Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. gkg mg uiia isld n isld compost with biosolids tailings and the biosolids amends re- municipal that site, is technology Leadville the program alternative At an Superfund tailings. contaminated the the of within moval material this of for action type standard The (Superfund). National List CERCLA USEPA Priorities of the part under as action listed removal are a deposits tailings water fre- alluvial high The are following events. river and the erosion into to re-entrained quently prone are for tailings vegetation stabilization, Without 1997). Services, Operating (URS sbigeautd stepiaytra oe ythe by posed threat primary the As evaluated. being is etain fP 15–40m kg river. mg the con- (1550–3450 elevated of and Pb stretch (2.0–4.5) of pH 22-km centrations soil a low have along tailings tailings The mine of the depos- its into concentrated in directly resulting wastes River, dumped Arkansas Mine Upper or wastes. stockpiled mine concerning generally of place were disposal in or regulations mining treatment active no the the of were most there For 2001. period, in closed area the in 7 .SgeR. aio,W 31 USA 53711 WI Madison, Rd., Segoe S. 677 (2005). 34:139–148 Qual. © Environ. J. in Published author *Corresponding 2004. Jan. ([email protected]). 9 Received 08837. Lockheed NJ Maxemchuk, Environ- Edison, A. Martin, USEPA Washington, 08837. NJ Compton, of Edison, H. Team, and University Response mental Sprenger Resources, M. 98195. Forest WA of Seattle, College Brown, S. L to equilibrium. laboratory in restored yet the not been are systems to has these that function similar but tailings, ecosystem was amended the that fish suggest of Data fathead survival control. using as study tailings, re-entrainment amended and A Cd tailings. body ( amended elevated minnows for the potential in a low Pb with Small a grasses. UUC, showed of or plant analysis consisting CVA cover mammal Field in vegetative the than died. of areas tailings percentage amended higher unamended in lower in was worms diversity control and laboratory a Ryegrass to tailings soil. amended in similar were values uptake ( Ryegrass UUC. CO and perenne CVA of ium the with Levels comparison in community. CO elevated microbial were Increased active soils. an amended the indicated in N Cd decreases reduced and showed evolution, Zn, extracts Pb, soil extractable Standard in addition comparison. amendment for before used deposits were tailings the and from (CVA), collected area soils vegetated contaminated a (UUC), control uncontaminated An upstream function. treat- ecosystem and if restore determine to chemical sufficient to was of time ment over range a measured A and were seeded established. parameters biological were subsequently mine sites was Amended metal-contaminated cover 1998. acidic, plant in CO, highly Leadville, alluvial in of tailings surface the into S,CS,SSSA CSSA, ASA, uiia isld n giutrllmsoewr incorporated were limestone agricultural and biosolids Municipal avle Colorado eadville, n o ls o10yas h atmnn operation mining last The years. 100 to close for ing Ϫ 1 csse ucini luilTiig fe isld n ieAddition Lime and Biosolids after Tailings Alluvial in Function Ecosystem ,adC 92 gkg mg (9–27 Cd and ), iehlspromelas Pimephales . n atwr ( earthworm and L.) 2 ,adeeae NO elevated and O, al rw, akSrne,Aad aecu,adHryCompton Harry and Maxemchuk, Amanda Sprenger, Mark Brown,* Sally ABSTRACT a ieo itrcmtlmin- metal historic of site a was , hwdn agrfrresuspended for danger no showed ) iei foetida Eisenia Ϫ 1 n r phytotoxic are and ) Ϫ 3 nteaeddtailings amended the in Ϫ 1 ,Z (1400–3400 Zn ), uvvladmetal and survival ) ϩ limestone 2 n NO and Lol- Ϫ 3 2 139 il npaeaduigsi mnmnst euethe reduce to amendments soil using and place mate- in contaminated the rials leaving involve that developed lyivlesnl rmlil xrcin ihdifferent with extractions gener- multiple or tests single The involve 1995f). ally 1995c, USEPA, procedure; extrac- multiple tion and procedure toxic- leaching (i.e., water characteristic ground ity into the leach of to and metals for concentrations potential metal in- not total used do of commonly measures and clude Tests based function. engineering ecosystem largely action, consider are remedial the tests of the success the but measure to as well as Stan- contaminants. the to dardized exposure material potential impermeable reduce an with to soil clean the with capping soil or the material of replacement program and Superfund removal USEPA involves the within soils taminated situ in the of performance amendment. the evalua- and of used range techniques the tion both discusses paper This odology. ae nteepsr aha o h otsensitive generally most defined the the are is toxicity for cases, these many pathway In receptor. and ecological exposure sediments the on and based contami- soils of in fraction total, nants than rather bioavailable, the 2003). identifying Council, in Research (National appropriate both limits setting concentration in factor as well as driving concern of the contaminants is water contaminated to ground exposure Human solutions. acid molar ubdlnsi eldcmne eg,Spe,1993). Sopper, (e.g., documented well is lands turbed ral osdrdt nld ag feooia re- ecological of range a include more to be considered ecosys- to broadly has of bioavailability particular, restoration In measure function. tem to necessary additional are technologies, situ assays in of success the evaluate to 2000). al., et Li Conder 2001; 2003b; al., 2003a, et al., et (Brown metal- soils to car- contaminated function calcium in ecological high restores biosolids effectively other bonate of or limestone application with that combination suggests work Recent etr n eeatptwy Ntoa eerhCoun- Research (National pathways relevant and ceptors cil, otmnnsi oa csse ahrta human than rather meth- assessment alternative ecosystem an requires an site this health, to is contaminants ea-otmntdsts(at ta. 01 rw et large-scale Brown 2003b) to 2001; 2003a, al., cover al., et vegetative (Basta a sites restore metal-contaminated contami- to of bio- and bioavailability the municipal nants reduce to with lime and soils 2004). solids al., amending et Ryan involves 2004; al., Another et (Brown humans to ability novsteadto fPt ol olmtP bioavail- Pb limit to soils to P of addition the involves iaalblt ftecnaiat nst.Oeexample One situ. in contaminants the of bioavailability ae ptemcontrol. upstream nated Abbreviations: h ovninlrmda praht metal-con- to approach remedial conventional The eea rcdrshv endvlpdt measure to developed