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Viajeros.Pdf Placer e instrucción Viajeros valencianos por el siglo XVIII Emilio Soler Pascual y Nicolás Bas Martín (Coords.) Placer e instrucción Viajeros valencianos por el siglo XVIII REAL SOCIEDAD ECONÓMICA DE AMIGOS DEL PAÍS DE VALENCIA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE 2008 Ilustración cubierta: Jorge Juan, Relación histórica del viaje a la América meridional, 1748. (Detalle de grabado) Editan: Universidad de Alicante Editan: Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Valencia ISBN: 978-84-608-0823-7 Depósito legal: V. - 2008 Artes Gráficas Soler, S. L. - www.graficas-soler.com ÍNDICE Francisco Oltra Climent Director de la Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Valencia Presentación de Francisco Oltra Climent ............................................................. 7 Presentación de Ignacio Jiménez Raneda ............................................................. 9 Viajeros valencianos por el siglo XVIII Manuel Bas Carbonell ........................................................................................... 11 El hacendista Beramendi y su viaje valenciano (1793-1794) Emilio Soler Pascual .............................................................................................. 29 Viajeros valencianos en el siglo XVIII: Francisco Xavier de Balmis (1753-1819) y la “Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna” (1803-1806) Emili Balaguer Perigüell ........................................................................................ 77 Juan Andrés, viajero neoclásico por Italia Enrique Giménez López ....................................................................................... 97 ¿“Conocimiento” o “desengaño”? El viaje europeo de Antonio Ponz (1785) Mónica Bolufer Peruga .......................................................................................... 113 La “Bibliothèque portative du voyageur”: sobre libros de viajes en la estancia parisina de Cavanilles Nicolás Bas Martín ................................................................................................ 141 El “Viaje literario” de los hermanos Villanueva: trayectoria de un proyecto editorial Germán Ramírez Aledón ....................................................................................... 163 5 PRESENTACIÓN Francisco Oltra Climent Director de la Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Valencia INSTRUIRSE PARA INSTRUIR, ASÍ REZA UNA DE LAS PREMISAS BÁSICAS DE VOLTAIRE en su obra Cándido. Y ¿porqué Voltaire para titular una obra sobre viajeros va- lencianos? Por varios motivos, de una parte, el filósofo francés era un enamora- do del género de la literatura de viajes, de la que poseía cerca de cien volúme- nes en su biblioteca personal. De otro lado, la obra de Voltaire fue admirada y situada como punto de re- ferencia de algunos de los viajeros valencianos. Entre ellos, el botánico Cavani- lles que poseía la mayoría de las obras del filósofo en su biblioteca. Además, su obra Cándido, nos traslada a una trama aventurera, similar a nuestro Quijote, que tiene mucho de viajera, y que nos conduce desde Europa hasta los confines del Nuevo Mundo, concretamente al mítico El Dorado. Lugares a los que viajaron algunos de nuestros ilustrados valencianos con el afán de formarse en las más variadas disciplinas, al tiempo que para deleitarse con las maravillas que visitaban. Con el mismo objeto de instruir, disfrutar y re- flexionar sobre nuestra historia, al tiempo que para honrar la memoria de aque- llos viajeros del siglo XVIII, la Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Valencia y la Universidad de Alicante han celebrado un ciclo que lleva por título Un viaje por la historia: viajeros valencianos por el siglo XVIII, y en el que han par- ticipado destacados especialistas. Ciclo que comenzó ofreciéndonos una visión general de los viajeros valen- cianos durante la Ilustración, y que continuó con sucesivas charlas, en las que pudimos conocer de cerca los viajes de Beramendi por el País Valenciano, la ex- pedición científica de Balmis, el periplo italiano del jesuita Juan Andrés, los via- 7 8 PRESENTACIÓN jes europeos de Antonio Ponz, la estancia parisina del botánico Cavanilles, y la aventura editorial del Viaje literario a las iglesias de España de los hermanos Vi- llanueva. Algunos de estos viajeros, caso de Cavanilles, fueron socios de la Real Socie- dad Económica de Amigos del País de Valencia, con la que compartieron el mis- mo espíritu de libertad, tolerancia e instrucción educativa que formaba parte de uno de los pilares fundacionales de la entidad. Esta mirada atrás a nuestra his- toria no es sino el reconocimiento a una labor constante, callada y respetuosa de nuestros ilustrados por el progreso cultural del país. Avances que quedaron re- flejados no sólo en los viajes, sino