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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a rote will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Beil & Howell Information C om pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313 761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9238267 The epidemiology and environmental impact of organophosphate pesticide use in Ecuador, with emphasis on parathion Scheutzow, Mark Howard, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1992 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE USE IN ECUADOR, WITH EMPHASIS ON PARATHION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State U n iv ersity By Mark Scheutzow, B.S. The Ohio State University 1 9 9 2 Dissertation Committee: P. A. Colinvaux Approved by S. W. Fisher T. J. Logan Department of Environmental Sciences M. C. Miller To My Mother And My Wife, For Their Continual Support ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my sincere appreciation to the Noyes Foundation for their financial support, also to the members of my dissertation committee for their contributions, patience, and suggestions during the course of my time at the Ohio State University. I wish to especially thank my dissertation advisor, Dr. Paul Colinvaux, who allowed me the freedom to pursue my graduate training to the "beat of a different drummer". Without his insight, enthusiasm, experience, knowledge, and tolerance, this work would not have been possible. I wish also to mention the contributions of Dr. Daniel Couri, whose death between my oral exam and final defense was an immeasurable loss. Thanks also are extended to all the individuals in the United States and Ecuador who gave of their time to assist me in my endeavors. iii VITA August 19, 1957 ........................................... Born - Middleburg Hts., Ohio 1979 ................................................................... B.A., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 1981 - 1982 ..................................................... Research Associate, Department of Biololgy, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 1983 - 1986 ................................................... Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1986 - 1988 .................................................. Research Associate, Department of Environmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1992 - present ............................................... Research Associate, Department of Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Environmental Sciences Minor Fields: Epidemiology and Biostatistics TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ ii VITA ........................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... v ii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. PESTICIDE REGULATION AND US E ......................................................... 8 A Background to the commercial attitude of companies selling to developing nations and the FAO draft code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides .............................................................................................. 8 The agriculture of Ecuador ..................................................................... 19 A history of pesticide legislation in Ecuador ................................... 23 Pesticide importation in Ecuador 1978-1989 ........................................ 28 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 32 II. SURVEYS ............................................................................................. 45 45 Introduction ........................................................................................................ Methods ................................................................................................................ 47 A survey of retail pesticide shops in Quito .................................. 50 A survey of retail pesticide shops in Otavalo .............................. 60 A 1989 followup survey of retail pesticide shops in Quito ... 65 Conclusions from the surveys to assess the effectiveness of the FAO code .................................................................. 66 Results of interviews on pesticide use and exposure in an Indian village ............................................................... 69 Results of a survey of pesticide use in 19 Otavalan households ...................................................................................... 79 Conclusions from the surveys to assess pesticide use and exposure in subsistance farming Ecuadorean Indians ..................................................................................... 82 v Introduction to surveys of profit-motivated farmers in agricultural provinces .......................................................................... 84 Surveys of profit-motivated farmers in Azuay province ............................................................................................... 88 Surveys of profit-motivated farmers in Tungurahua province ................................................................................. 91 Surveys of profit-motivated farmers in Manabi province .............................................................................................. 93 Surveys of profit-motivated farmers in Carchi province ............................................................................................... 95 Conclusions from the surveys of profit-motivated farmers in agricultural provinces ...................................................... 98 III. PESTICIDE POISONING .................................................................................. 124 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 124 Results of case history interviews regarding pesticide poisoning in Checa, Ecuador ................................................................... 126 Results of case history interviews regarding pesticide poisoning in Chimborazo, Ecuador ...................................................... 127 Results of case history interviews regarding pesticide poisoning from malarial outbreaks .................................................... 128 Information on rural pesticide poisoning from discussion with rural physicians in Lago Agrio ...................... 131 Information on rural pesticide poisoning from discussion with rural physicians in Otavalo, Ecuador .......... 133 Generalizations of the agricultural surveys ................................ 135 IV. PARATHION IN A TROPICAL LAKE ........................................................ 155 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 155 Site description ................................................................................................. 159 Parathion loading ............................................................................................ 162 Properties of parathion ............................................................................... 166 Degradation pathways ................................................................................... 169 V. MIXIS IN LAKE SAN PABLO ....................................................................... 182 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 182 Methods ........................... 187 Results and discussions ............................................................................... 188 Conclusions .......................................................................................................
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