been have procedures Several being currently are technologies remedial Alternative hl ovninletato et aebe used been have tests extraction conventional While h s fmncplbooisfrrsoaino dis- of restoration for biosolids municipal of use The 2003). et xs oeaut h otmntdsoils contaminated the evaluate to exist tests V,cnaiae eeae ra U,uncontami- UUC, area; vegetated contaminated CVA, Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. nLk ony usd fLavle O eeietfe sTeesmlswr sdfrceia n hsclproperty physical and chemical for used were samples These as identified were CO, Leadville, of outside County, Lake in ag fidcsadptnilreceptors. potential and indices using of the CO, range Leadville, measured in a tailings study amended the This of function tailings. metal- mine in to of function contaminated ecosystem ability restore the to evaluate function amendment to situ the ecosystem appropriate through are measure transfer chain, contaminant to food for used potential the those and as well chain. as food the through contaminants of soil transfer amended for the receptors potential from of the range of of, select assess the health a can by, of the uptake examining stability contaminant addition, and the In indicate matter system. organic can restored decompose nutrients to recycle system and assess the to of tests ability of example, the series For function. a ecosystem develop on effects to amendment used were risk conven- ical eco of to principles standard addition criteria, engineering In tional developed. was protocol 2003) testing al., et (Geebelen soils organisms remediated of to types exposure single to of contaminants reactions of the bioavailability measuring by assess commu- tests microbial Other robust nity. a suggest falsely can of presence range Organism 2003). a Council, utilize the Research to (National has and microbes substrates of procedure interpretation, groups certain The of of to difficulty ability sources. for ability carbon criticized its of been through range population a microbial utilize soil the functionality the of and evaluate (Kelly to attempts extraction which Sauve Biolog 1998), Tate, the 2002; is McGrath, example One 1982; 2002; 1998). Broadbent, Sumner, to and and ability (Chang Cela and soilsubstrates cycling, added of N utilize measures respiration, the including through of function population, health the microbial assess to soil developed been have niques function. ecosystem collective a the attempts on al., tests evaluate focus the et to to of None developed (Ruby receptor. was or humans test endpoint predict particular the to to case, Pb each used In soil been 1999). have of extracts bioavailability Both vitro 2001). the in al., and et bio- vivo (Conder reduce in tailings to mine amendments in soil availability measure of a effectiveness as the used of been has mortality 2000). Earthworm al., used. et Vulkan 2000; al., et in biosen- lux (Shaw reductions microbial sors by with measured correlated as activity, been microbial also have Extracts poten- (Sauve the phytotoxicity assess or for to used extracts tial are these metals passive soluble in of more plants measures of example, behavior For the environments. mimic better been have to extracts altered Sparks, soils, contaminated 2000; of al., cases In et 1996). (McLaughlin soils nutrient total in of concentrations used fraction routinely phytoavailable the are determine extracts to soil example, For endpoint. 140 luiltiig eoisaogteUprAkna River Arkansas Upper the along deposits tailings Alluvial iettxct et n nmlfeigtil r also are trials feeding animal and tests toxicity Direct o h mne alnsi edil,a alternative an Leadville, in tailings amended the For Tech- rare. are function ecosystem assess to Methods ehpteie htrslsfo ovninltests, conventional from results that hypothesized We AEIL N METHODS AND MATERIALS ieCharacterization Site ´ 02 hn ta. 2001). al., et Zhang 2002; , .EVRN UL,VL 4 AUR–ERAY2005 JANUARY–FEBRUARY 34, VOL. QUAL., ENVIRON. J. ´ tal., et log- isld rmteDne atwtrtetetfclt and facility treatment wastewater Denver the from biosolids etadto n19 n o w er 19 n 2000) and (1999 years two for and 1998 in addition ment 2 gha summer Mg ha the 224 Mg in 224 action of consisted remedial amendment a The of 1998. part of as deposits tailings (URS 1997). name alphabetic Services, areas. were an Operating given contaminated pH also the was and deposit from tailings, tailings Each samples the random of on depth each measured metals, from total taken surveyed and were were deposit Samples deposits addition. tailings before amendment The Op- before site (URS 1997). actions the Services, removal standard erating on of studies characterization Work feasibility site the and 1983. involved on generally placed in addition was amendment List site Cali- the Priorities the and of National part Site, a Superfund as Gulch included century fornia were last tailings the during The events 1990). water over (Levy, high downstream several the of deposited in course were the upriver and m Sawatch originated district 2900 mining Tailings to the 2790 historic 1970). and from 1969, ranges east 1967, elevation and the (USGS, west, to (URS the to Range 1983 Range situated Mosquito is in river the action the of between removal portion This CERCLA 1997). Services, USEPA Operating a of part ukto olwscletdfo ahae ihnteplot. the within area three each 4-L of from one minimum collected of a was minimum soil from A of location. 2000 bucket each and within 1999 areas in separate collected site was Soil each area. 4 in plot from location the at each in locations from stored random collected from in was 1998 and soil REAC of courier to liters Four collection overnight analysis. of by h NJ, 24 Edison, within shipped were samples #2012, Proce- (SOP) Operating dure Standard (REAC) Engineering, Contract ERTC/Response, according Analytical the collected and in were outlined measures procedures community to soil and tion willows. and had grasses vegetative dense that with a stand supported (CVA) but area content, metal vegetated total elevated contaminated a from lected upstream with and vegetated Leadville W of Mine the north uncon- from upstream (UUC) an sam- from control 2000 environment; and taminated this 1999 in in collected ecosystems were typical tailings ples of unamended served measure areas single a vegetated as nearby the two from from taken Samples taken measure- deposit. baseline only so were mixtures, ments biosolids with amended from m size been 700 in 79 ranged to that 1999 3400 in deposits from tailings taken