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Dermestes Maculatus Larvae on Smoke-Dried Clarias Gariepinus Fish

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Dermestes Maculatus Larvae on Smoke-Dried Clarias Gariepinus Fish Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences Res. J. Chem. Env. Sci., Volume 1 Issue 4 (October 2013): 01-04 Available Online http://www.aelsindia.com ©2013 AELS, India Online ISSN 2321-1040 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Repellency Effect of Five Plant Extracts against the Larvae of Dermestes maculatus Larvae on Smoke-Dried Clarias gariepinus Fish Akpotu J. O, Adebote D. A Department of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Email: [email protected] Department of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The efficacies of the oils of five plant seed extract namely: Albizia lebbeck, Anacardium occidentale, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus vulgaris and Khaya senegalensis at 0.46, 1.38 and 4.13ml per 17g smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus were evaluated for the control of Dermestes maculatus larvae. Each of the five oils caused significantly high (p<0.05) repellency on the larvae of the beetle at all concentrations when compared to the control. Keywords: Plant Extracts, Clarias gariepinus, Dermestes maculates Received 22/05/2013 Accepted 30/08/2013 © 2013 Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, India INTRODUCTION The dermestid beetle, Dermestes maculatus, is a very important pest of smoke-dried fish which destroys the flesh of stored fish. Chemical insecticides such as Malathion and pirimiphos methyl use traditionally in pest control cause pest resistance, environmental and food contamination and toxicity to non-target organisms [9,12]. Plant extracts and essential oils have traditionally been used to kill or repel stored product insects [1,4]. Vegetable and fish oils are used in West Africa as protectants. Nigerian fish merchants rub groundnut and other vegetable oils on dried fish for either protective or cosmetic effects [2]. [6] examined the repellency of cashew nut shell liquid and oils of coconut, neem, palm, gingelly, mustard, sunflower, safflower, castor seed, rice bran, and groundnut when applied to dried Silver belly and mustard oil – treated fish were most repellent, remaining insect free after 40 days. The insecticidal constituents of many essential oils against stored product insects are mainly monoterpenoids such as terpineol, limonene, lupeol and Carvacrol [11]. In this study, essential oils from five species of plants: Woman’s tongue (Albizia lebbeck), Cashew (Anacardium occidentale), Eguisi melon (Citrullus colocynthis), Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) were tested for repellent activity against larvae of Dermestes maculatus, pest of smoke-dried fish. MATERIALS AND METHOD Plant essential oils The essential oils of Albizia lebbeck, Anacardium occidentale and Khaya senegalensis were obtained from fruiting trees within the Ahmadu Bello University main campus, Zaria, Nigeria. Citrullus colocynthis and Citrullus vulgaris seeds were purchased from seed merchant in Sabon Gari Market, Nigeria. Experimental Insect Larvae of D. maculatus were obtained from stock culture obtained from fish merchants in Sabon Gari market and maintained in the laboratory within the University at 27±3˚C, 60±10% and 14:10 L:D photoperiod. Experiment The repellency tests were done in Kilner jars of diameter 12cm. Undiluted oils were applied to smoke- dried fish at 0.46, 1.38 and 4.13ml per 17g fish. The treated fishes were placed in the jars. 30 late instar larvae of D. maculatus were introduced at the side of the jars outside 1cm diameter of the fish. The RJCES Volume 1 [4] October 2013 www.aelsindia.com 1 | P a g e Akpotu and Adebote treatments were repeated three times. The numbers of beetles found outside 1cm mark of the treated fishes was recorded after 24 hours. Statistical analysis The results were compared by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% probability using Excel software package. The percentage repellency values were classified into classes of repellency O,I,II,III,IV and V where class O(PR≤0.1%), class I(PR=0.1-20%), class II(PR=20.1-40%), class III(PR=40.1-60%), class IV(PR=60.1-80%) and class V(80.1-100%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the repellency bioassay of the powders of four plant materials against the larvae of D. maculatus are shown in fig. 1 and Table 1. Each of the plant oil treatments was repellent to the larvae of D. maculatus and there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the effect of each plant oil at each of the concentrations and the control. At the end of 24hours, 100% repellency had been recorded for all the oils with 4.13ml/17g fish concentration. Data in figure 1 showed that Albizia lebbeck oil had a more effective repellent effect against D. maculatus