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Current Distribution and Conservation Status Reassessment of the Cyprus Tulip (Tulipa Cypria: Liliaceae), New Data from Northern Cyprus

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Current Distribution and Conservation Status Reassessment of the Cyprus Tulip (Tulipa Cypria: Liliaceae), New Data from Northern Cyprus Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology Official Journal of the Societa Botanica Italiana ISSN: 1126-3504 (Print) 1724-5575 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tplb20 Current distribution and conservation status reassessment of the Cyprus Tulip (Tulipa cypria: Liliaceae), new data from northern Cyprus A. Trias-Blasi, S. Gücel & Ö. Özden To cite this article: A. Trias-Blasi, S. Gücel & Ö. Özden (2017) Current distribution and conservation status reassessment of the Cyprus Tulip (Tulipa cypria: Liliaceae), new data from northern Cyprus, Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 151:3, 394-402, DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2016.1174177 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1174177 Accepted author version posted online: 11 Apr 2016. Published online: 19 May 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 87 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tplb20 Plant Biosystems, 2017 Vol. 151, No. 3, 394–402, http:/dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2015.1174177 Current distribution and conservation status reassessment of the Cyprus Tulip (Tulipa cypria: Liliaceae), new data from northern Cyprus A. TRIAS-BLASI1 , S. GÜCEL2, & Ö. ÖZDEN3 1Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; 2Environmental Sciences Institute, Near East University, Northern Cyprus and 3Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Near East University, Northern Cyprus Abstract Tulipa cypria, a Cyprus endemic plant, is protected under local and international legislations and categorised as “Endangered” by IUCN. Detailed habitat and distribution information was previously limited, particularly for northern Cyprus. Our objective was to accurately map the distribution and to collect habitat, subpopulation and threat data to enable a conservation status reassessment at global and regional levels. We gathered all available data and conducted extensive surveys focusing on northern Cyprus in 2014–2015, identifying 17 extant subpopulations amounting to 7765 individuals and the loss of 2 historical subpopulations amounting to 3500 individuals. We infer a continuous decline in population size and identify the major cause to be habitat loss through agriculture, with 75% of global habitats and 100% of northern Cyprus habitats being affected by it. We update the global assessment to Endangered B1ab(iii, iv, v) + B2ab(iii, iv, v) and suggest regional assessments for northern Cyprus (Endangered B1ab(iii, iv, v) + B2ab(iii, iv, v)), UN Buffer Zone (Endangered D1) and southern Cyprus (Endangered B2ab(iii)). Conservation priorities identified include initiation of gene transfer and life history studies, population trend monitoring and exsitu conservation actions. Keywords: Conservation, endangered, endemic, habitats, plant red list Introduction One of the most emblematic plant species in Cyprus is the endemic tulip Tulipa cypria Stapf ex The Mediterranean basin is regarded as 1 of the 25 Turrill (Turrill 1934; Cyprus Tulip or Black Tulip). biodiversity hotspots and its approximately 13,000 This taxon has a solitary unbranched scape and a endemic plant species account for 4.3% of all plant single flower held between 15 and 40 cm above ground, species worldwide (Mittermeier et al. 1998; Myers coming from a long corm often buried underground. et al. 2000), and the island of Cyprus in this hotspot The two lowermost leaves are up to 4 cm wide has been identified, together with South Anatolia, and 30 cm long, the others progressively smaller. as 1 of 10 finer scale hotspots in the Mediterranean The flower is a dark crimson colour with a small basin (Médail & Quézel 1999; Myers et al. 2000). truncate or rounded black blotch inside at the base, Cyprus is considered to be a centre of plant diversity sometimes obscure or absent, usually bordered with with almost 2000 species, of which 141 are endemic a very narrow yellowish zone, and its flowering period (Hand et al. 2011–). Overall, the level of endemism is is between March and April (Meikle 1985). Another especially high on the islands of the Mediterranean, two Tulipa species are known to occur in Cyprus, where species have evolved to survive in very specific T. agenensis Redouté and T. akamasica Christodoulou, habitats (Dapporto & Dennis 2008). However, there Hand and Charalambous (Christodoulou et al. are many threats affecting the plant habitats of the 2014). T. cypria has been suggested to be a variant of Mediterranean islands and although natural causes T. agenensis (Wilford 2006; Christenhusz et al. 2013) for degradation such as climate exist in the Mediter- based on morphological similarities and sympatric ranean area, humans have been causing environmen- distribution in Cyprus, whereas T. akamasica is tal degradation for millennia (Thirgood 1981; Vallejo closer to T. orphanidea Boiss. ex Heldr. from Greece et al. 2006). Correspondence: A. Trias-Blasi, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK. Tel: +44 (0)2083325261. Email: [email protected] © 2016 Società Botanica Italiana Published online 19 May 2016 Current distribution and conservation status reassessment of the Cyprus Tulip 395 and Turkey (Christodoulou et al. 2014). The main Polemi subpopulation, not previously been recorded morphological difference separating T. cypria from in the literature, was surveyed in spring 2014. In- T. agenensis is the tepal colour, while the former has formation regarding the Mammari subpopulation in tepals as described above, the tepals of the latter are the UN Buffer Zone (hereafter referred as UNBZ) bright red with a conspicuous, acute yellow-bordered comes from literature and a survey conducted by the basal blotch (Meikle 1985). second author in 2008–2009 with special permis- T. cypria is thought to be distributed around the sion. For each subpopulation, the following parameters Geçitköy, Koruçam and Tepebaşı villages (Kormakiti– were determined: area, size (number of individuals), Myrtou–Panagra sensu Tsintides et al. (2007)), in elevation, trend, habitat and assessed threats (follow- the Akamas and around Mammari. Its habitats in- ing the IUCN threats classification scheme ver 3.2. clude Juniperus phoenicea L. maquis, pastures and (IUCN 2012b)). GPS coordinates, subpopulation cereal fields on limestone at altitudes between 100 area and elevation were measured using a GPS device and 300 m (Tsintides et al. 2007) listed in the Hab- (coordinates are withheld to avoid targeted collect- itats Directive as: 5210 “Arborescent matorral with ing). Subpopulation size was calculated by counting Juniperus spp.” and 5420 “Sarcopoterium spinosum the individuals in 10 random 1 × 1-m plots in each phryganas” (EC 2009). The current estimate of total subpopulation, calculating the average and extrapo- population size is more than 6000 individuals on the lating this figure to the population area. Subpopula- island, with an unknown population trend (Tsintides tion trend, habitat and apparent threats were collated et al. 2007; Bilz 2013). T. cypria is currently catego- from field observations. Data were used to calculate rised as “Endangered B2ab(iii)” on the IUCN Red the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occu- List of Threatened Species (2011), and protected by pancy (AOO) using GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011; local and international legislations. It is listed under http://geocat.kew.org/) for the entire distribution of EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) as an Annex II the species and for each of the separate administra- plant species and occurs within the Akamas range, tive areas. AOO was calculated using IUCN’s stand- a state forest and Natura 2000 site (Tsintides et al. ard cell width of 2 km (IUCN 2014). GeoCAT sug- 2007). Additionally, it is protected under the Pro- gested a preliminary conservation assessment based tection of Northern Cyprus Flora and Fauna Ordi- on the EOO and AOO results (Criterion B). All data nance (Ordinance 21/97 Environment Law 10 (2)) above were used to reassess the conservation status and is strictly forbidden to cut T. cypria flowers or of this species applying the 2012a IUCN Categories take wild bulbs. and Criteria (ver 3.1). Even with the above conservation actions, a large dam was built in Geçitköy (northern Cyprus) be- tween 2010 and 2014, destroying one of the largest Results T. cypria subpopulations. The conservation status of We identified a total of 17 subpopulations (Figure 1), the species needs urgent re-evaluation and strategies representing the most up-to-date distribution of the implemented if it is to survive. In this study, we fo- species. Fieldwork confirmed 14 NC subpopula- cus on: identifying the distribution of species across tions, while 2 historically recorded subpopulations the island, particularly in the less surveyed northern (Geçitköy village and Geçitköy dam) were found to Cyprus (hereafter referred as NC) area; and reas- be extinct (Table I and Figure 1). One SC subpop- sessing the conservation status at global and regional ulation was recorded from the literature (Akamas), levels. but field surveys in that area were not possible due to the political situation (Michael 2014). Contrary to literature reports (Tsintides et al. 2007), our sur- Methods veys showed the Mammari subpopulation occurred A systematic review of all available information on T. in the UNBZ, close to a military base, rather than cypria was performed and combined with field work SC. There have been addirional reports made by the in the northern part of the island. Historical distribu- general public of T. cypria also occurring around the tion information was compiled from literature, local Avtepe village in the Karpass peninsula in NC; how- knowledge and herbarium specimens at Near East ever, upon examination, the individuals in this sub- University (NEUN) and Royal Botanic Gardens, population appear to have intermediate characters Kew (K). Localities where the species had previous- between T. cypria and T. agenensis and are therefore ly been recorded in NC were visited during 2014– not included in this study until their taxonomic sta- 2015 to confirm its presence.
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