Touched a man's genital area against his will 1 2 3 4

11. Had intercourse with a man against his will 1 2 3 4

12. Attempted to verbally convince a man 1 2 3 4

13. Ignored a man's protests 1 2 3 4

14. Used verbal threats 1 2 3 4

15. Used physical restraint with a man 1 2 3 4

16. Used threats of physical aggression with a man 1 2 3 4

17. Used physical aggression on a man 1 2 3 4

18. Threatened to use a weapon on a man 1 2 3 4

19. Used a weapon on a man 1 2 3 4

123 (Note: This Measure is the Sexual Experiences Survey: Perpetrator Form) For each question circle Yes (Y) or No (N) to indicate your personal experience Please note that sexual intercourse is defined as penetration of a woman’s vagina, no matter how slight, by a man’s penis. Ejaculation is not required.

Y N Has a man given in to sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when he didn't want to because he was overwhelmed by your continual arguments and pressure.

Y N Has a man had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when he didn't want to because you used your position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor, supervisor) to make him?

Y N Has a man had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when he didn't want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting his arm, holding him down, etc.) to make him?

Y N Have you attempted sexual intercourse (got on top of a man, attempted to insert his penis) when the man didn't want to by threatening or using some degree of force (twisting his arm, holding him down, etc.), but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Have you attempted sexual intercourse (got on top of a man, attempted to insert your penis) when a man didn't want to by giving him alcohol or drugs, but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Has a man had sexual intercourse when he didn't want to because you overwhelmed him with continual arguments and pressure?

Y N Has a man had sexual intercourse when he didn't want to because you used your position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor supervisor) to make him?

Y N Has a man had sexual intercourse when he didn't want to because you gave him alcohol or drugs?

Y N Has a man had sexual intercourse when he didn't want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting his arm, holding him down, etc.) to make him?

Y N Has a man had sex acts (anal or oral intercourse or penetration by objects) when he didn't want to because you threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting his arm, holding him down, etc.) to make him?

124 (Note: This Measure is the Sexual Experiences Survey: Victim Form) For each question circle Yes (Y) or No (N) to indi cate your personal experience Please note that sexual intercourse is defined as penetration of a woman’s vagina, no matter how slight, by a man’s penis. Ejaculation is not required.

Y N Have you given in to sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when you didn't want to because you were overwhelmed by a man's continual arguments and pressure.

Y N Have you had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when you didn't want to because a man used his position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor, supervisor) to make you?

Y N Have you had sex play (fondling, kissing, or petting, but not intercourse) when you didn't want to because a man threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.) to make you?

Y N Have you had a man attempt sexual intercourse (get on top of you, attempt to insert his penis) when you didn't want to by threatening or using some degree of force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.), but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Have you had a man attempt sexual intercourse (get on top of you, attempt to insert his penis) when you didn't want to by giving you alcohol or drugs, but intercourse did not occur?

Y N Have you given in to sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because you were overwhelmed by a man's continual arguments and pressure?

Y N Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man used his position of authority (boss, teacher, camp counselor supervisor) to make you?

Y N Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man gave you alcohol or drugs?

Y N Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.) to make you?

Y N Have you had sex acts (anal or oral intercourse or penetration by objects) when you didn't want to because a man threatened or used some degree of physical force (twisting your arm, holding you down, etc.) to make you?

125 SEXUAL FANTASY QUESTIONNAIRE Fantasies are thoughts, feelings, and images. We are interested in your fantasies that include sexual activities or feelings. Some of these may involve sexual activities that you have actually done. Others may involve things that you would not actually do. Please describe the fantasies you’ve had, even if they are about things that you would not actually do.