larvae. The statistical analysis also showed a significant difference between all the five oils tested and between the three concentrations considered (0.46, 1.38 and 4.13ml/17g fish). Although C. colocynthis had the least performance at 1.38ml/17g fish it still performed better than C. vulgaris at 0.46ml/17g fish. The rest of the oil had a much better repellent action. In general, the efficacy in respect of the repellency followed in the order: Albizia lebbeck> Khaya senegalensis> Anacardium occidentale> Citrullus vulgaris> Citrullus colocynthis after 24hours exposure period. Table 1: Repellency percentages and Repellency classes for essential oils at 0.46, 1.38 and 4.13ml/17g fish Application (ml) Mean No. of larvae Mean No. of larvae Repellency Repellency per 17g fish in treated fish outside 1cm of fish percentage(%) class (RC) A. lebbeck 0.46 14.33 15.67 4.44 I 1.38 3.33 26.67 77.78 IV 4.13 0.00 30.00 100.00 V A. occidentale 0.46 14.33 12.67 15.56 I 1.38 6.00 24.00 60.00 IV 4.13 0.00 30.00 100.00 V C. colocynthis 0.46 21.33 8.67 <0.1 O 1.38 8.33 21.67 44.44 III 4.13 0.00 30.00 100.00 V C. vulgaris 0.46 23.33 6.67 <0.1 O 1.38 4.33 25.67 71.11 IV 4.13 0.00 30.00 100.00 V K. senegalensis 0.46 15.00 15.00 <0.1 O 1.38 4.67 25.33 68.89 IV 4.13 0.00 30.00 100.00 V The result of this study showed that A. lebbeck seed oil n-hexane extract had 77.78% (PR). This was similar to the report of [3] that pet ether extract and acetone extract of A. lebbeck oil were 66.81% and 67.96% respectively. According to [8] A. occidentale had significant effect in decreasing infestation of Callosobrochus maculatus which is in agreement with the present study which showed that this oil had significant effect on D. maculatus larvae. Wood ashes from Khaya senegalensis has been recommended for the control of the developmental stages of Coleopterae living on grains [5]. In the present study, oil from the seeds of this plant showed remarkable performance in terms of repellency of D. maculatus larvae. [10] reported that Citrullus colocynthis showed highest repellent activity in lower concentration against Callosobrochus maculatus which was similar to the present study with Citrullus colocynthis performing RJCES Volume 1 [4] October 2013 www.aelsindia.com 2 | P a g e Akpotu and Adebote much better than Citrullus vulgaris at the lowest concentration (0.46ml/17g fish) while C. vulgaris extract gave the mean complete protection against Anopheles stephensi [7]. 35 30 25 20 0.46 15 1.38 10 4.13 Number of Larvae Repelled Larvaeof Number 5 0 ALSO AOSO CCSO CVSO KSSO Seed Oil Figure 1: number of insects (mean ± SE) recorded in treatment jars used in a choice bioassay to determine D. maculatus preference for control fishes than the oil treated fishes. (A. lebbeck seed oil (ALSO), A. occidentale seed oil (AOSO), C. colocynthis seed oil (CCSO), C. vulgaris seed oil (CVSO) and K. senegalensis seed oil (KSSO). CONCLUSION Based on the present study, it could be concluded that essential oils of Albizia lebbeck, Anacardium occidentale, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus vulgaris and Khaya senegalensis have potential repellent activity against larvae of D. maculatus. This implies that their essential oils can play an important role in protection of smoke-dried fish, Clarias gariepinus, from D. maculatus larvae attack. REFERENCES 1. F. Arabi, S. Moharramipour, F. Sefidkon, (2008). Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of essential oil from Perovskia abrotanoides (Lamiaceae) against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 28, 144-150. 2. K.N. Don Pedro, (1990). The effect of fixed vegetable and animal oils on the feeding and development of Dermestes maculatus DeGeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) larvae on dried fish. Journal of African Zoology, 104, 23- 28. 3. S.C. Dwivedi, and B. S. Nidhi, (2004).Repellent Effect of Some Indigenous Plant Extracts Against Trogoderma granarium (Everts). Asian Journal of Experimental Science . 18(2), 47-51. 4. H.A. Fouad, L.R.D.A Faroni, C. Ribeiro, W.D. Tavares, F. Petacci, (2012). Extraction and repellent activity of Lepidoploa aurea and Memora nodosa against stored grain and byproduct pests. Vie Milieu. 62, 11-15. 5. J. Gwinner, R. Harnisch, and O. Mück, (1996). Manual on the prevention of post-harvest grain losses. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. 6. C. Mathen, T.S. Unnikrishnan Nair, and P. Ravidranathan Nair, (1992). Effect of some vegetable oils on insect infestation during storage of dry cured fish. Fishery Technology. 29,48-52. 7. K. Mullai, A. Jebanesan, T. Pushpanathan, (2008). Effect of bioactive fractions of Citrullus vulgaris Schrad leaf extract against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Parasitology Research. 102, 951–955. 8. I. Onu, and G.O. Baba, (2003).Evaluation of Neem products for the control of Dermestid beetle on dried fish.
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