also unvegetated were Samples addition. from amendment size following in ranged m areas 400 123 The 1998. to in 000 72 cm addition lime 20 and of ids depth a to ripper. incorporated a and using tires spreader throw floatation rear a with using amend- surface-applied The was application. mixture before ment loader volume front-end a pathogen a on using for mixed basis criteria were Materials B content 1993). Class (USEPA, solids met reduction a and 17% with approximately cake of digested anaerobic were biosolids naedetmxuewsapidt otoso the of portions to applied was mixture amendment An ufc olsmlsfrpyia n hmclcharacteriza- chemical and physical for samples soil Surface biosol- received that areas four from collected were Samples Ϫ 1 giutrllmsoe(ac,Sld,C) The CO). Salida, (Calco, limestone agricultural rse n ilw.Smlswr locol- also were Samples willows. and grasses seTetetPat h ra eeheavily were areas The Plant. Treatment aste 2 n20,altiig ie xetoehad one except sites tailings all 2000, In . mnmn Addition Amendment olSampling Soil apigProcedure Sampling 2 ape eecletdbfr amend- before collected were Samples . nesohrientd all noted, otherwise Unless . Ϫ 1 Њ municipal before C Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. hs nlddNH included these d,a ulndbelow. outlined as Can- ada, Quebec, University, McGill Science, Department Resource Whalen, Natural J. of Dr. by performed were analyses These o NO for ,teeicue irba ims n CO and C biomass microbial included these C, hta Misoe K 2fle ae n h filtrate NH the for phenate and using paper imetrically filter 4 at 42 stored was UK) (Maidstone, Whatman irba ims abnadntoe eedtrie using determined were nitrogen and carbon biomass Microbial WI). Milwaukee, Instruments, (Lachat auto-analyzer injection 95)a nie.The P 3–available on indices. Mehlich packed as were (USEPA, These N, (CEC) 1995b) 2000. capacity in exchange Kjeldahl collected cation also and were total 1984), species (Mehlich, herb as (USEPA, carbon nitrogen organic total 1995e), using measured was Fertil- soil 1996). the of Materials, on ity and placed Testing were for soils samples Society W American body the Bauder, and 1986; Mammal (Gee of processing. capacity water-holding for properties pH and moved texture physical and included Measured 1995c), (USEPA, 1995d). metals (USEPA, ex- multiple (MEP) 1995f), procedure (USEPA, traction acid– (TCLP) procedure weak at leaching characteris- and toxicity tics 1995), Beegle, 1996) and (Wolf (Suarez, metals extractable metals Analysis, Plant exchangeable and Testing range 1992), water- Soil a 1995a), on (USEPA, (Council using metals metals evaluated extractable total were included soil These assays. the of of properties chemical in neprae isewr nlzd(mrcnSceyfrTest- 2003b). for Society Materials, (American and analyzed ing were tissue expurgated accumulation in metal and Materials, biomass, and survival, Testing Earthworm for 2003c). Society (American measured biomass were height aboveground in germination, concentration Plant metal and Materials. biomass, and and Testing for Assays Ameri- the Society measured. by can established were protocols to endpoints according conducted sublethal were and lethal both times. sampling all for for value value control average the the minus treatment as each expressed conduc- are 5890 thermal Results a CA) detector. with tivity Alto, equipped chromatograph (Palo was gas II sample Hewlett-Packard Series the a in adequate using assure dioxide to determined Carbon min 15 1994). containing for open jar (Zibilske, left the aeration was of jar the headspace and the soil from the sample collected 12-mL was A incuba- soil. gas The field-moist of of 1994). g 20 (Zibilske, on during incubation performed was week 42-d tion per a of once course soils, the incubating moist from evolution 1985). al., et extract- between difference then NO the able and as determined d 0.5 was of 4 mL N for 40 biomass with day extracted per were soils once the repeated bubbled was chloroform distrib- This the was until vigorously. chloroform desicator the the evacuating and separate by a desicator uted in same 50-mL placed the a was in in soil beaker desicator field-moist a of to grams Ten added beaker. was Chloroform 1985). al., et (Brookes method extraction fumigation–direct chloroform the Ͻ Collection 2001. and 2000 in area treated one and CVA) and SOP small and samples tissue plant samples, soil to Changes addition toxicity. and In activity, biological properties, ice physical and in analysis. packed for University were McGill and to shipping simultaneously before collected anal- function were soil for ysis Samples testing. toxicity for and analysis f0.5 of mad1 ftesee olwsetatdwt 0mL 40 with extracted was soil sieved the of g 10 and mm 2 olfnto a sesduigsvrlidcs o N, For indices. several using assessed was function Soil o NH For oiiywseautduigrers n atwr assays; earthworm and ryegrass using evaluated was Toxicity CO measuring by determined was mineralization Carbon olsmlswr nlzdt vlaecagsi chemical in changes evaluate to analyzed were samples Soil M 3 N(uvny 96 sn ukCe Eflow- AE Chem Quik a using 1996) (Mulvaney, –N 3 K eoefmgto n olwn uiain(Brookes fumigation following and fumigation before 2 4 SO NadNO and –N 4 Њ ni nlss auswr eemndcolor- determined were Values analysis. until C o 5mn ape eete itrdthrough filtered then were Samples min. 45 for olCmuiyAnalysis Community Soil 4 N NO –N, 3 N il-os ol eesee to sieved were soils field-moist –N, 3 N n irba ims .For N. biomass microbial and –N, RW TA. LUILTIIG FE ISLD APPLICATION BIOSOLIDS AFTER TAILINGS ALLUVIAL AL.: ET BROWN 4 Nadcdimreduction cadmium and –N M K 2 SO 2 Canalysis. –C 4 Microbial . 2 eesae ihst ae na14rtofr3 i,the was min, eluate 30 the and for h ratio 1 1:4 for a settle in to allowed water was samples site suspension Tailings with used. were shaken tailings were untreated and CVA, the raC bZ pH† Zn 3.44. averaged deposits tailings all in Means 2.3 pH ‡ addition, Pb amendment 12.1 Before † 16.9 15.9 24.3 9.5 UUC Tailings 4 Cd 3 2 1 Area Upper the along deposits tailings ex- of pH all and metals For Total 1). 