This questionnaire contains a list of fantasies that people sometimes have. For each item, please circle the number that best describes how often you’ve had that fantasy, while daydreaming, masturbating, or doing something else.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

1. Hugging someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2. Chasing someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3. Teasing someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

4. Whispering to someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

5. Comforting someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

6. Bribing someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. Sneaking 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

8. Making out 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

9. Being excited by another person’s body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

10. Other people excited by your body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. Loving someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

12. Getting a partner really sexually excited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. Someone you find attractive trying to get you sexually aroused 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

14. Getting married 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. Trying to arouse someone so they will want to have sex with you 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

126

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

16. Sex that lasts for hours 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. Gaining love of rejecting lover 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. Being rescued from danger 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

19. Cheating on your partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

20. Reliving past sexual experiences 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

21. Dressing in costumes during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

22. Licking 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

23. Petting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

24. Sucking 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

25. Masturbating 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

26. Showing you penis, vagina, buttocks, or breasts 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

27. Receiving oral sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

28. Giving oral sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. Taking someone’s clothes off 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

30. Someone taking your clothes off 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

31. Someone using objects to get you excited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

32. Using objects to get someone else excited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

33. Looking at dirty/porno pictures or films 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. Kissing partner’s mouth 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

35. Holding a partner’s hand 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

127

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

36. Kissing your partner’s penis, vagina, buttocks, or breasts 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

37. Partner is watching you masturbate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

38. Masturbating your partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

39. having partner masturbate you 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

40. Watching partner masturbate 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

41. Receiving anal sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

42. Giving anal sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

43. Touching partner’s genital area 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

44. Touching other non-genital parts of partner’s body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

45. Partner touching your genital area 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

46. Partner touching other non-genital parts of your body 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

47. Intercourse in unusual positions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

48. Watching partner undress 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

49. Seeing pictures or movies of yourself having sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

50. Spanking someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

51. Being spanked by someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

52. Talking someone into having sex with you 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

53. Controlling or intimidating a partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

54. Yelling at a partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

128

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

55. Ignoring a partner’s protest 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

56. Having a partner take charge sexually 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

57. Pinching during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

58. Pushing during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

59. Using weapons during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

60. Hitting someone during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

61. Being forced to do something sexual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

62. Forcing someone to do something sexual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

63. Hurting partner during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

64. Being hurt by someone during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

65. Being tied up 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

66. Tying someone up 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

67. Threatening to hurt a partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

68. Partner threatening to hurt you during sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

69. Raping someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

70. Being raped 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

71. Being sexually degraded (called names, laughed at, etc.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

72. Sexually degrading a partner (calling names, laughing at, etc.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

73. Being tortured by a sex partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

129

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

74. Being whipped or beaten by partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

75. Whipping or beating partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

76. Torturing a sex partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

77. Exposing yourself 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

78. Setting fires 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

79. Peeping on someone (e.g., looking in bedroom, locker room, etc.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

80. Scaring someone 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

81. Making prank/obscene telephone calls 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

82. Sex with a dead person 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

83. Paying money for sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

84. Being paid money for sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

85. Talking dirty 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

86. Watching others have sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

87. Having sex with a relative 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

88. Kidnapping someone for sexual purposes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

89. Being kidnapped by someone for sexual purposes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

90. Urinating (peeing) as a part of sexual activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

91. Looking at pornographic material 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

92. taking pornographic movies or pictures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

93. Sex with two or more other people 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

130

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

94. Mate/partner-swapping 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

95. Particular objects, materials, or clothes (e.g., shoes, silk, or underpants) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

96. Sex with young children (under 6 years-old) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

97. Sex with children (6-11 years-old) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

98. Sex with teenagers (12-17 years-old) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

99. Sex with people 18 years and older 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

100. Sexual activity with friends 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

101. Sexual activity with neighbors 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

102. Sexual activity with animals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

103. Sex with a loved partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

104. Sex with someone you know but have not had sex with 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

105. Sex with a stranger 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

106. Sex with a virgin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

107. Sex with someone of a different race 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

108. Sex with a former partner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

109. Sex with a famous person 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

110. Sex with someone who has a physical handicap 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

111. Being promiscuous 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

112. Being much sought after sexually 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

113. Failure of sexual performance 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

131

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or life time in my a year a month a week a day more times life a day

How often do you fantasize about each of the following:

114. Being sexually uninhibited 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

115. Having multiple orgasms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

116. Fantasizing that you are of the opposite sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

117. Dressing in clothes of the opposite sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

118. Asking for what you want during sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

119. Using alcohol or drugs during sex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

120. Being a virgin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

121. Having sex somewhere in the house other than in the bedroom 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

122. Having sex in a secluded place 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

123. Having sex where there is danger of being caught 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

124. Sex in a romantic setting (e.g., on the beach, honeymoon) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

125. Sex in an exotic setting (e.g., wilderness, foreign country) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

126. Sex in unusual locations (e.g., rooftop, library) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

127. Performing sex acts in front of a mirror 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

132 128. How often do you have daydreams/fantasies of any kind? (Please mark only one.)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or more life time in my a year a month a week a day times a day life

129. How often do you masturbate? (Please mark only one.)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or more life time in my a year a month a week a day times a day life

130. Of all your daydreams/fantasies, how often do they contain sexual thoughts or images? (Please mark only one.)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Never in my At some A few times About once About once About once Two or more life time in my a year a month a week a day times a day life

How often do you have fantasies during these times: Never Sometimes Always 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 131. During daydreaming 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

132. During masturbation 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

133. During foreplay 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

134. During petting 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

135. During sexual intercourse 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

136. Immediately prior to orgasm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

137. Immediately after orgasm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

138. After a sexual encounter 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

139. In the morning 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

140. In the afternoon 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

141. In the evening 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

142. While sleeping/dreaming 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

143. While falling asleep or lying in bed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

133

APPENDIX F: Debriefing Form

DEBRIEFING FORM

Over the past 40 years, a considerable amount of interest has been focused on the investigation of sexual behavior and other sexually-related topics. In order to be able to fully understand deviant sexuality, it is important to have a normative comparison. This study was designed to investigate self-reported sexually-related topics in a normal population of successful individuals (college) that may eventually be compared to individuals who are in treatment or incarcerated for sexual offences they have committed.

Specifically, this study focused on investigating sexually aggressive or rape supportive attitudes, past and present sexually aggressive behavior, past sexual abuse, sexual fantasies, and how they relate to each other in males, females, heterosexual and homosexual individuals.

It is important to note that sexually aggressive behavior or rape (whether it be verbally coercing or physically forcing someone into having sex or performing some sexual act) is unacceptable and punishable by law. Listed below are some important numbers that may be helpful:

292-0479 O.S.U. Rape Education and Prevention 224-4663 Choices for Victims of 566-5847 Sexual Assault Victim Services 1-800-656-HOPE Rape/Abuse/Incest National Network

134

APPENDIX G: Correlational Matrix: Rapists Males Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- .326 .164 .082 -.219 .201 .015 -.183 -.244 .011 .021

SES --- .595 .316 .149 -.054 .045 .288 -.159 .100 .566

Victim --- .579 .361 -.283 .315 .495 .279 -.024 .428

Raped --- .331 -.304 .285 .168 .229 .077 .363

CSS --- -.225 .225 .239 .334 -.053 .185

SSSM --- .003 -.221 .063 .138 -.173

ASB --- .420 .667 -.088 .054

RMA --- .434 -.177 .280

AIV --- -.155 -.024

T/R --- .419

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; SSSM = Sexual Self- Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 31

135

APPENDIX H: Correlational Matrix: Rapists Females Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- .004 -.032 -.087 -.385 -.173 -.199 .188 -.068 .163 -.057

SES --- .474 .254 .524 -.300 .072 .348 .232 .334 .547

Victim --- .394 .144 -.396 .401 .571 .136 .177 .769

Raped --- .318 -.229 .477 .093 .098 -.129 .034

CSS --- -.030 .317 .076 .090 .147 .254

SSSF --- .258 .015 -.082 .518 -.141

ASB --- .200 .395 .307 .336

RMA --- -.141 .486 .623

AIV --- .320 .376

T/R --- .608

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 15

136

APPENDIX I: Correlational Matrix: Non-Rapists Males Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.092 -.030 -.040 -.180 .169 -.062 -.050 -.051 -.171 -.232

