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Physicochemical Properties of Sea Water and Bittern in Indonesia: Quality Improvement and Potential Resources Utilization for Marine Environmental Sustainability

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Physicochemical Properties of Sea Water and Bittern in Indonesia: Quality Improvement and Potential Resources Utilization for Marine Environmental Sustainability Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2018.01.15 Accepted: 2018.03.15 Volume 19, Issue 3, May 2018, pages 1–10 Published: 2018.05.01 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/86150 Physicochemical Properties of Sea Water and Bittern in Indonesia: Quality Improvement and Potential Resources Utilization for Marine Environmental Sustainability Mirna Apriani1,2*, Wahyono Hadi1, Ali Masduqi1 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Environment and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia 2 Study program of Safety Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The traditional salt production in Indonesia was investigated to report the preparation and processing of salt, determine the characteristics of sea water and bittern as well as explore the potential of bittern management with appropriate technology. Field study and comprehensive analysis were performed so as to better understand the salt making, providing valuable information for the proposal of targeted management strategies in salt quality improvement and wastewater recovery. The results show that Na+, Cl– and Ca2+ in East Java Province seawater were found greater than the majority of values found in the literature. The highest concentrations of Na+, Cl– and Ca2+ were measured in Camplong-Sampang District. The highest concentrations of Mg2+ and trace metals were recorded in Panceng-Gresik District. The trace metals found in sea water and bittern need particular concern to be removed without disposing of sea water minerals. The potential number of bittern in Indonesia promoted the development of the bittern management for magnesium recovery and achieving marine environment sustainability. High purified material recovery can be achieved by using crystallization technology. Keywords: magnesium, management, recovery, sustainability INTRODUCTION East Java Province is second largest Indone- sia salt buffer zone of after East Nusa Tenggara. Traditional salt production plants are man- East Java is located between Longitude 111°0ˈE made systems exploiting sea water for salt pro- – 114°4ˈE and Latitude 7°12ˈS – 8°48ˈS has 229 duction by wind and solar evaporation. Sea water islands with a total land area of 47,995 km2. It bitterns are encountered in the sea salt production is divided by two areas; Java Island and Madura and desalination process in which large quantities Island, which constitute about 90% and 10% area of bittern and brine are produced as by-product of this province, respectively. East Java coastal and waste-product. Bittern (supernatant liquid) re- area is the largest, compared to other coastal area mains after evaporation and crystallization of so- in Java Island. It is grouped into the north coast, dium chloride salt, rich in compounds of magne- the east coast and the south coast. Generally, the sium, potassium, chloride and sulfates (Rodrigues north and east coastal areas are used for marine et al. 2011; Hussein et al. 2017). Indonesia, a mar- transportation, environmental protection, tour- itime country with the second longest coastline ism and fishing settlement. On the other hand, in the world, has to develop good management the southern coast, is generally a rugged coast- in order to achieve high marine productivity and line washed by large waves of the Indian Ocean. environmental marine sustainability (Ministry of Therefore, only certain parts can be used as a Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2017). fishing settlement and tourism area. The coast of 1 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 19(3), 2018 East Java has almost twice the land area, reach- ditional salt maker in Indonesia and promote the ing 75,700 km2. It was calculated from 12-mile technology of magnesium recovery from bittern. border province, while the coastline has ± 2,128 Several studies have been conducted on bittern km along the active and potential coast. East Java utilization; however, there are no data showing is not only characterized by wide area; it also has the real number of bittern resulting in Indonesia rich natural resources, such as carrying capacity per year. This data contributes to the stimulation for province development (Ministry of Maritime of the on national program to manage bittern, Affairs and Fisheries, 2013). Indonesian salt was i.e. readily-available and promising raw material produced in more than 70% in Java Island by tra- for magnesium recovery. Comprehensive bittern ditional processes (Susanto et al., 2015). management has the possibility of giving an eco- Tewari et al., (2003) reported that bittern, as nomic value for bittern and to protect the marine effluent from salt production, could be a pollutant environment. Safe marine environment can sup- for marine when discharged directly to the sea. port its sustainability resulting high marine pro- The experiment investigated the effect