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JIIA, VOLUME 6 No. 4, NOVEMBER 2018 407 This Research Aimed (1 JIIA, VOLUME 6 No. 4, NOVEMBER 2018 OPTIMALISASI PENGUSAHAAN LAHAN PETANI KELAPA SAWIT SWADAYA DI KABUPATEN TULANG BAWANG PROVINSI LAMPUNG (Optimalization of self-help palm oil farmers’ land cultivation in Tulang Bawang Regency of Lampung Province) Shintia Maria Williyani Sinaga, Raden Hanung Ismono, Rabiatul Adawiyah Jurusan Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Soemantri Brojonegoro No.1 Bandar Lampung 35141, Telp. 082279400471, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This research aimed (1) to analyze optimal income obtained by farmers with optimal use of labor and land both in mineral and in peat land, and (2) to identify palm oil marketing channel in Tulang Bawang District. The research was conducted by survey method in Penawar Tama and Gedung Aji Baru Subdistricts of Tulang Bawang District Lampung Province in July 2017. The sampling was done by census to 17 self-help palm oil farmers. Data were analyzed by using linear programming model, land productivity, farm income, and descriptive analysis of marketing channel. The results showed the optimal income that could be achieved in Scenario 1 was Rp32,805,860.00 with optimal labor usage of 120.28 HOK, whereas in Scenario 2 the optimal income that could be achieved was Rp46,976,300.00 with optimal labor usage for 125.2 HOK. There were 2 marketing channels of palm oil established in Kabupaten Tulang Bawang. Channel 1 with 76.47 percent of farmers started from the farmers, distributed to the wholesalers and then to palm oil mill. Channel 2 with 23.3 percent of farmers started from the farmers, distributed to the middlemen, to wholesalers and to palm oil mill. Key words: land optimalization, palm oil, marketing channel PENDAHULUAN (Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian 2011). Sumbangan sektor pertanian terhadap Perkebunan merupakan subsektor yang berperan PDRB provinsi Lampung cukup besar hingga penting dalam perekonomian nasional dan mencapai 31,45 persen pada tahun 2016. memiliki kontribusi besar dalam pendapatan Subsektor perkebunan memberikan sumbangan nasional, penyediaan lapangan kerja, penerimaan kedua terbesar setelah subsektor tanaman pangan ekspor dan pajak (Hasibuan 2008). Salah satu yaitu sebesar 6,64 persen pada tahun 2016, komoditas perkebunan yang sangat menonjol sedangkan kontribusi tanaman pangan terhadap adalah kelapa sawit yang dalam perkembangannya PDRB Provinsi Lampung mencapai 11,04 persen mampu menggantikan peran kelapa (Cocos (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Lampung 2017). nucifera) sebagai bahan baku industri pangan dan non-pangan di dalam negeri, dan sebagai salah satu Provinsi Lampung menjadikan kelapa sawit primadona ekspor non-migas Indonesia yang sebagai komoditas perkebunan andalan. Di mampu memberikan pemasukan devisa bagi Provinsi Lampung, kelapa sawit memiliki peran negara (Fauzi 2007). penting dalam perekonomian rakyat karena melibatkan 95.792 petani pekebun (34,43 persen Kegiatan ekonomi utama kelapa sawit di Sumatera dari keseluruhan petani pekebun). Luas areal memegang peranan penting bagi suplai kelapa perkebunan kelapa sawit di Provinsi Lampung sawit di Indonesia dan dunia. Luas lahan kelapa pada tahun 2015 adalah 207.820 hektar dengan sawit Indonesia 70 persen berada di Sumatera. produksi 175.064 ton. Dari keseluruhan luas areal Kegiatan ekonomi kelapa sawit membuka perkebunan pada tahun 2015 tersebut, 53,62 persen lapangan pekerjaan yang luas. Di Sumatera, merupakan perkebunan rakyat (Dinas Perkebunan kegiatan ekonomi utama kelapa sawit memberikan Provinsi Lampung 2016). kontribusi ekonomi yang besar untuk PDRB masing-masing daerah yang berada di koridor Status pengusahaan areal perkebunan kelapa sawit Sumatera, termasuk Provinsi Lampung terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu perkebunan rakyat (PR), 407 JIIA, VOLUME 6 No. 4, NOVEMBER 2018 perkebunan besar negara (PBN) dan perkebunan dan padi. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan besar swasta (PBS). Luas areal perkebunan rakyat cara sensus terhadap petani kelapa sawit swadaya sejak tahun 2011 hingga tahun 2014 mengalami dengan kriteria yang telah ditentukan peneliti. kenaikan yang cukup signifikan terutama antara Menurut Arikunto (2002), apabila subjek tahun 2013 dan tahun 2014. Namun pada tahun penelitian kurang dari 100 unit (orang) maka lebih 2015 luas areal perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat baik diambil semua sehingga penelitian ini mengalami penurunan dari 114.464 hektar menjadi merupakan penelitian populasi. Cara pengambilan 111.414 hektar. Menurunnya luas areal perkebunan sampel lembaga perantara pemasaran adalah dan produksi tanaman kelapa sawit di Provinsi dengan metode snowball sampling, yaitu Lampung disebabkan oleh peralihan komoditas mengikuti alur pemasaran yang diawali dari petani kelapa sawit menjadi