SES --- .275 .172 .247 .091 .067 .046 -.022 .051 .098

Victim --- .779 .136 .160 .121 .018 -.001 .062 .065

Raped --- .137 .130 .140 -.005 -.001 .047 .030

CSS --- .034 .119 .094 .085 .112 .218

SSSM --- .039 -.015 .065 .101 -.047

ASB --- .511 .313 .017 .138

RMA --- .241 -.045 .120

AIV --- .047 .085

T/R --- .447

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has raped someone in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 407

137

APPENDIX J: Correlational Matrix: Non-Rapists Females Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.160 -.103 -.104 -.110 .064 -.155 -.015 -.049 -.119 -.212

SES --- .174 .076 .284 .142 .104 .136 .078 .164 .183

Victim --- .722 .120 .184 .110 .019 .090 .248 .239

Raped --- .100 .180 .069 -.001 .099 .236 .251

CSS --- .055 .151 .087 .049 .221 .229

SSSF --- -.081 -.059 .071 .303 .158

ASB --- .367 .250 -.031 .143

RMA --- .203 -.073 .038

AIV --- .104 .221

T/R --- .553

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 403

138

APPENDIX K: Correlational Matrix: Sexually Aggressive Males Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- .118 .017 .042 -.105 .210 -.066 -.040 -.091 -.224 -.206

SES --- .598 .370 .197 .141 .094 .238 .011 .039 .214

Victim --- .727 .241 .149 .174 .238 .129 .067 .164

Raped --- .209 .155 .215 .101 .108 .114 .106

CSS --- .002 .169 .236 .209 .069 .220

SSSM --- .024 -.022 .043 .066 -.029

ASB --- .496 .376 .112 .169

RMA --- .258 -.015 .193

AIV --- .062 .045

T/R --- .476

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 212.

139

APPENDIX L: Correlational Matrix: Sexually Aggressive Females Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.147 -.187 -.184 -.117 -.017 -.093 .033 -.059 -.093 -.214

SES --- .302 .186 .354 .082 .055 .221 .008 .192 .264

Victim --- .671 .093 .190 .186 .112 .080 .205 .275

Raped --- .075 .189 .116 .044 .053 .214 .198

CSS --- -.056 .099 .111 -.038 .182 .222

SSSF --- -.032 -.021 .213 .357 .144

ASB --- .330 .209 -.056 .112

RMA --- .072 -.025 .014

AIV --- .217 .199

T/R --- .480

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 170.

140

APPENDIX M: Correlational Matrix: Non-Sexually Aggressive Males Only

MC Victim Raped SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- .027 -.031 .158 -.013 -.070 -.025 -.087 -.167

Victim --- .789 .079 .117 .022 -.004 -.016 .017

Raped --- .078 .083 -.009 -.046 -.042 -.018

SSSM --- .061 -.011 .107 .127 -.084

ASB --- .518 .314 -.074 .077

RMA --- .282 -.080 .086

AIV --- .008 .124

T/R --- .432

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 226.

141

APPENDIX N: Correlation Matrix: Non-Sexually Aggressive Females Only

MC Victim Raped SSSF ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.013 -.020 .122 -.166 -.029 -.022 -.089 -.173

Victim --- .737 .113 .032 -.009 .059 .233 .221

Raped --- .127 .003 -.036 .095 .207 .255

SSSF --- -.132 -.092 -.055 .263 .116

ASB --- .377 .266 -.075 .122

RMA --- .271 -.104 .095

AIV --- .024 .215

T/R --- .584

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; SSSF = Sexual Self-Schema for Females; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 248.

