The 4.2 Ka BP Event in the Levant
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Households' Exposure to Foreign Currency Loans in CESEE
Households’ Exposure to Foreign Currency Loans in CESEE EU Member States and Croatia Katharina Steiner1 Most Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) countries saw a substantial rise in foreign currency lending to households during the last decade. This involved risks to macro- financial stability, in particular because most of these borrowers were unhedged. This paper provides evidence on eleven CESEE countries regarding (1) the extent of foreign currency lending to households from 1995 to 2009, (2) the supply and demand factors at work in the period before the crisis and (3) the regulatory responses to address the situation. Panel data estimates covering the period from 1996 to 2007 reveal that, on the demand side, foreign currency borrowing was attractive because interest rates for foreign currency loans were lower than those on domestic currency loans, and private sector consumption as well as housing prices were on the rise. Mitigating factors on the supply side were higher interest margins on domestic currency loans than on foreign currency loans and banking sector reforms. Regulatory measures account at least partly for the different patterns of currency structures according to descriptive evidence. JEL classification: C23, E41, F31, G19, P20 Keywords: Financial development in transition, foreign currency loan, supply and demand, currency substitution, emerging markets 1 Introduction1 The catching-up process of emerging economies is usually accompanied by credit growth; however, not every size and kind of credit expansion is bene ficial. This paper focuses on foreign currency lending to households, which has become wide- spread in many Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) countries. The household market segment is of particular interest: Households are typically not hedged against a weakening of the local currency relative to the loan currency, which increases the risk of loan defaults given unfavorable developments. -
Codexter Profile 2011 Croatia 4
COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON TERRORISM (CODEXTER) PROFILES ON COUNTER -TERRORIST CAPACITY CCRROOAATTIIAA November 2011 www.coe.int/terrorism 1 NATIONAL POLICY National Security Strategy Document The Republic of Croatia condemns international In addition to the obligation of implementation of terrorism and is strongly committed to combating relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council, the terrorism in all its forms and manifestations at national, prevention and suppression of terrorism and the active regional and global level. In order to efficiently counter contribution of the Republic of Croatia to global efforts this threat, Croatia recognizes the need for strong and were defined among the national security priorities in intensive co-operation with-within-and-among the the National Security Strategy adopted by the Croatian United Nations, regional organisations and all States. Parliament on 19 March 2002. This document Furthermore, close cooperation is necessary in order to underlines the importance of implementing a series of find long-term solutions for many regional crises and to specific measures for the purpose of neutralising continue with necessary measures to incapacitate the security risks such as terrorism and organised crime. ideological, organisational and financial supporters of These measures comprise the following: terrorism. Having this in mind, the Republic of Croatia is actively participating in counter-terrorism efforts at − establishment of an efficient system of border national, regional and global level. control in the Republic of Croatia; − deepening of police and intelligence cooperation Croatia believes that terrorism is, at its very core, a war with neighbouring countries on the surveillance against democracy, and that the best weapon against it and prevention of the activities of terrorist groups is in fact a democracy itself, coupled with the consistent and organised crime; preservation of and support for human rights. -
NGO Letter Water Management EC 2Nd Feb 2011