1. (Fig. Table (post-treatment) collected 2000 samples and on as 1999 well in as (pre-treatment) 1998 the in in than lower significantly were areas. UUC treated the were concentra- whereas CVA in areas, the treated tions in the in metals those Total to 1. similar Table addition in amendment reported after are concentrations Av- metal sites. the erage across variable were concentrations metal V 27 CVA oit o etn n aeil,20a.Teedonsas- endpoints The 2003a). Materials, and Testing for Society esdwr otlt n ihgrowth. fish and mortality were sessed omdo h o-rnfre data. log-transformed the on formed etdfrtxct oftedmnosi - sa (American assay 7-d a in minnows fathead to toxicity for tested olwn nlsso ramn fet sn eea linear general a using effects treatment of analysis Following eaainpoeue o oletatos ttsiswr per- were statistics extractions, soil For procedure. means separation Duncan–Waller the using separated were means model, ie hthdbe mne ihbooisadlm,teUUC, the lime, and four biosolids with from amended Soils been had evaluated. that also sites was site. re-entrainment on on keyed system were species vegeta- Plant no tailings. was untreated There in areas. reference tion both and areas Fourteen treated follows. as (USEPA, evaluated collection 20- after was h community 24 Plant within an 1995a). analysis and for grass sent a and ice of samples plant analysis. three for of minimum collection A after 1995a). h 24 within shipped re- and were ice animals dry any and setting, after evening and morning ml amlSmln n Processing and Sampling Mammal ERTC/REAC Small in outlined protocol the followed procedures (UUC locations reference both from collected were mammals oebd nlsswspromdo h nml (USEPA, animals the on performed was analysis hole-body notmntdcnrl(U)adacnaiae vegetated (CVA). contaminated area a a and (UUC) with control uncontaminated amended ha ha Mg Mg were (224 (224 limestone biosolids that municipal CO, of mixture Leadville, River, Arkansas collected samples for soils the on done were Extracts total deposits, tailings mine of characteristic is As aawr nlzduigSS eso 1(PS 2001). (SPSS, 11 Version SPSS using analyzed were Data ahsmln oain rp eecekdi ohthe both in checked were Traps location. sampling each ϫ #2037, 0c udaswr admypae toeo the of one at placed randomly were quadrats 20-cm Ϯ oeta o mne alnst aaeteriver the damage to tailings amended for potential tnaderrfrsmlscletdanal rm1998–2000. from annually collected samples for error standard ersra ln omnt Sampling Community Plant Terrestrial olCeia Properties Chemical Soil Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ . 3450 5.7 . 3170 1390 1560 2730 3.1 2.8 9.1 12 . 100 0.1 2490 2.9‡ ttsia Analysis Statistical Ϫ 1 RESULTS n19.As nlddaea upstream an are included Also 1998. in ) gkg mg Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ 003400 1730 2050 1400 1440 490 2520 610 1950 285 370 640 3210 13 Ϫ 1 it rp eeset were traps Fifty . Ϫ 1 n agricultural and ) Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ 457.47 3.53 6.84 1415 6.65 6.7 350 6.75 425 310 580 610 07.05 40 n #2029, and 141 Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. h U eelwrta hs bevdi h amended the in observed those areas. than lower were UUC the ue rm042 o00–. gkg mg 0.01–0.1 to 0.4–25 from duced nwtrlahbeZ n b lhuhtedecrease the although Pb, and Zn water-leachable observed on were affects amendment Similar addition. ment rae ihaedetadto.Vle o h CVA the for Values addition. amendment with creased rhge Z)ta hs nteUC(i.1). (Fig. Pb) UUC (Cd, the similar in were those and than CVA (Zn) higher the or in found those to o bwsls rnucd(i.1.Water-leachable 1). (Fig. pronounced less was Pb for ea ocnrtosi h rae alnswr similar were tailings treated the in concentrations metal eehge hnfralaeddaes n ausfor values and areas, amended all for than higher were tmc cd]o hzshr cdfcto)as de- also acidification) [weak rhizosphere ingestion biota or as to such acids] available processes be natural stomach of may result that a metals as total the of of indicative portion be to (thought Weak metals season. acid–extractable metals growing a measure over to phytoavailable USEPA be aggres- the may more that by a used is is This water-leachable and 1). extract in (Fig. sive Zn changes and Pb, as Cd, for pattern metals similar a lowed re- was measure this by available Cadmium immediately in is action. that changes biological metal for assess total to of portion measured the were Water- ground to highest. metals metals was of leachable leachability addition Reduction predict amendment to soils. done extractable before generally where unamended metal samples the over for Zn pronounced most and was Pb, Cd, able extract- from reduced significantly Zn addition and amendment tracts, Pb, Cd, (TCLP) procedure leaching characteristic toxicity and acid–extractable, weak exchangeable, Water-extractable, 1. Fig. 142 h oiiycaatrsi ecigproce leaching characteristic toxicity The hne necagal ea ocnrtosfol- concentrations metal exchangeable in Changes luiltiig eoisaogteUprAkna ie,Lavle O eoeadfrtoyasatraedetwt uiia biosolids municipal with amendment after years two for and before CO, Leadville, River, ha Arkansas Upper Mg the (224 along deposits tailings alluvial Ϫ 1 n giutrllmsoe(2 gha Mg (224 limestone agricultural and ) .EVRN UL,VL 4 AUR–ERAY2005 JANUARY–FEBRUARY 34, VOL. QUAL., ENVIRON. J. Ϫ 1 olwn amend- following ue(TCLP), dure Ϫ 1 .Br ersn tnaderro h means. the of error standard represent Bars ). sarsl faddogncmte rmtebiosolids, the from matter organic added of result a as ae-odn aaiyicesdatraedetad- amendment after increased capacity water-holding diin iia rnswr bevdfrP (4.3 Pb for observed 0.06 versus were 0.43 trends Similar addition. 2t 6gkg g 76 to 42 mnmn diin(SP,1993). (USEPA, addition amendment ess5 versus euaoylmt 1ad5m kg mg 5 and (1 limits regulatory ocnrtosi h U ee12gkg g 102 were UUC the in concentrations etadto n 0.06 and addition ment nrae rm1 o2 kg g 26 carbon to organic Total 17 from 7%. sand to from 5 30%, from to increased clay 15 and from 80%, to ranging 63 soil silt the the with of addition fraction amendment after changed not was 1). (Table 6.75 CVA to the 3.5 from and increased areas pH Soil untreated the to similar TCLP- The time. over Cd 1.32 was and Cd extractable 14 Zn and for decreasing 8 showed extractability collected addition) in amendment samples Pb following on mo and only Zn, Repeated (done 1). Cd, (Fig. extractions tailings for unamended decreases versus amended showed also water, oa ea ocnrtosi h mne ra were areas amended the in concentrations metal Total Ϯ Ϯ . nteaeddtiig Tbe1.Texture 1). (Table tailings amended the in 0.1 . gkg mg 3.5 Ϫ 1 Ϯ olwn ramn.Ogncmatter Organic treatment. following .1m kg mg 0.01 olProperties Soil Ϫ 1 .Vle o dadP exceeded Pb and Cd for Values ). Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ .3m kg mg 0.03 .3m kg mg 0.63 . nteutetdtailings untreated the in 0.3 Ϫ 1 n o n(190 Zn for and ) Ϫ Ϫ 1 1 epciey before respectively) , eoetetetto treatment before Ϫ Ϫ 1 1 w er after years two eoeamend- before Ϫ 1 Potentially, . Ϯ 108 Ϯ Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. U 45gkg g (4.5 UUC b oue olwn mnmn addition. amendment following volume) (by Pt ta. 96.Atraedet vial in- P available kg mg amendment, 433 to After 333 to 1996). creased al., growth plant et for P (Pote in deficient potentially considered be tlz de abnadt eyl uret a pro- may nutrients to recycle microorganisms to soil and carbon the added of utilize ability The production. h nrae alnst . o89gkg g 8.9 to 4.6 to tailings untreated the bePbfr mnmn,wihi iia otecon- the kg P to mg similar (23 UUC is the which in centrations amendment, before P able ra.Ti a iia oteNcnetain nthe in concentrations N the to similar was This areas. diinwt ausrnigfo 24t 47cmol 24.7 to amendment 12.4 after from change ranging not kg values did with soils addition the of (CEC) 29gkg g (2.9 etadto.Tiig otie o1 gkg mg 12 to 1 contained Tailings addition. ment auaino xhnestsicesdfrC,M,adK. and Mg, Ca, for increased sites exchange of saturation 98.Frti td,fnto esrsicue ex- included measures function NH study, tractable al., this et sensitive (Giller For most bioavailability 1998). contaminant the direct in be in changes may to are contaminants, they with as health organisms, contact soil Soil evaluate 2002). to (McGrath, exist measures standardized no sda esr fmcoilhat nP-adCu- and Pb- in health microbial of measure a as used tailings. the to restored been has population in microbial matter a and organic CO increased added CVA The biosolids. to the the response with a compared probably tailings UUC, amended the CO in contrast, In tailings. the reduced CVA was in the activity microbial both that indicating with UUC, and compared tailings unamended the CO Evolution 1995). of Pedersen, et and (Chander Scott-Fordsmand soils 2001; microbial the metal-contaminated of health in the evaluate community to used been has 2) to ble system restored the 0.23 of sustaining. ability self the be 0.9 into insights vide 100 0.03 0.08 0.9 13bc 4.5b 8.3 0.2c 0.9 0.3c 3c 519a 4.2c 0.8c 16b 5.33b 0.1c 41a 0.7c 271a 19a 16.9a 45.8b 4.7b 174a 930b 1073b 28.2a 100b 147b 454c 46.3c 4533a 61.3b (Sauve soils contaminated 373a 195ab 97b 418a treat- 2.52c before level. probability capacity 42.7c 0.05 the water-holding at different Average significantly 562b not 172a dition. are letter same 935ab 120b CO the by followed year within Means † 233c† CVA N UUC Biomass tailings 1224a Amended Tailings C CVA Biomass UUC tailings Amended Tailings Treatment ( remediated in function soil of Measures 2. Table etrne rm1. o2.%adws4. o73.3% to 43.1 was and 24.5% to 11.9 from ranged ment oa jlalNicesdfo o16gkg g 1.6 to 1 from increased N Kjeldahl Total h aeo ovrino NH of conversion of rate The (CO respiration basal or mineralization Carbon and field new relatively a is toxicology microbial Soil rma ptemucnaiae oto UC n otmntdvgttdae CA ln h rassRiver. Arkansas the along (CVA) collected area soils for vegetated presented contaminated also a are Measurements and 1998. (UUC) in control addition amendment uncontaminated following upstream 2000 and an 1999 from in collected samples for CO, Ϫ 1 ol fe mnmn diin oee,percent However, addition. amendment after soils 2 a eue 0 n19 n 5 n20 in 2000 in 75% and 1999 in 50% reduced was Ϫ 1 .AalbePwsas nrae yamend- by increased also was P Available ). 4 olFnto Measures Function Soil n NO and Ϫ 1 n ihrta hs nteCVA the in those than higher and ) 3 N ims n ,adCO and C, and N biomass –N, Ϫ RW TA. LUILTIIG FE ISLD APPLICATION BIOSOLIDS AFTER TAILINGS ALLUVIAL AL.: ET BROWN 1 ainecag capacity exchange Cation . 2 vlto a increased was evolution 2 4 vlto ugssthat suggests evolution oNO to Ϫ 1 ;bt ie would sites both ); Ϫ 1 nteamended the in 3 a lobeen also has n ϭ )adcnrl( control and 4) Ϫ 2 C Ta- –C; 1 avail- Ϫ 1 al., in 2 gkg mg 1999 2000 2 CrsiainNH respiration –C n Ϫ 1 nblt fsi irognsst xdz n that and N oxidize to microorganisms soil of inability nbt h U n h V,bt fwihhave which the of addition, both In CVA, 2). (Table the covers and plant UUC self-sustaining the both in U 7 8 6.8b — 8.3b 13.9a 10.9a 8.6b 11a 98a 83b 78b 80b 92a 97a 98a 1999 98a 10c 83b 90b 99a 100a 100a the at 0b different significantly 2000 not are 0b 100a letter same the 0b by followed Means † 0b† 1999 control Lab UUC CVA 1998 4 3 2 1 Site in placed worms for biomass and Earth- 3). survival (Table Earthworm 2000 3. and Table 1999 both from in collected areas soils same on the conducted were assays replicate olboaaeicpbeo arigotteNtransforma- N the out carrying of incapable are biota soil cdcp Iew ta. 95.I h mne soils, amended the In 1995). the al., or et concentrations (Ibekwe metal pH soil acidic elevated the by mised h nmne alns h ai fNH of ratio the tailings, unamended the in eurdfra csse ob efssann.In sustaining. self be to ecosystem an for required tions h NH the U.Tesi ucinmaue niaeta func- a that indicate measures the function and soil CVA, The the UUC. tailings, unamended the than greater ims n esrsi h mne ol were soils amended the in measures N and C biomass xedd1frbt er (range years both for 1 exceeded etn httesi irognsshdbe compro- been had microorganisms soil the that gesting mne tailings. amended inn irba omnt a enrsoe othe to restored been has community microbial tioning fepsr otesis fe mnmn addition, amendment After soils. h tailings 48 the within untreated to died worms the exposure all in 100%; of was Mortality 1998 in 2000. collected and addition 1999 amendment after in areas same in the deposits from and tailings 1998 untreated four from assays mulation 02.A cuuaino NH of accumulation An 2002). ol CagadBodet 92 eaadSumner, and Cela 1982; Broadbent, and (Chang soils ϭ .5poaiiylevel. probability 0.05 )tiig eoisaogteUprAkna ie,Leadville, River, Arkansas Upper the along deposits tailings 6) eeae ra(V) n aoaoycnrlsoil. control contaminated laboratory a a and up- and and an (CVA), (1999 in area (UUC) addition vegetated worms control amendment for uncontaminated presented after stream also years are two Measurements 2000). and and amendment one limestone and at biosolids (1998) before tailings olsmlswr olce o atwr bioaccu- earthworm for collected were samples Soil 4 atwr iacmlto Assay Bioaccumulation Earthworm oNO to 3 Nrtowas ratio –N 4 NNO –N uvvlBiomass Survival ´ gwtweight wet mg % ta. 98 n ea spiked metal and 1998) al., et Յ .Ti a lotecase the also was This 1. 