142

APPENDIX O: Correlational Matrix: Virgins Males Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.122 -.088 -.058 -.076 .209 -.038 -.096 -.105 -.169 -.156

SES --- .232 -.024 .058 -.033 .038 .085 -.054 .110 .085

Victim --- .223 .055 -.101 .142 .101 -.006 .109 .205

Raped --- .-.043 .066 .058 -.133 -.130 -.060 -.081

CSS --- .132 .226 .197 .148 -.026 -.053

SSSM --- .011 -.005 -.101 -.082 -.180

ASB --- .534 .408 .095 .245

RMA --- .407 -.012 .145

AIV --- .-.095 .142

T/R --- .514

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 106

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APPENDIX P: Correlational Matrix: Virgins Females Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.042 -.134 -.116 -.066 .089 -.061 -.002 -.007 -.119 -.218

SES --- .178 .208 .166 .237 .024 .112 .132 .202 .315

Victim --- .419 .193 .179 -.038 .016 -.111 .296 .084

Raped --- .106 .181 -.047 -.065 -.048 .069 .114

CSS --- .081 .043 -.009 -.051 .263 .178

SSSF --- -.253 -.069 .009 .276 .125

ASB --- .353 .184 -.161 -.059

RMA --- .206 -.219 -.121

AIV --- .010 .092

T/R --- .587

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSF= Sexual Self-Schema for Females; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant. N = 114

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APPENDIX Q: Correlational Matrix: Non-Virgins Males Only

MC SES Victim Rape CSS SSSM ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- .027 .010 -.024 -.190 .172 -.064 -.056 -.056 -.156 -.226

SES --- .573 .338 .380 .097 .116 .201 .022 .040 .222

Victim --- .742 .342 .096 .200 .199 .092 .019 .146

Raped --- .270 .079 .213 .101 .057 .042 .093

CSS --- -.016 .145 .163 .146 .110 .279

SSSM --- .071 .003 .115 .145 -.030

ASB --- .501 .332 -.015 .112

RMA --- .233 -.055 .155

AIV --- .081 .061

T/R --- .418

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 332

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APPENDIX R: Correlational Matrix: Non-Virgins Females Only

MC SES Victim Raped CSS SSSF ASB RMA AIV T/R D/A

MC --- -.146 -.077 -.084 -.152 .083 -.200 -.021 -.060 -.091 -.198

SES --- .246 .167 .533 .048 .110 .192 .028 .170 .234

Victim --- .711 .149 .079 .169 .077 .119 .206 .277

Raped --- .154 .061 .126 .040 .112 .217 .239

CSS --- .029 .191 .155 .052 .206 .267

SSSF --- -.004 -.041 .078 .264 .112

ASB --- .371 .271 .051 .217

RMA --- .181 .053 .147

AIV --- .147 .251

T/R --- .551

D/A ---

Note. Bold type signifies p < .01. MC = Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale; SES = Sexual Experiences Survey; Victim = Has experienced some type of sexual abuse (victimized) in the past as measured by the SES: Victim Form; Raped = Has been raped in the past as measured by the SES; CSS = Coercive Sexuality Scale; SSSM = Sexual Self-Schema for Males; ASB = Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale; RMA = Rape Myth Acceptance Scale; AIV = Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence; T/R = Traditional/Romantic Fantasies; D/A = Deviant Aggressive Fantasies; aCan not be computed because at least one of the variables is constant; N = 304

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APPENDIX S: Specific Findings

1. Participants who self-report higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion will also identify having fewer Traditional/Romantic fantasies (non-deviant) than participants who self-report lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

Sexual Experiences Survey Coercive Sexuality Scale Traditional/Romantic (SES) (CSS) Fantasies Males Females Males Females Total Sample .058 .178 .093 .229 Rapists .100 .334 -.053 .147 Non-Rapists .051 .164 .112 .221 Sexually Aggressive .039 .192 .069 .182 Non-Sexually Aggressive N/A N/A N/A N/A Virgins .110 .202 -.026 .263 Non-Virgins .040 .170 .110 .206

Males: * Total number of Traditional/Romantic fantasies never significantly correlated with self-reported sexual aggression/coercion.

* For Virgins and Rapists, as self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion increased, they reported having fewer Traditional/Romantic fantasies.

