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Environmental Contaminants in the Moray Firth Csac in the Moray Firth

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Environmental Contaminants in the Moray Firth Csac in the Moray Firth Environmental contaminants in the Moray Firth cSAC A summary of information of the impacts / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins and proxy species FINAL REPORT 1st Edition September 2001 Prepared for: Moray Firth Partnership By: Nautilus Consultants Summary Summary Marine SAC’s (Special Areas of Conservation) are designed to support and implement the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Twelve UK sites have been proposed as candidate SACs (cSACs). The Moray Firth has been proposed as a cSAC because of its resident population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The impact of environmental contaminants has been identified by the Moray Firth cSAC Management Group as a gap in the knowledge relating to the management of the area and potential interactions between the dolphin population and man’s activities. This report identifies contaminants that may affect the dolphin population and summarises the impacts / potential impacts of the contaminants on bottlenose dolphins and proxy species. It also comprises a list of local, national and international experts able to advise the Relevant Authorities. This report is designed to be a reference document, to be used as a guide to the various sources of information. Although it does not make any recommendations relating to the use of environmental contaminants, identifies potential hazards to the dolphin population and is a tool to assist the Relevant Authorities for the Moray Firth cSAC to assess the risks to the dolphin population of any discharges to the Firth (controlled or accidental) and make informed management decisions, with the aid of expert advice. The report makes use of existing published material and Internet resources. It has been produced as an on-going reference document that can be updated to take account of new research and findings related to the effects of contaminants on bottlenose dolphins and proxy species and of any additional threats to these species that may be recognised in the future. The main findings of the report are: Lethal effects ♦ There is no evidence of any acute poisoning events resulting in the direct mortality of cetaceans by contaminants [127, 128]. However, this may be due to detailed necropsies that identify such events not being carried out or animals involved in such events not being recovered [127]. ♦ All contaminants have the potential to cause lethal effects at sufficient doses but, within the scope of this report the major concern is the effects of pathogens and toxins. Sub-lethal effects ♦ Sub-lethal effects induced by environmental contaminants are a major threat to cetaceans, which can continuously uptake and bioaccumulate lipophilic contaminants, via their prey and the environment. Over time, this can lead to threatening levels accumulating in the animals’ bodies [127]. ♦ Contaminants, that have the potential to cause sub-lethal effects, include: DDTs, CBs, PCBs, Drins, PCDDs & PCDFs, HCHs, HCB, BPA, CPs, OPs, pyrethroids, chlorinated paraffins, oil & petrochemicals, PAHs, TBT, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, radionuclides and pathogens. Immune suppression ♦ Immunosuppression is defined as “a measurable alteration in any component(s) of the immune system that is likely to result in increased susceptibility to disease” [127]. ♦ Contaminants, which have the potential to cause immunosuppression, include: DDTs, CBs, PCBs, Drins, PCDDs & PCDFs, HCHs, HCB, PBBs & PBDEs, BPA, APEs & APs, CPs, OPs, pyrethroids, PAHs, TBT, Cd, Pb, Hg, radionuclides, organochlorines and pathogens. Cancers ♦ Cancers generally result from “a succession of separate injuries to the genome over a long period of time” [127]. ♦ Cancer is thought to be a rare event in wildlife but exposure to specific and potent carcinogenic substances may lead to an unusually high prevalence of tumours [127]. ♦ Contaminants, which have the potential to cause cancer, include: DDTs, CBs, PCBs, Drins, PCDDs & PCDFs, HCHs, PBBs & PBDEs, BPA, OPs, pyrethroids, oil & petrochemicals, PAHs, Cd and radionuclides. Summary Epizootics ♦ There are apparent associations between organochlorine levels and the intensity of mortalities during epizootics. Although cause-effect relationships are difficult to prove, environmental contaminants could play an important role in epizootics [127]. ♦ Other contaminants that have been associated with epizootics, include DDTs and PCBs. Reproduction and development ♦ Many contaminants have the potential to disrupt the endocrine system of animals, affecting reproduction, growth and development [127]. ♦ Contaminants that have the potential to cause reproductive and/or developmental impairment, include: DDTs, CBs, PCBs, Drins, PCDDs & PCDFs, HCHs, HCB, PBBs & PBDEs, BPA, APEs & APs, CPs, OPs, pyrethroids, PAHs, TBT, Cd, Pb, Hg, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, radionuclides and pathogens. Effects on prey species ♦ Environmental contaminants can affects fish and other prey of cetaceans, potentially leading to a decrease in prey numbers, changes in prey community structure or ecosystem changes [127]. These will have knock-on effects on cetaceans. ♦ Contaminants, which have the potential affect cetacean prey species, include: DDTs, CBs, PCBs, Drins, PCDDs & PCDFs, HCHs, HCB, PBBs & PBDEs, BPA, APEs & APs, CPs, OPs, pyrethroids, Ivermectin, CNTs, chlorinated paraffins, oil & petrochemicals, PAHs, TBT, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, radionuclides and pathogens. Other potential effects ♦ Behavioural effects, influencing migration, feeding patterns, mating, etc. ♦ Effects on the whole environment or habitat, which can have wide reaching, pervasive effects on all aspects of life history such as distribution, feeding, reproduction, predation, species interactions, etc.. Contents Contents 1. Introduction Report structure 2. Considerations 3. Dichlorodiphenylethanes (DDT etc.) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 4. Chlorinated Biphenyls (CBs including PCB) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species General / potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 5. Cyclodienes (dieldrin etc.) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species General / potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 6. Dioxins and Furans (PCDDs & PCDFs) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Contents Levels in bottlenose dolphins and proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 7. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (lindane etc.) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 8. Chlorinated Benzenes (including HCB & DCB) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 9. Brominated Flame Retardants Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 10. Bisphenol A Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins and proxy species Contents Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins and proxy species Contacts 11. Alkylphenol Ethoxylates & Alkylphenols Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 12. Chlorinated Phenols (CPs, including PCP and Dichlorophenols (DCP) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species General / potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 13. Organophosphates (OPs including Dichorvos) Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 14. Glufosinate Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins and proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins and proxy species Contents Contacts 15. Pyrethroids Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability to bottlenose dolphins Levels in bottlenose dolphins Levels in proxy species Potential effects: Effects / potential impacts on bottlenose dolphins Effects / potential impacts on proxy species Contacts 16. Ivermectin Sources / potential sources Pathways / availability
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