3 NNH –N 4 nsisidctsthe indicates soils in ϭ . o101,sug- 100:1), to 8.3 4 4 oNO to oNO to 3 3 ratio 143 –N Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. liueadlwsi eprtr) eetees this high Nevertheless, the temperature). to soil (due low earthworms Leadville that and in unlikely altitude is occurring It naturally (2001). on are al. results et Similar Conder reported by 2001b). been also Cd 2001a, have wastes limiting mine al., biosolids-amended in et pH soil (Oste the than uptake in important pH ad- more soil the is that sorption that and uptake, shown mediates have intestines earthworm Studies tailings. contaminants the of in bioavailability the addition amendment reduced Thus, apparently UUC. the in observed those en olwdb h aelte r o infcnl ifrn tthe at different significantly not are letter same the by followed Means † U 21 5b244b 152b 432b 12.1c 270b 18.1b† UUC tailings Amended al 4. Table r t e o) ims nteaeddsisalso soils amended the in Biomass mg 42 pot). versus approximately (84 per control was wt. lab the dry tailings in observed amended that twice the in for treatments biomass aboveground other However, presented). all tailings not in (data amended years observed both that the to in con- similar length was tests biomass Shoot and the length measured. shoot For both were 2000, materials. and UUC not 1999 in and ducted (data soil CVA control 2000 the the laboratory in the to and in similar 88% attained statistically rate and were germination 1999 rates Both in presented). 71.4% laboratory was a rate germination in the addition, amendment germination After soil. 87% control with compared mate- tailings rials the in observed ad- was amendment 1999 germination no Before dition, in performed. addition. was areas amendment assay after same same years The two the and from one 2000, collected and also and were tail- Amended planted ings measured. until were were growth refrigerated ryegrass and perennial and germination of deposits Seedlings tailings use. two from tion V 06 8a782a UUC 95.7c 786a 1.36c 30.6a 2.87d control Laboratory CVA atcmoeto aysl-utiigecosystems. self-sustaining many impor- of of an component capable is tant which are population, tailings earthworm amended an supporting the that suggests assay Zinc Manganese Lead Copper Cadmium areas amended than lower the and year in CVA Location, the worms in values for BAF Zn to similar and were values the Pb, also BAF and The Cd, were shown). tailings Zn not for soil) (data amended soils the the CVA in and in UUC metal worms for of to for CVA organism ratio calculated the the (BAF: in in factors those metal Bioaccumulation than elements. lower Metal the in were all in 4). those Pb but worms with (Table UUC, comparison the soils in the in elevated the were Zn) soils to and treated exposure Pb, (Cd, of accumulation concentrations d metal for 28 analyzed after also was tissue Cd worm Site 144 .5poaiiylevel. probability 0.05 ietiig o 8di oiiytsscnutdi 99adgoni rehuei oscnann ol olce in collected soils containing pots in greenhouse a in grown (CVA). area vegetated contaminated a labora- uncontami and and a upstream 1999 (UUC) to from in soils exposed trol and conducted also soil were tests control Worms toxicity tory CO. in Leadville, d in 28 2000 for tailings mine olsmlswr olce eoeaedetaddi- amendment before collected were samples Soil ea ocnrtosi atwrsepsdt amended to exposed earthworms in concentrations Metal ln Growth Plant gkg mg .EVRN UL,VL 4 AUR–ERAY2005 JANUARY–FEBRUARY 34, VOL. QUAL., ENVIRON. J. Ϫ 1 r wt. dry ae con- nated mnmn diinaddcessteefe Bonet (Brown 1998). thereafter al., after decreases year receiving and first the addition soils in greatest amendment in often is biosolids metals of rates of the high of uptake stabilization Plant suggesting 2000, amendment. in suppressed. collected not grown soils plants in was for decreased growth concentrations metal but Tissue 1993), phytotox- (Chaney, indicate to icity sufficient were tissue plant in tions CVA a rmtefedadalwdcw ogaedrcl on directly graze to cows allowed and field the from hay ( germinate. error not standard did by soils followed control Means untreated ‡ the in Plants † tailings Amended ryegrass of tissue aboveground in concentrations Metal 5. Table nteUC n20,tsu dadP concentrations Pb and Cd tissue 2001, In UUC. tissue than the Pb tailings in amended and the Cd, in Zn, higher were years, con- concentrations both more For suggesting in areas. 2001 sampling taminated in or than addition amendment greater uneven was 2000 in Data variability were phytotoxicity. potential sampling suggest Zn 2000 to Both the high 6). sufficiently in (Table concentrations 2001 tissue than Pb 2000 and in greater were ings in time. the populations over on diversity and sites species use influence may will land that areas Future neighboring variables time. important changes over are and change N community evolution grasses greater plant Species permitted The in forbs. have 2). out-compete may (Fig. soils to UUC amended the of diversity and content lower CVA and the species than grass of occurrence higher above- in concentrations ground metal and diversity sampling. species for Plant available material plant the limiting grass, the harvested landowner The restored. been had cover plant stoo h mne ra eeue spsueatra after pasture as used were areas amended the areas, of treated two the as of two to Plant limited addition. was collection amendment sample after areas treated the from Zn study, 1999 the kg Zn from the mg sample in (1400 one metals In of soils. bioavailability amended collected high soils indicating in 1999, grown in concen- plants Pb in and elevated Zn were plant trations Both pot) 5). (Table per pot). measured per wt. also wt. dry dry mg mg (12.8 (24.4 UUC CVA the the and in that exceeded 00412 9 0 630 920 200 161 390 343 28 30.8 4.1 8.9 2000 1999 00051. . 4262.5 150 34.2 100 3.3 17 12.5 20 0.5 1.5 2000 1999 993.4 1999 001.9 2000 h il rmboois n ietn-mne ol n an and soils limestone-amended and biosolids- from field the eeae ra(V)i 99ad2000.† and 1999 in (CVA) contaminated area a and vegetated (UUC) control uncontaminated upstream ea ocnrtosi lnsfo h mne tail- amended the from plants in concentrations Metal il ln n ml amlsmlswr collected were samples mammal small and plant Field were biomass aboveground in concentrations Metal isewr esrd h rae ra a a had areas treated The measured. were tissue Ϫ Ϯ Ϯ 1 n b(3 gP kg Pb mg (930 Pb and ) .‡75 1.4‡ . 49.3 0.5 il Samples Field Ϯ Ϯ . 