Mr. Janez Poto čnik, Commissioner, DG Environment On behalf of the NGOs: Mr. Štefan Füle, Commissioner, DG Enlargement Mr Andreas Beckmann Rue de la Loi, 200 WWF DCPO Ottakringerstrasse 114-116 B-1049 Brüssel A-1160 Vienna Mr. Paul Vandoren Mr Tibor Mikuska Head of EU Delegation in Croatia Croatian Society for Bird and Nature Protection Trg žrtava fašizma 6 ć HR-10000 Zagreb Gunduli eva 19a HR -31 000 Osijek Zagreb, Vienna, Radolfzell, Čakovec, Koprivnica, Virovitica, Osijek, Opuzen, 02 February 2011 New river regulation projects along Croatia´s major rivers (Danube, Drava, Mura, Sava, Neretva) contravene EU environmental law and threaten proposed Natura 2000 sites and protected areas According to official information from the Croatian government and statements from different European officials, Croatia has reached the final stage of negotiations on accession to the European Union. As part of this process, Chapter 27 – Environment – has been provisionally closed during the last pre-accession conference in December 2010. Despite this progress, we, the undersigned NGOs, still see a considerable lack of political will and interest of Croatian Water Management Authorities to implement sustainable river management in practice, which is in line with Croatian and EU environmental law and according to international standards. We are very much concerned that new planned river regulation projects along all major rivers in Croatia (see case studies below) are threatening unique natural areas and counteracting efforts of the EU to bring water management in line with EU policy and law. Specifically, we are concerned about the large-scale planned river regulation schemes, sediment extraction and irrigation projects along the Danube, Drava, Mura, Sava and Neretva Rivers. -
Laws on Reproductive Technologies in Contemporary Croatia
(E)Uturus: Laws on Reproductive Technologies in Contemporary Croatia By Zorana Barisic Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies Supervisor: Associate Professor Éva Fodor Second Reader: Associate Professor Anna Loutfi Budapest, Hungary CEU eTD Collection 2013 ABSTRACT Within the span of three years, Croatia introduced the most conservative and potentially the most liberal law in Europe on medically assisted reproduction (MAR), all while under the shadow of its accession to the European Union. The aim of this thesis is to show why these laws were passed and how the undergoing process of Europeanization affected significant changes happen to the laws on MAR in such a short period of time in Croatia. I argue that Europeanization played a significant role in the policy making process in Croatia when it comes to makings of these laws. The will show how the notion of “Europe” can easily be used by the actors on a national level in order to push their own agendas. The use of Europeanization process as a means for policy making process on a national level bared little or none connection to the EU whatsoever in Croatian case. I will show how HDZ (the Croatian Democratic Party) actively used a technical framework provided by the Europeanization process in order to push the controversial law on medically assisted reproduction in 2009. Also, I will show how the process of accession to EU imposes a discourse actively reproduced by the actors on a national level in order to legitimize their actions and discipline other actors in order to destabilize their position within the political system. -
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FEDERATION OF EUROPEAN NEUROSCIENCE SOCIETIES Report on the Use of the Grant for Brain Awareness Week Events in Europe The directors of the Dana Foundation approved a grant in the amount of US$35.000 (equivalent to 26.000 Euros) to FENS. This money enabled FENS to fund small grants to European Brain Awareness Week partner organizations for public programming during the campaign. FENS distributed these grants in a competitive procedure. A call for applications was launched and the best projects were funded. Advertising A call for applications was sent by email to all members in all FENS member societies in the beginning of December 2008. The deadline for application was January 8, 2009. Furthermore, the BAW grants were announced in the News section on the FENS website. A reminder email was sent by mid December 2008. The applicants had to submit their proposal on a standardized application form. Selection procedure The selection was done by a committee composed of members of Dana, Edab, and FENS: Barbara Gill (Dana) Pierre Magistretti (Edab) Beatrice Roth (Edab) Alois Saria (FENS) Fotini Stylianopoulou (FENS) 72 applications from 24 different European countries were submitted. Approx. 29 projects could have been funded from the Dana grant. Since there were so many excellent proposals FENS decided to add 3.111 Euro. Therefore, finally 34 projects in 22 different European countries could be supported, (see attached list). The following BAW events (listed in alphabetical order by country) were selected for funding. A report sent in by the organizer of each project is in the appendix: 1. Georg Dechant (Innsbruck, Austria) SNI Brain Awareness Week and Neuroscience Day 2009 2. -
Climatic Variability in Western Victoria
