DOCSLIB.ORG

Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya Debates, Ideas and Challenges Edited by Mutuma Ruteere and Patrick Mutahi Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya Debates, Ideas and Challenges Edited by Mutuma Ruteere and Patrick Mutahi i Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges ISBN 978-9966-1864-4-7 Contact Information Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies P.O. Box 23748-00100,GPO Nairobi,Kenya Tel:+254 20 527 0577 Email:[email protected] Web:www.chrips.or.ke Copyright © Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions of the Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies. ii Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges Contents Acknowledgement iv Note on Contibutors v 1. Introduction -Mutuma Ruteere and Patrick Mutahi 1 2. Comparative Perspectives on Islamic Radicalism in Kenya and the Horn of Africa - Paul Goldsmith 9 3. Kenya: Fighting Terrorism Within and Without the Law -Ken Nyaundi 43 4. Countering Violent Extremism: A Gender Perspective - Nerida Nthamburi 71 5. Online Radicalisation and Recruitment: Al-Shabaab Luring Strategies with New Technology - Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen 93 6. Countering Violent Extremism: Lessons from Lamu, Kenya - Patrick Mutahi and Nathaniel Kabala 119 7. “Operation Sanitize Eastleigh”: Rethinking Interventions to Counter Violent Extremism - Kamau Wairuri 135 8. Rehabilitation or Indefinite Detention? A Critical Examination of an Emerging Approach to ‘CVE’- Samar Al-Bulushi and Mohammed Daghar 151 9. Returnees and Justice: Alternative Justice System as a Mechanism for Amnesty in Kwale County of Kenya - Steve Ouma Akoth 169 iii Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges Acknowledgments Production of this book would not have been possible without the commitment of many people who we owe a debt of gratitude despite being unable to list them all. A special thank you to the CHRIPS team especially Mikewa Ogada who assisted in reviewing some of the chapters. In a special way, we recognise the late Eva Ayiera, who at her passing, was coordinating production of this book. Copy editing was done by Ng’ang’a Mbugua. Open Society for Eastern Africa (OSIEA) provided funding for production of this book. The views expressed in this publication are exclusively those of the concerned authors. iv Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges Notes on Contributors Nerida Nthamburi is a human rights lawyer from Kenya with over twelve years’ experience in the social justice and legal sectors in the East and Horn of Africa region. She is a PhD candidate at the University of Cape Town and holds a Master of Laws degree (in Public International Law) from the same institution. Dr. Paul Goldsmith is an anthropologist with extensive research experience on issues of pastoralist conflict and resource management. He is currently working on a book for IGAD documenting the development of the CEWARN regional conflict early warning mechanism. Dr. Steve Akoth is a Kenyan scholar, advisor and activist in the field of human rights and social anthropology with over 19 years’ experience working in diverse international, regional and national fora. His work falls into the field of developing plural public discussions spaces and democratic institutions with a focus on subaltern societies. More specifically, he looks at a range of questions such as why young citizens are drifting towards violent extremism, how multiple justice systems can be used as mechanisms for access to justice and social movements, and the conditions under which the subaltern population gain power. Mohamed Daghar is a Security Analyst. Nathaniel Kabala is a researcher based in Kenya, with keen interests in participatory research and community facilitation. Dr. Ken Nyaundi holds a PhD degree in International law from the University of Cape Town, South Africa and a Masters degree in public international law from the same university. He obtained his Bachelors of law degree from the University of Nairobi. He has served in the public service and in the Civil Society for many years. He is currently engaged in private legal practice and consultancy work. He writes on public law and governance issues. Samar Al-Bulushi is a University of California President’s Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Irvine. She completed her PhD in Cultural Anthropology at Yale University. Generous funding for her research has come from the Social v Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges Science Research Council, the Henry Luce Foundation, and the MacMillan Center at Yale. Samar’s work has appeared in Transforming Anthropology, Africa is a Country, Jacobin, Intercepted, The Guardian, Al-Jazeera, and Pambazuka News. Fathima Azmiya Badurdeen is a Lecturer at the Department of Social Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa. Kamau Wairuri is a PhD candidate at University of Edinburgh. Dr. Mutuma Ruteere is Director, Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies, and former UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. Patrick Mutahi is a Research Fellow at Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies. He is also a PhD candidate at University of Edinburgh. vi Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges 1 Mutuma Ruteere and Patrick Mutahi Introduction 1 Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges n the last 20 