88 5.8 1313 31 n ϭ gkg mg 6). Ϯ Ϯ 7360 37 4 2028 247 Ϫ 1 Ϫ Ϯ Ϯ 1 concentra- ) 1 385 113 80670 1800 Ϯ Ϯ 96 290 Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. omma ape eecletdfo h un- these mammals the on Any mammals. cover small from plant for habitat no collected no and was areas were There tailings. samples amended mammal no ag mut fsi,srw edn nwrswl inad- will worms on contain feeding field shrews the soil, in of amounts earthworms large As 1993). Read in Martin, 1994; 1978; al., consist, and et al., (Pankakoski frequently earthworms et of et diets part, Beardsley large (Anderson Shrew 1984; based al., 1982). plant the et Churchfield, is whereas Andrews diet insects, 1982; vole of al., the consists shrews of the majority of of portion higher diet a differ: the Zn, study the for this of in patterns analyzed collected consumption animals and Food 7). digested (Table of Cd were and result Pb, animals a the as of ies impaired been ( mouse has deer and function if assess brevicauda to ( voles the ( and included CVA, areas UUC, the at amended at availability captured metal Mammals reflect site. not the would animals made would measures these and sections on area, the these through in passing been captured have been have might that mammal The 1987). al., et (Hunter animal the of cycle 1993). for (Chaney, the phytotoxicity species in with than most associated tailings levels to below treated but the similar concen- CVA Zn in were tissue greater 2001, were tailings In CVA. trations the amended in plants the for values from (CVA), plants area vegetated of contaminated (UUC), control uncontaminated upstream the from collected plants of species of number and Family 2. Fig. Sorex swt h te il apigprin ftestudy, the of portions sampling field other the with As n isld-adlm-mne alnsdpsti 00 edil,CO. Leadville, 2000, in deposit tailings lime-amended and biosolids- a and ndniidseis,sottie he ( shrew short-tailed species), unidentified , ,wsenjmigmue( mouse jumping western ), eoycsmaniculatus Peromyscus ml Mammals Small RW TA. LUILTIIG FE ISLD APPLICATION BIOSOLIDS AFTER TAILINGS ALLUVIAL AL.: ET BROWN Microtus au princeps Zapus .Woebod- Whole ). p.,shrew spp.), Blarina ), infcn rcin fecs ni it Adeset (Andrews diets in Zn excess of fractions significant oain erCdimLa Zinc 2001, In ‡ 2000, In † Lead tailings Amended CVA Cadmium UUC year Location, ( Means CVA and 6. amended Table the of in observed burden was body Pb Increased and 1990). Cd both al., et Cooke 1989; al., retain not do animals because burden, body Zn creased lvtdmtlbre Byr 2000). (Beyer, burden metal analysis elevated metal for targeted usually are reproductive liver and and age kidney the with and year a of course differ the also patterns Consumption soil. ingest vertently 010.9 2001 004.5 1.2 0.6 0.07 2000 2001 2000 2001‡ 00 0.1 2000† hagas[ wheatgrass ( bluegrass including potentially species grass compressa included of collection Each range CO. a Leadville, in areas amended and 2001 (CVA), and vegetated contaminated 2000 (UUC), in uncontaminated collected from samples grass of tissue aboveground .Bav] osti ( horsetail Beauv.], P. h lvtdZ ttest a o elce nin- in reflected not was site the at Zn elevated The n n Ն Ն 7. 2. .,tfe arrs [ hairgrass tufted L.), goyo cristatum Agropyron Ϯ tnaderr)o d b n nin Zn and Pb, Cd, of errors) standard Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ qieu arvense Equisetum . 3.1 0.3 . 400 2.2 3.3 2.4 0.4 0.2 . 1.4 0.1 .30.3 0.03 ecapi cespitosa Deschampsia L)Gaertn.]. (L.) gkg mg Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ 8 546 282 . 121 0.6 . 69 77 8.8 0.8 3.3 0.15 . 23 0.7 Ϫ 1 .,adcrested and L.), Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ over 145 Poa (L.) 7.6 42 264 1.4 20 12 Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. tti liuei iie.Tu,tettlbd burden body total the survival Thus, earthworm limited. as is diets altitude their this in at staple a as worms inaeamte fdbt Byr 2000). (Beyer, debate of func- matter a impaired but are This with tion damage, collected. associated with shrews concentrations associated of generally precise values species below both is for Cd kidney alns0 – 0.35a 0.36a 0.38a 0b 0.42a 0.41a 92.5a 92.5a 93.8a growth Mean the at different significantly not are letter 100a same 95a† the by survival followed Mean Means † Tailings tailings Amended CVA UUC water River Arkansas control Laboratory Location in kept minnows fathead of growth mean and Survival 8. Table 1991). re- al., been et reflect have (Ma populations not stored biosolids-remedi- earthworm may where other Leadville sites at in ated 75 accumulation shrews for potential Pb the and Cd of kg BD† mg 9 about be the would in the burden soils, collected observed limestone-amended animals highest and the biosolids- for and for calculate 3:1 to CVA used Cd to is 2:1 ratio kidney 3:1 from a potential If 1984; ranged shrews. kidney generally and of al., mice, ratio Cd voles, 0.26 et the body studies (Andrews total these In to measured 1990). Cd al., been et of Cooke have total concentrations both Pb organ al., where specific and studies and et been burden Larison also body have 2000; verify There to (Beyer, used 2000). is organs function Ide- these 1 0.67 to compromised Pb. injury and of Cd evidence to ally, of exposed concentrations been harmful have as animals potentially used whether often of is indication concentration an 2000; organ al., Target et Larison 1989). 1983; Ma, al., func- et 3 Hunter compromised 2000; other (Beyer, or tion injury with thresh-associated below olds generally was increase the However, sites. UUC Means ‡ Location detection. Below † UUC species) (unidentified Shrew Vole uncontaminated upstream the in trapped animals from concentrations Zn and Species Pb, Cd, whole-body and number mammal Small 7. Table 146 hr-aldsrwUC20.68 2 UUC shrew Short-tailed etr upn os U . 2.4 0.1 3 UUC mouse jumping Western ermueUC1B . 97 6.5 BD 1 UUC mouse Deer .5poaiiylevel. probability 0.05 hescletdfo edil onticueearth- include not do Leadville from collected Shrews UC,cnrlvgttdae CA,boois n lime- incu- and the in biosolids- included bation. were tailings (CVA), control and area tailings, amended vegetated control control uncontaminated water upstream River, (UUC), the assess Arkansas from to the soil ratio from with soil collected incubated to water water control, 4:1 lab material. a A tailings of re-entrained with eluate associated an toxicity from potential d 7 for water oto UC,cnaiae eeae ra(V) n isld-adlmsoeaeddtiig nLavle O n2001. in CO, Leadville, in tailings limestone-amended and biosolids- and (CVA), area vegetated contaminated (UUC), control Ϯ tnaderrors. standard %mg V . 