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Climatic and Tectonic Evolution in the North Qaidam Since the Cenozoic: Evidence from Sedimentology and Mineralogy

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Climatic and Tectonic Evolution in the North Qaidam Since the Cenozoic: Evidence from Sedimentology and Mineralogy Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 314–327, June 2013 ISSN 1674-487X Printed in China DOI: 10.1007/s12583-013-0332-3 Climatic and Tectonic Evolution in the North Qaidam since the Cenozoic: Evidence from Sedimentology and Mineralogy Chaowen Wang (王朝文), Hanlie Hong (洪汉烈) State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China Zhaohui Li* (李朝晖) Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Geosciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha WI 53141-2000, USA Guojun Liang (梁国军), Jin Xie (谢瑾), Bowen Song (宋博文) State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China Eping Song (宋鄂平), Kexin Zhang (张克信) Geological Survey of China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China ABSTRACT: Clay mineralogy and bulk mineral composition of Tertiary sediments in Qaidam were investi- gated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy in order to better understand regional climate change resulting from uplift of the Northeast Tibetan Plateau. Climate change in Qaidam since ~53.5 Ma could be divided into four stages: a warm and seasonally arid climate between ~53.5 and 40 Ma, a cold and arid climate from ~40 to 26 Ma, a warm and humid climate between ~26 and 13.5 Ma, and a much colder and arid climate from ~13.5 to 2.5 Ma, respectively. The illite crystallinity and sedimentary facies suggested that uplift events took place around >52–50, ~40–38, ~26–15, ~10–8, and <5 Ma in the Qaidam region, respectively. The climate in This study was supported by the China Geological Survey (No. Qaidam Basin could have been controlled by global 1212011121261), the National Natural Science Foundation of climate prior to 13.5 Ma. As the Tibetan Plateau China (Nos. 41272053 and 41072030), Specialized Research reached a significant elevation by ~13.5 Ma, and Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China the climate cycles of the East Asian monsoon might (No. 20110145110001) and the Independent Research Project add additional influence. Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Envi- KEY WORDS: clay mineral, illite crystallinity, ronmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan paleoclimate, Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau. (No. GBL11307). *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION © China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau played an impor- Heidelberg 2013 tant role in Cenozoic climate, such as enhancing Asian monsoon systems, creating widespread aridification, and Manuscript received October 18, 2012. increasing erosion since the onset of India-Asia plate Manuscript accepted December 7, 2012. collision during the Cenozoic (Dupont-Nivet et al., 2008; Climatic and Tectonic Evolution in the North Qaidam since the Cenozoic: Evidence from Sedimentology and Mineralogy 315 Sun and Wang, 2005; An et al., 2001; Raymo and Rud- mentary rates, and magnetic susceptibility (Lu and diman, 1992). With a rapid uplift in the Late Cenozoic, Xiong, 2009; Fang et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2005). How- more studies have been focused on climate changes as- ever, many of these studies either lack the entire cover- sociated with the uplift (Wang et al., 2008; DeCelles et age of the Cenozoic sediment sequence (Lu and Xiong, al., 2007; Rowley and Currie, 2006; Molnar, 2004; An 2009; Rieser et al., 2009; Fang et al., 2007; Sun et al., et al., 2001). 2005), or did not have precise age control (Wang X M et Previous hypotheses on climate change in this re- al., 2007; Wang J et al., 1999). gion have been supported by various tectonic and cli- In a recent study, the sediment sequence has been mate models and have been mainly attributed to two as- divided into 5 stratigraphic realms with 13 stratigraphic pects: global and regional (Dupont-Nivet et al., 2008; subrealms from analyses of 98 remnant basins based on Sun and Zhang, 2008; Harris, 2006). Global long-term the data of 1 : 250 000 geological mapping with the de- evolution of climate has been reconstructed using com- pression of Qaidam Basin began at 53.5 Ma marked by posite high-resolution deep-sea oxygen isotope records rudaceous deposits (Zhang et al., 2010a). In addition, a (Zachos et al., 2001). However, the research docu- few short sedimentary sequences with precise age con- mented on regional long-term evolution of climate has trol have been documented in recent geological surveys been lacking. Thus, it has been difficult to combine data in Qaidam, such as the profiles of Dahonggou (Lu and from deep-sea sediments with terrestrial deposits to bet- Xiong, 2009), Lulehe (Zhang, 2006), and Huaitoutala ter understand whether climate change in the region was (Fang et al., 2007) (Figs. 1a and 1b). caused by the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau or by global In this study, we characterized the mineralogy of a climate change. The main obstacle has been to find a composite section (S26, S27) about 6 500 m thick in single continuous sequence of deposits from land cov- Qaidam Basin (Fig. 1c) and detailed lithology and sedi- ering the entire Cenozoic (Sun and Zhang, 2008). mentary thickness was compared among Dahonggou, In response to the collision between India and Lulehe, and Huaitoutala profiles to obtain a precise age Eurasia plates, Qaidam Basin accumulated nearly control (Fig. 2). It was expected that the results could ~12 000 m of entirely Cenozoic fluviolacustrine sedi- provide new insights into tectonic-driven climate change ments continuously since 53.5 Ma (Fang et al., 2007). and/or regional climate change coinciding with the The strata provide us with an opportunity to investigate global climate change. long-term climate evolution in the region. Among vari- ous factors, evaporite deposits and fossils of salinity- GEOLOGIC SETTING AND TERTIARY tolerant invertebrates have been used in reconstructing STRATIGRAPHY long-term terrestrial climate change. In addition, the Qaidam Basin is one of the largest intermountain quartz/feldspar (Q/F) ratio has been a traditional proxy basins northeast of the Tibetan Plateau (Fig. 1a). Tec- of weathering intensity for detrital sediments (Mikesell tonically, it is encompassed by a high topographic relief et al., 2004; Kuhn and Diekmann, 2002). Illite crystal- including the Kunlun, Altyn Tagh, and Qilian moun- linity has also served as an appropriate proxy for inter- tains. Active thrusting tectonics and erosion made the preting the climate and tectonic evolution (Chamley, sediments of Qaidam Basin sensitive to the effects of 1989; Singer, 1984). Thus, these parameters have been uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau and the environ- frequently studied for Cenozoic and Quaternary sedi- mental evolution since the Cenozoic, thus providing the ments (Hong et al., 2010a; Li et al., 2010; Dupont-Nivet sediments with a great potential for understanding the et al., 2007; Wang and Miao, 2006; Mikesell et al., 2004; relationships between regional and global climate Kuhn and Diekmann, 2002). changes (Rieser et al., 2009; Dupont-Nivet et al., 2008, The sediments of Qaidam Basin have been previ- 2007; Zhang et al., 2008; Molnar, 2004). The Cenozoic ous studied for its pollen sequence (Wang X M et al., sedimentary sequence of Qaidam Basin are divided into 2007; Wang J et al., 1999), structure (Yin et al., 2008, Lulehe, Ganchaigou, Youshashan, and Shizigou forma- 2002), C and O isotopes (Rieser et al., 2009), clay min- tions from bottom up and are mainly made of fluvial erals (Hong et al., 2010a), magnetostratigraphy, sedi- sandstones and conglomerates and lacustrine 316 Chaowen Wang, Hanlie Hong, Zhaohui Li, Guojun Liang, Jin Xie, Bowen Song, Eping Song and Kexin Zhang 80o 90o 100o E 92o 96o E Mountain o Altyn Tagh fault Tianshan Mountains Qilian-Nanshan Strike-slip fault 40 N Tarim Basin Pamirs Hongsanhan City or town Karakoram fault (b) thrust bet West Kunlun EastQaidam Kunlun Basin fault Altyn Tagh fault Qiman Tagh Lulehe Lake o Studied area 38 N Qaidam Basin Daqaidam Tanggula Mountains Southern Qinian Mountain Bangonghu-Nujiang structure Eastern Kunlun MountainDahonggou Gangetic Plain o Dabsan depression Huaitoutala Delingha Qinghai-Tibet 30 Plateau 0 100 km Golmud (a) (b) o 36 94o 96oE o 38 N Juhongtu (c) N2 Q 31 N1 EN Zongwulong Shan Q E1-2 Xiao A Qaidam Delingha Qaidam Basin B S27 Q Olonbuluk Shan A' S26 Q B' Tuosu 0 4km Hu E1-2 Paleocene-Eocene N2 Pliocene Fault EN31Oligocene-Miocene Q Quaternary Lake and river o N1 Miocene Pre-Tertiary B A Profile 37.5 Figure 1. (a) Generalized structure and the location of the Qaidam Basin, the rectangle indicates the outline of Fig. 1b; (b) sketch map of the Qaidam Basin showing the locations of studied sections that are mentioned in the text (after Lu and Xiong, 2009); (c) generalized structural and geology map showing the locations of the study area (modified after Yin et al., 2008). mudstones (see Fig. 2 for detailed lithological descrip- western margin was mainly lacustrine, fluvial, flood tion and Fig. 3a for full view of the landscape). The plains, and underwater alluvial fan facies, while to the initial depression started in Early Eocene because of east lacustrine deposits were the major facies in Qaidam Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic shortening (Yin, 2010). Basin in addition to a number of other basins, such as As such, piedmont braided fluvial and alluvial facies Delingha, Qilian, and Jiuquan basins (Zhang et al., 2010a, with coarse-grained clasts even boulders (Fig. 3b) b). During Pliocene, the depocenter migrated eastward began to deposit along the marginal basin since 53.5 and the basin started to shrink and dry out.
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