en un número considerable de obras impre- sas, algunas de las cuales custodia en la actualidad la Económica, y que consti- tuyen de por sí auténticas joyas bibliográficas. Doscientos treinta años después, la Económica tiene en su historia un refe- rente indiscutible que ha de servir de acicate a las generaciones presentes y fu- turas para continuar trabajando con el mismo ímpetu volteriano de instruirse para instruir. PRESENTACIÓN Ignacio Jiménez Raneda Rector de la Universidad de Alicante EL REVERENDO BRITÁNICO JOSEPH TOWSEND, VIAJERO POR LA ESPAÑA DE CARLOS III durante los años 1786 y 1787, nos dejó en el comienzo de su libro sobre este tra- yecto una anotación imprescindible para comprender las dificultades que te- nían los transeúntes foráneos para visitar nuestro país: “Para viajar por España con comodidad hace falta tener una buena constitución física, dos buenos cria- dos, cartas de crédito para las ciudades principales y una presentación apropia- da para las mejores familias, tanto de los nativos como de los forasteros residen- tes en el país”. Era una buena forma de recordar a posibles osados ingleses que el viaje por la piel de toro no era un asunto para tomárselo a broma. Los caminos por los que debían transitar eran pésimos o inexistentes y, por otra parte, pululaban en ellos multitud de amigos de lo ajeno, siempre dispues- tos a desplumar al incauto. Las posadas donde debían alojarse resultaban caras, sucias y extremadamente peligrosas. O donde los carromatos, en aquel siglo de la Ilustración, desde las peligrosas galeras a los coches de colleras, convertían el viaje en un suplicio extremo. Si a esto unimos un gobierno absolutista, una In- quisición que había perdido fuelle pero que todavía mantenía buena parte de sus terribles prerrogativas y la ignorancia de los habitantes de una nación que había conocido siglos mejores, no puede extrañarnos que viajar por España obligara a los esforzados que se atrevieron a ello a testar antes de salir de su domicilio. Por eso, y por mucho más, los atrevidos viajeros valencianos que recorrie- ron España, tanto la metrópoli como sus colonias, o marcharon al extranjero para aprender, siempre con el objetivo de conocer la realidad social y económi- ca hispana para poder cambiarla a mejor, merecen nuestro respeto y considera- 9 10 PRÓLOGO ción. Y de entre el nutrido y esforzado grupo de ilustres personajes que nos de- jaron testimonio escrito de todo ello merece destacarse el núcleo constituido por los transeúntes valencianos. Aquellos que, como Jorge Juan, Beramendi, Cavanilles, Balmis, Juan Andrés, Antonio Ponz, los hermanos Villanueva, Jo- seph Ortiz, Pérez Bayer y tantos otros, contribuirían con sus aprendizajes y en- señanzas al establecimiento, siquiera fuera en forma teórica, de una nación más culta y más avanzada. La Universidad de Alicante, junto a la Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Valencia, ha querido dejar testimonio con esta publicación, fruto de las jornadas celebradas en Valencia y en Alicante durante el curso académico 2007/2008, del reconocimiento que les debemos a aquellos ilustres ilustrados que nos mostraron la España del pasado y nos dejaron las claves para compren- der un poco mejor la España actual. VIAJEROS VALENCIANOS POR EL SIGLO XVIII Manuel Bas Carbonell Bibliófilo y escritor ANTES QUE NADA QUIERO AGRADECER A LA REAL SOCIEDAD ECONÓMICA DE AMI- gos del País, por haber contado conmigo para este ciclo sobre viajeros, sin duda influenciados por mi hijo Nicolás, bibliotecario de la misma; así como a la Uni- versidad de Alicante que me brinda la ocasión de compartir esta jornada con ilustres profesores y especialmente con Emilio Soler Pascual, maestro de la lite- ratura de viajes, género al que nos hemos dedicado desde hace ya unos cuantos años, cuando aún no se había generalizado su estudio e investigación. Hasta principios de los noventa del pasado siglo la literatura de viajes en Es- paña era considerada un género menor reducido a un selecto y minoritario públi- co. Empezó a adquirir carta de naturaleza en 1989 cuando se celebraron en Lis- boa las sesiones de la American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portugues, seguidas años después, en 1996, por el Simposio Internacional sobre Literatura de Viajes, celebrado en Toledo, a cargo de la Fundación Ortega y Gasset y la Ohio State University. Actualmente los libros de viajes están considerados como un gé- nero insustituible para conocer las sociedades a lo largo de la historia. Pues bien, Emilio Soler fue un avanzado en esta disciplina ya que en 1990 publicó La Conspiración Malaspina, seguido en 1994 de El viaje de Beramendi por el País Valenciano (1793-94), que por cierto tuve la satisfacción de presentar hace trece años en la inauguración de la librería Ambra de Denia. Siguieron otros estudios al respecto,
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