DROUGHTS AND FLOODING RAINS: A FINE-RESOLUTION RECONSTRUCTION OF CLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN WESTERN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA, OVER THE LAST 1500 YEARS. CAMERON BARR Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies, University of Adelaide, Australia. 2010 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction This thesis presents the results of a study examining the short-term (approximately 1500 year) history of climatic change from the south-eastern Australian mainland. In order to achieve this, fossil diatom assemblages from sediment cores retrieved from two crater lakes in western Victoria are examined in fine resolution and interpreted through the application of a diatom-conductivity transfer function developed specifically for use in low salinity lake systems. 1.2 Research context In early November 2006, the then Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, called an emergency ‘water summit’ with the premiers of the south-eastern states to discuss the impact of the prevailing drought on water availability in the Murray Darling Basin, a key agricultural region for the nation. At this meeting, the attendees were informed that the drought that was afflicting the region was “the worst in 1000 years” (Shanahan and Warren, 2006). This claim proved so startling that it was widely disseminated through the local and national media and was even reported as far away as the United Kingdom (Vidal, 2006). The Prime Minister, however, remained unconvinced of the veracity of the claim because “there are no records [to verify it against]” (Shanahan and Warren, 2006). This brief exchange between the Nation’s leaders and the press highlights the problems faced by water, agricultural, environmental and social planners in Australia. -
Annual Report 2010 Exporter Guide Croatia
THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 10/22/2010 GAIN Report Number: 1013 Croatia Exporter Guide Annual Report 2010 Approved By: Prepared By: Andreja Misir Report Highlights: Croatia imports a significant portion of the food it consumes. Slow but continued economic reforms as a result of the EU accession process and growing tourism make Croatia a significant, long-term importer of certain U.S. food products, including seafood, snack foods, pet food, wine, tree nuts, rice, etc... Nevertheless, Croatia has not been immune to the global economic crisis and at this time still faces significant challenges with no real signs of improvement. Croatian consumers are strongly anti-biotech. Post: Zagreb Author Defined: I Market Overview Economic Situation On October 3, 2005, Croatia began negotiations for accession into the European Union (EU) and since then the government has made significant progress in its agenda to finalize negotiations. Today EU regulations are viewed as the norm. The country is being prepared for full EU membership, which is also true for the agricultural and processed food sectors. In addition, Croatia is a NATO member, which provides a security framework for its improving economic and social prospects. Croatia is also a member of the WTO and has trade agreements with EU-27, EFTA, Turkey, and CEFTA 2006. Croatia has progressed considerably in creating a market economy and establishing macroeconomic stability. With the Kuna closely tied to the Euro, Croatia enjoys a stable currency. -
Holocene Climatic Changes in the Westerly-Indian Monsoon Realm
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2020-141 Preprint. Discussion started: 17 November 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Holocene climatic changes in the Westerly-Indian Monsoon realm and its anthropogenic impact Nicole Burdanowitz1, Tim Rixen1,2, Birgit Gaye1, Kay-Christian Emeis1,3 1Institute for Geology, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 5 2Leibniz-Zentrum für Marine Tropenforschung (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany 3Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz Center Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Correspondence to: Nicole Burdanowitz ([email protected]) Abstract. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) with its rainfall is the lifeline for people living on the Indian subcontinent 10 today and possibly was the driver of the rise and fall of early agricultural societies in the past. Intensity and position of the ISM have shifted in response to orbitally forced thermal land-ocean contrasts. At the northwestern monsoon margins, interactions between the subtropical westerly jet (STWJ) and the ISM constitute a tipping element in the Earth’s climate system, because their non-linear interaction may be a first-order influence on rainfall. We reconstructed marine sea surface temperature (SST), supply of terrestrial material and vegetation changes from a very well-dated sediment core from the 15 northern Arabian Sea to reconstruct the STWJ-ISM interaction. The Holocene record (from 11,000 years) shows a distinct, but gradual, southward displacement of the ISM in the Early to Mid-Holocene, increasingly punctuated by phases of intensified STWJ events that are coeval with interruptions of North Atlantic overturning circulation (Bond events). -
Was the 4.2 Ka Event an Anthropogenic Disaster?