of bittern ductivity. Appropriate technology for magnesium discharged to the coastal water. The experiment recovery is needed for the production of new, was conducted using mangrove Avicennia marina. highly-purified materials. The bittern could be growth inhibitory with 50% concentration for mangrove. The 100% concen- tration of bittern was lethal after 8 hour-exposure METHODS during 10 days for mangrove Avicennia marina. Sea water, as a part of marine environment, Study area has to be protected due to its sustainability. Sea water has a role of supporting good conditions for East Java Province is located in eastern Java; the development of marine life. As marine envi- it includes the island of Madura, which is con- ronment, sea water addresses the aquatic ecosys- nected to Java by the longest bridge in Indone- tem and supports mankind’s life in coastal areas. sia, the Suramadu Bridge. In order to represent Sea water is used as raw material for traditional the characteristic raw water for salt in East Java, salt production and constitutes environment for twenty sampling locations, code named 1 to 20, marine life to support fisheries. Salt production were selected. The assumed sampling location is and fisheries can support economy for communi- shown in Figures 1 and 2. ties who live in coast. The main purpose of the experiment is to pro- Sampling, on site analysis and interviews mote utilization bittern to add economic value and to protect marine environment. The first objective Field studies were conducted to investigate of this work is reporting the preparation stages the traditional salt preparation and production and processing to produce salt. To our knowl- process through on site visits of salt ponds, inter- edge, there are no studies on the traditional salt view with the salt farmer and sample collection to ponds preparation and processing of sea water. characterize the raw material. Raw water sample However, understanding how these preparation were collected in plastics bottles and stored at stages and processes interact to product sea salt room temperature prior to the laboratory analysis. traditionally remains a major challenge in marine productivity. The second objective is to observe Physical and chemical analysis the characteristics of sea water as raw material for traditional salt production in Indonesia as well as The conducted analyses were based on the a waste by-product. More information is needed standard methods given by American Water to closely define the possible range in the major Works Association. Atomic Absorption Spec- mineral and trace element composition of raw trometry method used to measure Na+, K+, Br–, material and bittern. Reporting the preparation B–, Sr2+ and trace metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, As2+, Hg2+). stages, processing and characterizing sea water Complexometry method was used to measure and bittern would provide valuable information Ca2+ and Mg2+. Argentometry method used to con- for the improvement of Indonesian salt quality, duct the measurement of Cl–. Iodometry method develop environment sustainability and add value was used to analyze I–. Spectrophotometry meth- for itself. The third objective is to investigate the od was employed to measure F–, , , , − − + potential of waste by-product utilization from tra- , . Furthermore, salinity of2 the 3sample4 3− 2− 4 4 2 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 19(3), 2018 Figure 1. Sampling location in the present study (code name 1–12 and 18–20) was measured by salinometer. Baume degree of called caren (A). Water was distributed in several sea water was determined by means of a hydrom- ponds using a windmill that utilized wind as an eter, whereas pH was measured by using a pH energy source (B). In some cases, when wind is meter (CyberScan pH 510-Eutech). not available or insufficient to move windmill, the water distribution in salt ponds is performed using a long bamboo scoop (C). The preparation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION phase for salt production processing is started by draining water and cleaning up the plants grown The preparation stages and processing of during the rainy season from the pond (D). If traditional salt production there are holes in the pond, they will be closed manually (E). The land surface of a pond is flat- The results of the field study showed that tra- tened using a wooden tool called serkot, i.e. short ditional salt production used some ponds to evap- serkot (F); long serkot (G). After flattening the orate the sea water. In general, the ponds involve pond surface, pond is dried by sun evaporation (i) stabilization, reservoir of feed sea water as raw (H). Surface dried pond is then smoothed by a material and settling to remove large particle from traditional cylinder called guluk (I). After being sea water (ii) evaporation (iii) concentration, and smoothed (J), the pond is filled with sea water and (iv) crystallization (Susanto et al., 2015). Tradi- allowed stagnant for approximately two days. If tional salt production ponds can be illustrated in the pond surface become cracked (K) or a foot- Figure 3. The pond preparation stages were re- print is left when tread on (L), the farmer has to ported in the following reviews.
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