2130 12 2.1 0.64 1 3 tailings amended CVA V 3 3 CVA mne alns1374110 7.4 2.35 3 2 1 tailings amended CVA mne alns20.55 2 tailings amended mne alns80.53 8 tailings amended .EVRN UL,VL 4 AUR–ERAY2005 JANUARY–FEBRUARY 34, VOL. QUAL., ENVIRON. J. Ϫ 1 n eoesmlrt h V n U.Txct test Toxicity UUC. and CVA the to in added may similar activity matter microbial become organic of either rates the stabilized, in As is biosolids than UUC. the the tailings or amended CVA the the mi- in greater activity indicated and measures crobial similar soils function control were Soil laboratory UUC. cases, both the many on in made and, measures to CVA the from with those comparable generally were tailings amended the on measures restore function Ecosystem to ecosystem. sufficiently the to fertility function soil increased and ability sites. severely untreated to the sufficient on are function tailings ecosystem the disrupt metals the from there- Clearly, acidity and, mammals. and small cover for plant habitat no no was fore, there as tailings treated likely. not is sediment and suspended Fe the of in reduction so oxides Ar- stream, Mn The well-aerated toxicity. a aquatic is kansas cause complexed potentially release that and dissolve metals can environ- oxides anaerobic an metal In ment, 2003). al., et (Hettiarachchi ity n ml amlaayi a o efre nun- on performed not was plant all analysis for for mammal sampling mortality small Field and 100% measured. showed endpoints Toxicity tailings toxicity community. these soil on the tests for function reduced and capac- metal-binding observed with oxides) Mn (e.g., studies biosolids and Previous of Fe components low. inorganic is the organisms linked the have aquatic that to suggest caus- harm tailings ing amended results the used of these minnow resuspension of However, the likelihood with assay. comparable this be in not Leadville may in be- or River The Arkansas may the testing. in toxicity in trout native aquatic of impaired of havior standard type not a this are for was minnows species un- Fathead Growth tailings. the 90%. amended from treatments the than other water all greater the in was in Survival died. fish tailings All amended de- unamended 8). water the (Table except in treatments, tailings survival other to all similar from rived was sites amended the isld n ieaedetrdcdmtlavail- metal reduced amendment lime and Biosolids h nrae alnshv ihmtlavailability metal high have tailings untreated The from derived water in minnows fathead of Survival amu edZinc Lead Cadmium Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ .1 7.87 0.01‡ . 2.1 0.3 .56.1 0.35 .612.5 0.06 .617 0.06 . 1.27 0.4 . 4.7 1.5 eEtanetStudy Re-Entrainment CONCLUSIONS gkg mg Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϫ 1 105 3 . 109 3.3 . 104 2.1 . 92.5 0.6 . 113 94 1.4 0.4 . 104 0.4 . 102 0.8 Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ 8 9 13 9 8.5 29 9 4 Reproduced from Journal of Environmental Quality. Published by ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. All copyrights reserved. ee,WN 00 aad owllf rmsi-on amu recon- cadmium soil-borne from wildlife to Hazards 2000. W.N. Beyer, E1676- Method 2003b. Materials. and Testing for Society American rw,S,CL er,R hny .Cmtn n ..DeVolder. P.S. and Compton, of H. Chaney, Effect R. Henry, 2003a. C.L. Xue. S., Brown, Q. and Halfrisch, J. Chaney, R. S., Brown, 1985. Jenkinson. D.S. and Pruden, G. Landman, A. P.C., Brookes, 1978. Sansom. B.F. and Beckett, P.H.T. Vagg, M.J. A., Beardsley, 2001. Schroder. J.L. and Snethen, K.L. Gradwohl, R. N.T., Basta, of Distribution 1989. Cooke. J.A. and Johnson, M.S. in S.M., Andrews, Cadmium 1984. Cooke. J.A. and Johnson, M.S. S.M., Andrews, Majeti. V.A. and Elia, V.J. Clark, C.S. Barrett, G.W. T.J., Anderson, E1963- Method 2003c. Materials. and Testing for Society American E1241- Method 2003a. Materials. and Testing for Society American D2980- Method 1996. Materials. and Testing for Society American iei eesr odtriei h etrdsse is system restored the if determine sustainable. to necessary over monitoring is Continued over time CVA. the availability and UUC metal cer- the elevated and both soils, suggest UUC measures the tain over in- function measures increased other However, dicate UUC. indistin- the were from tailings guishable amended equilibrium. the in measures, yet many not are By systems the tailings that alluvial but the deposits, to function restored has concentration amendment metal elevated func- of on effect result negative a suggest as those not tion to do and similar CVA were the sites of tailings concentra- amended the metal from for whole-body CVA tions mammal the Small than year. greater the and first than years, col- greater both were for tissue tailings UUC amended plant the in from lected biosolids concentrations the with Metal associated rates result application. loading the N higher potentially high a is the has This of and species. 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United northeastern the for p. procedures magnesium. and calcium, 25–34. potassium, Phosphorus, ronutrients: rdcscpe viaiiyt lns nio.Si eho.35:2602– Technol. Sci. Environ. plants. to availability copper predicts Newark. Delaware, of Univ. Stn., Exp. Agric. 493. Bull. ol.Evrn c.Tcnl 34:5115–5121. copper-contaminated of Technol. water Sci. pore Environ. the soils. in impacts biosensors and bacterial speciation Copper on 2000. McGrath. S.P. and Tipping, E. udTcnclAssac epneTa,UEARgo VIII, Region USEPA Team, Response Denver. Assistance 9702- Technical no. fund TDD Colorado. County, Lake tailings, fluvial River sas VA. ton, VA. ton, 1311. Method EPA 05 otatn.6-503.USOeaigSrie,Super- Services, Operating URS 68-W5-0031. no. Contract 0025. VA. ton, DC. Washington, USEPA, update. 3rd ed., 3rd DC. Washington, USEPA, etmtosfreautn oi at.3de. r update. 3rd ed., 3rd waste. solid evaluating for methods Test pae SP,Wsigo,DC. Washington, USEPA, update. etmtosfreautn oi at.3de. r update. 3rd ed., 3rd waste. solid evaluating for methods Test 1320. SP,Wsigo,DC. Washington, USEPA, DC. Washington, USEPA, update. 3rd ed., 3rd waste. W86EAMto 9081. Method EPA DC. SW-846 Washington, USEPA, update. 3rd ed., 3rd 3050B. waste. Method EPA 846 aim .575–601. p. barium. PS Chicago. SPSS, e.5 SA aio,WI. Madison, SSSA, 5. Ser. In In etmtosfreautn oi at.3de. 3rd ed., 3rd waste. solid evaluating for methods Test ..Sm n .Wl e. eomne oltesting soil Recommended (ed.) Wolf A. and Sims J.T. In In ..Sak e. ehd fsi analysis. soil of Methods (ed.) Sparks D.L. etmtosfreautn oi waste. solid evaluating for methods Test In In etmtosfreautn solid evaluating for methods Test etmtosfreautn solid evaluating for methods Test In R.W. In In