years, terrorism or violent extremism have become security realities, and national social challenges with increasing numbers of young people being recruited to Al-Shabaab Iand other terrorist group. In many parts of the country -- but more so in the coastal and northeastern regions -- violent extremism has also become a social problem for communities and families that have seen their young men and women embrace the extremist ideologies of groups like Al-Shabaab and even sign up as active members. For governments in East Africa and the Horn, terrorism is now a regional security question and a foreign policy priority. In Kenya, the major challenge of terrorism has been the Somalia-based terrorist group Al- Shabaab, which has routinely launched attacks in both border regions and urban areas such as Nairobi. These have ranged from the deadly attack on the Westgate Mall in Nairobi in 2013 which killed over 70 people, to the April 2015 Garissa University College attack that left 148 dead. Many other attacks have targeted civilians in places like Mombasa, Lamu and Mandera. Data from the Centre for Human Rights and Policy for instance indicates that there were 49 attacks recorded between January and November 2017, resulting in 108 deaths. Al-Shabaab has also established local networks in Kenya for the recruitment of young people into the group. Over the years, the Kenyan government has implemented a range of legal and policy measures aimed at countering and preventing the recruitment as well as disrupting the operations of Al-Shabaab and other similar organisations. The magnitude of the threat, the patterns and trends of recruitment and the consequences of State policy responses have all been the subject of ongoing policy and scholarly inquiry in Kenya and globally. These inquiries and critiques are scattered in different platforms and publications and there is very little in the form of an attempt to bring all of these together. The papers in this collection are one of the first attempts at presenting a complex examination of the evolving nature of the problem of violent extremism in Kenya as well as the various counter and preventive measures. The collection brings together critical analyses on a range of issues touching on violent extremism by a multidisciplinary team of scholars and scholar-practitioners with an intimate and long-standing interest on the subject in Kenya, the region and globally. They cover the breadth as well as depth of the complex problem of violent extremism in a manner and language that speaks to both scholars and policy makers. The contributions are concerned with a number of problems related to terrorism in Kenya: the regional nature and dimensions of the problem; legal and judicial developments to counter the threat of terrorism; patterns and trends in the recruitment into Al-Shabaab and other violent extremist groups; State and society interactions, contestations and confrontations in countering violent extremism; location of women in the terrorism discourse; new technologies and how they shape violent extremism; and the questions of rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-combatants and returnees from Al-Shabaab. 2 Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |Debates, Ideas and Challenges The aim of this collection is to provoke and stimulate the ongoing scholarly and policy conversations on what the spectre of violent extremism means for Kenya’s future and fortunes as a fledgling democracy. The studies provide
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 12 Administering and Regulating Security And
    CHAPTER 12 ADMINISTERING AND REGULATING SECURITY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN KENYA AND AFRICA This Chapter may be cited as: Ben Sihanya (forthcoming 2020) “Administering and regulating security and criminal justice in Kenya and Africa,” in Ben Sihanya (2020) Constitutional Democracy, Regulatory and Administrative Law in Kenya and Africa Vol. 2: Presidency, Premier, Legislature, Judiciary, Commissions, Devolution, Bureaucracy and Administrative Justice in Kenya Sihanya Mentoring & Innovative Lawyering, Nairobi & Siaya 12.1 Conceptualising Security and the Criminal Justice System in Kenya and Africa My overarching argument is that national or public security has a narrow and a broad meaning and significance which are equally important in the quest for constitutional democracy in Kenya and Africa.1 In this chapter, security and criminal justice is prolematised and conceptualized using the Afro-Kenyanist methodology and approach, with elaborate anecdotes and references to Kenyan and African scholarship. What are some of the key issues in the constitutional, legislative, policy and administrative debate in the context of the Building Bridges Initiative (BBI)…. How has security and the criminal justice system (CJS) been conceptualized, problematized, and contextualized in Kenya and Africa? Significantly, in Kenya and some African states, security is a human right. It is also a core function and obligation of the Executive and the President and/or Prime Minister. Art 238(1) of the Constitution defines national security thus: “National security is the protection against internal and external threats to Kenya’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, its people, their rights, freedoms, property, peace, stability and prosperity, and other national interests.”2 And Article 29 guarantees security as a human right.
