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Mic2008sa0308.Pdf Anses – Saisine n° 2008-SA-0308 Le directeur général Maisons-Alfort, le 10 décembre 2010 AVIS de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif aux contaminations microbiologiques des viandes à l'abattoir RAPPEL DE LA SAISINE L’Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments (Afssa) s’est auto-saisie le 14 octobre 2008 sur la thématique des contaminations microbiologiques des carcasses à l’abattoir, en instituant la création d’un groupe de travail « contaminations microbiologiques des viandes à l'abattoir ». CONTEXTE ET QUESTIONS POSEES Ce groupe de travail était chargé de faire un état de l’art sur la contamination superficielle des car- casses, d’acquérir des connaissances sur les facteurs influençant la bactériémie et les conséquences sur la qualité sanitaire des viandes et de proposer une classification des niveaux de risques pour les dangers microbiologiques liés à la contamination de la viande en abattoir. Le 8 juin 2009, des questions ont été adressées par la Direction générale de l’alimentation (DGAL) à l’Afssa, portant notamment sur : • les critères pour évaluer les procédures de réduction des contaminations de surface dans le cadre de la validation des plans de maîtrise sanitaire, • les risques associés aux accidents d’éviscération (Quel sur-risque pour les carcasses contami- nées (bovins) ?), et l’efficacité du douchage, • l’intérêt des recherches microbiologiques à cœur. En novembre 2009, le groupe de travail étant arrivé au terme de sa mandature, un recentrage des travaux du groupe de travail sur les questions spécifiques posées par la DGAL a été décidé. Ce re- centrage a été officialisé par la décision n°2010/01/16 du 27 janvier 2010. L’Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments a donc articulé ce rapport en conséquence se- lon les questions suivantes : Les contaminations superficielles des viandes • Modélisation de l’impact de la dépouille et de l’éviscération sur la qualité microbiologique des carcasses – cas des Escherichia coli STEC sur les carcasses de bovins • Evaluation des procédés de traitement des contaminations de surface des carcasses sur la réduc- tion de la contamination microbienne • Evolution de la contamination microbienne de surface des carcasses • Eviscération retardée Les contaminations profondes des viandes • Entérite congestive • Réalisation de recherches microbiologiques à cœur « cubes de viande » 1 / 62 Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail, 27-31 av. du Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex - Téléphone : + 33 (0)1 49 77 13 50 - Télécopie : + 33 (0)1 46 77 26 26 - www.anses.fr Anses – Saisine n° 2008-SA-0308 METHODE D’EXPERTISE L’expertise collective a été réalisée par le groupe de travail « contaminations microbiologique des viandes à l’abattoir » dont les conclusions ont été adoptées par le Comité d’experts spécialisé (CES) « Microbiologie » réuni le 14 septembre 2010. Une audition des représentants de la DGAL a été réalisée le 10 juin 2009, et celle d’un représentant de l’Institut du Porc (IFIP) a été réalisée le 14 septembre 2009 par le groupe de travail. ARGUMENTAIRE L’expertise collective a été réalisée par le groupe de travail « contaminations microbiologique des viandes à l’abattoir » dont les conclusions ont été adoptées par le Comité d’experts spécialisé (CES) « Microbiologie ». L’argumentaire de l’Agence nationale de la sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail est fondé sur l’avis du Comité d’experts spécialisé « Microbiologie » dont les éléments sont présentés ci-dessous. Sommaire 1 Contaminations superficielles des viandes ................................................................................ 5 1.1 Modélisation de l’impact de la dépouille et de l’éviscération sur la qualité microbiologique des carcasses – cas des Escherichia coli STEC sur les carcasses de bovins.................................... 5 1.1.1 Contexte et questions posées ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Présentation de la démarche de modélisation .............................................................................. 5 1.1.3 Discussions sur les différentes entrées du modèle ....................................................................... 6 1.1.4 Discussion des paramètres utilisés pour les différentes étapes d’abattage ................................ 10 1.1.5 Résultats ..................................................................................................................................... 16 1.1.6 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Evaluation des modes de réduction des contaminations en surface des carcasses ............ 18 1.2.1 Contexte et questions posées ..................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Éléments de réponse .................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 26 1.3 Evolution de la contamination de surface des carcasses ..................................................... 27 1.3.1 Contexte et questions posées ..................................................................................................... 27 1.3.2 Méthodologie ............................................................................................................................... 27 1.3.3 Résultats obtenus ........................................................................................................................ 30 1.3.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 33 1.4 Eviscération retardée ............................................................................................................. 34 1.4.1 Questions posées ........................................................................................................................ 34 1.4.2 Eléments de réponse .................................................................................................................. 34 1.4.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 35 2 Contaminations profondes des viandes ................................................................................... 37 2.1 Entérite congestive ................................................................................................................ 37 2.1.1 Contexte et questions posées ..................................................................................................... 37 2 / 62 Anses – Saisine n° 2008-SA-0308 2.1.2 Eléments de réponse .................................................................................................................. 37 2.2 Réalisation de recherches microbiologiques à cœur « cubes de viande » ........................... 40 2.2.1 Questions posées ........................................................................................................................ 40 2.2.2 Eléments de réponse .................................................................................................................. 40 2.2.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 45 Annexe 1 : description des traitements assainissants ................................................................... 47 Annexe 2 : données complémentaires relatives à la translocation bactérienne .......................... 51 Références bibliographiques ............................................................................................................. 54 Liste des Figures Figure 1. Distributions des concentrations dans les matières fécales (Cf) de bovins contaminés par E. coli O157 selon (Wells et al., 2009) , (Arthur et al., 2009) , (Matthews et al., 2006) , (Stephens et al., 2009) , (Zhao et al., 1995)et (Omisakin et al., 2003). (--) Distribution Normale ajustée, (--) intervalle de confiance à 95% de l’ajustement. ....................................................................................... 8 Figure 2. Illustration de la dépendance entre Pf et Pcu ............................................................................ 9 Figure 3. Distributions des concentrations sur le cuir des (Ccu) de bovins contaminés par E. coli O157 selon (O'Brien et al., 2005) , (Wells et al., 2009) , (Arthur et al., 2009) , (Arthur et al., 2004) et (Brichta-Harhay et al., 2007) . (--) Distribution Normale ajustée, (--) intervalle de confiance à 95% de l’ajustement. .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4. Réduction du niveau de contamination lors du passage du cuir à la carcasse pour E. coli. () Données rapportées par (Cummins et al., 2008) (−) distribution BetaPERT retenue. ......................... 12 Figure 5 : Représentation schématique du modèle de simulation ........................................................ 15 Figure 6. Présentation schématique de la démarche utilisée ..............................................................
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