Females: * Total number of Traditional/Romantic fantasies significantly correlated with self- reported sexual aggression/coercion on the: CSS for all groups except Rapists and Sexually Aggressives SES for all groups except Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, and Virgins

147 2. Participants who self-report higher levels of sexual aggression/coercive behaviors will also report having more sexual fantasies with aggressive themes than participants who self-report lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

Sexual Experiences Survey Coercive Sexuality Scale Aggressive Fantasies (SES) (CSS) Males Females Males Females Total Sample .224 .246 .252 .324 Rapists .589 .485 .252 .214 Non-Rapists .116 .186 .229 .309 Sexually Aggressive .239 .238 .264 .296 Non-Sexually Aggressive N/A N/A N/A N/A Virgins .142 .384 -.045 .250 Non-Virgins .230 .225 .302 .331

Males: * Total number of Aggressive fantasies significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors on the: CSS for all groups except Rapists and Virgins SES for all groups except Non-Rapists and Virgins

Females: * Total number of Aggressive fantasies significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors for all groups except Rapists.

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3. Participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors will report having more frequent deviant fantasies.

Sexual Experiences Survey Coercive Sexuality Scale Deviant Fantasies (SES) (CSS) Males Females Males Females Total Sample .228 .295 .253 .247 Rapists .516 .659 .241 .308 Non-Rapists .143 .157 .238 .178 Sexually Aggressive .225 .396 .243 .263 Non-Sexually Aggressive N/A N/A N/A N/A Virgins .016 .463 -.013 .208 Non-Virgins .229 .268 .281 .240

Males: * Frequency of Deviant fantasizing significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors on the: CSS for all groups except Virgins SES for all groups except Rapists and Virgins

Females: * Frequency of Deviant fantasizing significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors on the: CSS for all groups except Rapists and Virgins SES for all groups

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4. Male participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion will endorse more stereotypical and rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs (RMA, ASB, AIV) than male participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

5. Female participants who self-report a history of higher levels of sexual aggression/coercion will endorse fewer stereotypical and rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs (RMA, ASB, AIV) compared to female participants who self-report a history of lower levels of sexual aggression/coercion.

Adversarial Rape Myth Acceptance of Sexual Beliefs Acceptance Interpersonal Sexual Experiences (ASB) (RMA) Violence Survey (SES) (AIV) Males Females Males Females Males Females Total Sample .098 .093 .170 .166 .028 .038 Rapists .045 .072 .288 .348 -.159 .232 Non-Rapists .067 .104 .046 .136 -.022 .078 Sexually Aggressive .094 .055 .238 .221 .011 .008 Non-Sexually Aggressive N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Virgins .038 .024 .085 .112 -.054 .132 Non-Virgins .116 .110 .201 .192 .022 .028

Adversarial Rape Myth Acceptance of Sexual Beliefs Acceptance Interpersonal Coercive Sexuality (ASB) (RMA) Violence Scale (CSS) (AIV) Males Females Males Females Males Females Total Sample .154 .157 .158 .110 .152 .035 Rapists .225 .317 .239 .076 .334 .090 Non-Rapists .119 .151 .094 .087 .085 .049 Sexually Aggressive .169 .099 .236 .111 .209 -.038 Non-Sexually Aggressive N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Virgins .226 .043 .197 -.009 .148 -.051 Non-Virgins .145 .191 .163 .155 .146 .052

150 Males: * Rape Myth Acceptance significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors (SES & CSS) for all groups except Rapists, Non-Rapists, and Virgins.

Females: * Rape Myth Acceptance significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors on the SES for all groups except Rapists and Virgins.

* Rape Myth Acceptance significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors only for Non-Virgins on the CSS.

6. Female participants who report rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs will be more likely to have a history of sexual victimization.

Adversarial Sexual Rape Myth Acceptance of Sexual Beliefs (ASB) Acceptance Interpersonal Victimization (RMA) Violence (SES: Victim (AIV) Form) Males Females Males Females Males Females Total Sample .171 .124 .160 .060 .093 .084 Rapists .315 .401 .495 .571 .279 .136 Non-Rapists .121 .110 .018 .019 -.001 .090 Sexually .174 .186 .238 .112 .129 .080 Aggressive Non-Sexually Aggressive .117 .032 .022 -.009 -.004 .059 Virgins .142 -.038 .101 .016 -.006 .111 Non-Virgins .200 .169 .199 .077 .092 .119

* Adversarial Sexual Beliefs significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexual victimization only for Non-Virgins. RMA and AIV did not significantly correlate with history of sexual victimization for any of the groups.