tanaman lain. Sebagian besar (Ali, Situmorang, dan Murniati 2017). petani kelapa sawit di Provinsi Lampung salah satunya di Kabupaten Tulang Bawang mulai Menurut Subiyanto (1993), produktivitas lahan memaksimalkan pemanfaatan lahan yang dimiliki adalah potensi lahan dalam usahatani untuk yaitu dengan menanam tanaman lain selain kelapa menghasilkan pada tingkat produksi dan satuan sawit seperti karet, padi, maupun tanaman lainnya. luas tertentu seperti tingkat produksi yang dapat Fluktuasi harga TBS kelapa sawit yang cukup dicapai per hektar dalam satu musim tanam. signifikan menjadi salah satu faktor pendorong Samuelson dan Nordhaus (1992) menyebutkan petani melakukan peralihan komoditas. Hal pengukuran produktivitas input sebagai jumlah tersebut dilakukan oleh petani untuk output per unit input. Berdasarkan teori tersebut memaksimalkan pendapatan keluarga. maka produktivitas merupakan hasil dari pembagian antara jumlah produksi dengan luas Masalah yang dihadapi oleh petani kelapa sawit lahan (ha). swadaya saat ini adalah rendahnya harga TBS kelapa sawit, sehingga banyak petani petani kelapa Pendapatan usahatani adalah selisih antara sawit di Provinsi Lampung terutama di Kabupaten penerimaan dengan biaya produksi (Kesuma Tulang Bawang memilih untuk menanam tanaman 2016). Pendapatan petani dari usahatani kelapa perkebunan lainnya seperti karet dan padi guna sawit dan tanaman non kelapa sawit dihitung memaksimalkan pendapatan keluarga. Penelitian dengan analisis pendapatan atas biaya total ini bertujuan untuk (1) menganalisis pendapatan (keuntungan) dan pendapatan atas biaya tunai optimal yang diperoleh petani dengan penggunaan (pendapatan) dari masing-masing usahatani. tenaga kerja serta lahan secara optimal baik di Keuntungan dan pendapatan dihitung dengan lahan mineral maupun di lahan gambut dan (2) menggunakan rumus Kasim (2004), yaitu : mengetahui saluran tataniaga kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Tulang Bawang. a. Penerimaan METODE PENELITIAN TR = Y. Py ………………………………. (1) Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei di Keterangan: Kecamatan Penawar Tama dan Kecamatan Gedung TR = Penerimaan total (Rp) Aji Baru Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Provinsi Y = Produksi yang diperoleh selama periode Lampung pada Bulan Juli 2017. Lokasi penelitian produksinya (kg) ditentukan secara sengaja (purposive) dengan Py = Harga dari hasil produksi (Rp/kg) pertimbangan bahwa berdasarkan data statistik Dinas Perkebunan Provinsi Lampung tahun 2015, b. Pendapatan Kabupaten Tulang Bawang merupakan pusat produksi kelapa sawit dengan jumlah petani kelapa I = TR – Tce ……………………………(2) sawit terbesar kedua di Provinsi Lampung setelah Kabupaten Mesuji. Selain itu, berdasarkan hasil Keterangan: pra survei sebagian petani di Kecamatan Penawar I = Pendapatan usahatani (Rp) Tama dan Gedung Aji Baru menanam tanaman TR = Total penerimaan (Rp) kelapa sawit dan tanaman sampingan berupa karet Tce = Total biaya eksplisit (Rp) dan padi untuk mengoptimalkan pendapatan usahatani. Sampel penelitian adalah 17 orang c. Keuntungan petani kelapa sawit swadaya yang membudidayakan tanaman sampingan berupa karet п = TR – TC …………………………….(3) 408 JIIA, VOLUME 6 No. 4, NOVEMBER 2018 Keterangan: X3 = Luasan lahan usahatani padi (ha) П = Keuntungan (Rp) TR = Penerimaan total (Rp) Saluran Tataniaga TC = Biaya total (Rp) Saluran tataniaga kelapa sawit di Kabupaten Pendapatan dan keuntungan maksimum, Tulang Bawang diamati mulai dari petani dengan penggunaan lahan serta tenaga kerja optimal menghitung persentase pasokan sampai pedagang dianalisis menggunakan model Linear besar. Jalur tataniaga tersebut akan Programming dengan kendala lahan dan tenaga menggambarkan peta saluran tataniaga. Semakin kerja per bulan. Fungsi tujuan dari penelitian ini panjang saluran tataniaga, maka marjin tataniaga adalah optimasi pemanfaatan lahan yang dianalisis yang terjadi antara produsen dan pedagang besar melalui maksimisasi pendapatan yang terdiri dari semakin tinggi (Kesuma, Zakaria, dan Situmorang pendapatan usahatani kelapa sawit dan tanaman 2016). Saluran tataniaga kelapa sawit di sampingan. Kabupaten Tulang Bawang dianalisis dengan mengamati lembaga-lembaga tataniaga yang Agar permasalahan yang ada di lapangan dapat berperan sebagai pihak perantara dalam proses sesuai dengan model yang dikehendaki, diperlukan penyampaian produk dari produsen ke pedagang beberapa batasan yang dirumuskan dalam model besar serta pembentukan peta saluran tataniaga. Linear Programming sebagai berikut : HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Fungsi tujuan : Karakteristik Responden dan Usahatani Maks Z = C1X1 + C2X2 +C3X3 ……………… (4) Tingkat pendidikan petani responden sangat Fungsi kendala : beragam dimulai dari tidak tamat SD hingga tamat SMA. Usia petani responden berkisar antara 35-65 Kendala lahan : X1 + X2+ X3 ≤ b ………… (5) tahun dimana rentang usia tersebut masuk ke
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