Open Journal of Ecology, 2016, 6, 613-631 http://www.scirp.org/journal/oje ISSN Online: 2162-1993 ISSN Print: 2162-1985 Was the 4.2 ka Event an Anthropogenic Disaster? Tomasz Jarosław Szczęsny Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland How to cite this paper: Szczęsny, T.J. Abstract (2016) Was the 4.2 ka Event an Anthropo- genic Disaster? Open Journal of Ecology, 6, The article describes a possible impact of demographic explosion during the Neolith 613-631. on local ecosystems and on the global climate as well as the role of this explosion in http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2016.610058 aggravating the course of 4.2 ka cooling event. A possible role of human activity in Received: July 27, 2016 changing the pattern of mid-latitudes westerlies, monsoons and Walker circulation Accepted: September 24, 2016 throughout the Holocene is analyzed. It is explained why during the Holocene Cli- Published: September 27, 2016 matic Optimum (HCO) monsoons could have been weaker than today, not stronger, as it is commonly stated. It is described how during the HCO the humid Tibetan Copyright © 2016 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Plateau could have repelled the Indian monsoon to the west and the East Asian This work is licensed under the Creative monsoon to the north. The explanation for weaker El Niño-Southern Oscillation Commons Attribution International (ENSO) during HCO is proposed. License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Keywords Open Access Holocene Climatic Optimum, Walker Circulation, Monsoon, Green Sahara Period, 4.2 ka Event 1. -
Multi-Proxy Reconstruction of South Asian Monsoon Variability in Sri Lanka
Multi-Proxy Reconstruction of South Asian Monsoon Variability in Sri Lanka Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Chemisch-Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena von MPhil. Kasun Gayantha Henadheera Arachchige geboren am 23.05.1989 in Wathupitiwala, Sri Lanka Gutachter: 1. apl. Prof. Dr. Gerd Gleixner Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie; FSU Jena 2. Prof. Dr. Roland Mäusbacher Institut für Geographie, FSU Jena Tag der Verteidigung: 14.07.2021 Dissertation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, [2021] Acknowledgements First and foremost, I wish to extend my gratitude to my supervisors apl. Prof. Dr. Gerd Gleixner at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Jena, Prof. Dr. Achim Brauer at the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Dr. Patrick Roberts at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Prof. Joyanto Routh at Linköping University, Sweden, and Prof. Dr. Roland Mäusbacher at Friedrich- Schiller University, Jena. Without them, this thesis would not be possible, and I will always be immensely grateful for their guidance and advice throughout the process. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Rohana Chandrajith, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, apl. Prof. Dr. Peter Frenzel, IGW, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, and Dr. Anupama Krishnamurthy, French Institute of Pondicherry, India for their collaborations and support that have enabled me to enrich my datasets and expertise through training in novel methods. I thank them for taking the time out to teach me and allow me to develop my toolkit further. I would like to offer my special thanks to Dr. -
Public-Private Partnerships in Montenegro
Public-Private Partnerships in Montenegro Accountability, transparency and efficiency Title Public-Private Partnerships in Montenegro – Accountability, transparency and efficiency Publisher Institute Alternative Đoka Miraševića (“Kroling”) 3/3, Podgorica, Montenegro tel/fax: (+382) 020 268 686 e-mail: [email protected] web site: www.institut-alternativa.org For publisher: Stevo Muk, President of the Management Board Project Associates Stevo Muk, Jovana Marović, Jelena Džankić, Milica Popović, Milica Dragojević, Marko Sošić Translation Jelena Džankić Donor The preparation of this study has been supported by the Foundation Open Society Institute – Representative Office Montenegro (FOSI ROM) Layout and printing Studio Mouse total graphic center Circulation 100 Foundation Open Society Institute – Representative Office Montenegro (FOSI ROM) shall not be responsible or liable for information and opinions expressed in this document. The opinions and views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors. CONTENT 1. Research framework ...........................................................................................................................7 1.1. The definition of public-private partnership ......................................................................7 1.2. Subject and aims of research ..................................................................................................7 2. Legal framework of public-private partnerships ......................................................................9 -
Issues in Education Quality: Higher Education
Issues in Education Quality: Higher Education Volume IV Editors: Farouk Bouhadiba Mohamed Hicham Hamri Mustapha Aabi BOOK EDITORS ABDELAZIZ BENDOU CAROLINE JONES DEVIN THORNBURG SEAN BRACKEN AGADIR 2020 © 2020 Ibn Zohr University ISBN: 978-9920-38-307-3 Legal Deposit: 2019MO4112 Printed by: No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, unless such copying is expressly permitted by copyright laws. The ideas and opinions expressed in the papers published in these proceedings belong to their authors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The book benefited from the skills and capacity built during the International Academic Writing workshop funded by the British Academy as it allowed workshop participants to bring and use those skills as co-editors of the book. Preface It is a great pleasure for me to contribute the preface to this book which is dedicated to pressing issues of our educational systems and policies. In my opinion, it is high time that we reflect on how we can secure a quality and sustainable education cross-nationally for our future generations. We have all seen that the issue of “quality in education” has grown in importance. But I believe it is not only a question of how to ensure such quality. The key question is also which quality should we strive for – especially given the social and environmental concerns we share universally? I am very proud that this book is the culmination of an enormous collective effort that saw many institutions and individuals contribute in several ways to set up the reviewing and editing criteria, and methodology to identify the themes and topics of the book.