* It is of note that Adversarial Sexual Beliefs significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexual victimization for males overall and for male Non-Virgins. Rape Myth Acceptance significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexual victimization for males in the following groups: Rapists, Sexually Aggressive, and Non-Virgins.

151 7. Individuals who report negative sexual self-schemas are more likely to report histories of more sexually aggressive/coercive behaviors than individuals who report positive sexual self-schemas.

Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Total Score (SSS) Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Total Sample .121 .097 .074 .107 .123 .092 .051 .008 Rapists -.054 -.300 .033 -.163 -.135 -.021 -.083 .411 Non-Rapists .091 .142 .034 .167 .115 .086 .029 -.031 Sexually Aggressive .141 .082 .095 .095 .134 .113 .071 .051 Non-Sexually Aggressive N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Virgins -.033 .237 -.038 .232 .011 .131 -.076 -.103 Non-Virgins .097 .048 .057 .072 .097 .067 .046 .052

Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Total Score (SSS) Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Coercive Sexuality Scale (CSS) Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Total Sample .047 .066 .007 .064 .070 .063 .017 -.005 Rapists -.225 -.030 -.306 .102 .032 .121 -.238 .268 Non-Rapists .034 .055 .033 .053 .021 .035 .021 -.025 Sexually Aggressive .002 -.056 -.023 -.075 .018 .031 .014 .078 Non-Sexually Aggressive N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Virgins .132 .081 .105 .158 .139 -.043 -.015 -.043 Non-Virgins -.016 .029 -.044 .017 .011 .068 .006 .032

* Sexual Self-Schema Total Score significantly correlated with self-reported history of sexual aggression/coercion on the: CSS only for male Non-Virgins. SES only for female Non-Rapist.

* Sexual Self-Schema Factor 1 (Passionate-Romantic) significantly correlated with self- reported history of sexual aggression/coercion on the SES for female Non-Rapists.

152 8. Participants who described themselves as “Passionate-Romantic/ Passionate-Loving” or “Open” (SSS – Factor 1 or Factor 2) will report greater overall frequencies of fantasizing than individuals who score lower on these Factors. Conversely, female participants who describe themselves as “Embarrassed-Conservative” (SSS – Factor 3) will be more likely to report less frequent fantasizing.

Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Sexual Self-Schema Total Score Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Average Frequency of Fantasizing Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Total Sample .223 .319 .250 .250 .130 .281 .076 -.122 Rapists .233 .094 .142 .080 .279 .259 .115 .153 Non-Rapists .212 .232 .255 .254 .109 .274 .067 -.133 Sexually Aggressive .167 .358 .151 .276 .120 .304 .096 -.145 Non-Sexually Aggressive .265 .258 .348 .188 .115 .251 .054 -.087 Virgins -.105 .268 .053 .253 -.141 .241 -.212 -.009 Non-Virgins .260 .268 .272 .200 .144 .247 .134 -.094

Males: * Sexual Self-Schema Total score significantly correlates with average frequency of fantasizing for all groups except Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, and Virgins.

* Sexual Self-Schema Factor 1 (Passionate-Loving) significantly correlates with average frequency of fantasizing for all groups except Rapists, Sexually Aggressives, and Virgins.

* Sexual Self-Schema Factor 2 (Powerful-Aggressive) significantly correlates with average frequency of fantasizing only for the Total Sample and Non-Virgins.

Females: * Sexual Self-Schema Total score significantly correlates with average frequency of fantasizing for all groups except Rapists.

* Female Rapists were the only group for which average frequency of fantasizing did not significantly correlate with Sexual Self-Schema Factor 1 (Passionate-Romantic) and Sexual Self-Schema Factor 2 (Open-Direct).

* Female Rapists were the only group for which average frequency of fantasizing did not negatively correlate with Sexual Self-Schema Factor 3 (Embarrassed-Conservative).

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