    [Show full text]
  • A Street Named Bi Pendo,How to Write About
    A Street Named Bi Pendo By Carey Baraka “Memory is short-lived/And more important instead/That streets are well-laid/Flowing and uncongested.” — Jonathan Kariara, Naming Streets in Nairobi The main road that runs through Kisumu is called Jomo Kenyatta Highway. Named after the country’s first president, the road divides the town in a North-South axis that runs from Patel Flats (where it stops being Kakamega Road) to the State Lodge in Milimani. In fact, one might argue that it is the spine of the city, in the sense of it being the central nervous system and the other roads feeding off it. In other words, cut off this road from either end (at Kondele or at the intersection with Busia Road) and you have killed Kisumu. During the 2017 electoral period, Jomo Kenyatta Highway was the epicentre of several violent clashes between opposition supporters and police officers. A general election had been held on 8 August and the main candidates in the presidential election were the incumbent, Uhuru Kenyatta of the Jubilee Party, and Raila Odinga of the NASA coalition. On 9 August, as tallying was ongoing, Odinga announced that the elections database had been hacked and the results were being manipulated in favour of his opponent, and that the hacker had used the credentials of Chris Msando, the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) ICT manager who had been murdered less than two weeks to the election. Odinga said, “What the IEBC has posted is a complete fraud . to give Uhuru Kenyatta votes that were not cast .
    [Show full text]
  • POLICING REFORM in AFRICA Moving Towards a Rights-Based Approach in a Climate of Terrorism, Insurgency and Serious Violent Crime
    POLICING REFORM IN AFRICA Moving towards a rights-based approach in a climate of terrorism, insurgency and serious violent crime Edited by Etannibi E.O. Alemika, Mutuma Ruteere & Simon Howell POLICING REFORM IN AFRICA Moving towards a rights-based approach in a climate of terrorism, insurgency and serious violent crime Edited by Etannibi E.O. Alemika, University of Jos, Nigeria Mutuma Ruteere, UN Special Rapporteur, Kenya Simon Howell, APCOF, South Africa Acknowledgements This publication is funded by the Ford Foundation, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Open Societies Foundation. The findings and conclusions do not necessarily reflect their positions or policies. Published by African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF) Copyright © APCOF, April 2018 ISBN 978-1-928332-33-6 African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF) Building 23b, Suite 16 The Waverley Business Park Wyecroft Road Mowbray, 7925 Cape Town, ZA Tel: +27 21 447 2415 Fax: +27 21 447 1691 Email: [email protected] Web: www.apcof.org.za Cover photo taken in Nyeri, Kenya © George Mulala/PictureNET Africa Contents Foreword iv About the editors v SECTION 1: OVERVIEW Chapter 1: Imperatives of and tensions within rights-based policing 3 Etannibi E. O. Alemika Chapter 2: The constraints of rights-based policing in Africa 14 Etannibi E.O. Alemika Chapter 3: Policing insurgency: Remembering apartheid 44 Elrena van der Spuy SECTION 2: COMMUNITY–POLICE NEXUS Chapter 4: Policing in the borderlands of Zimbabwe 63 Kudakwashe Chirambwi & Ronald Nare Chapter 5: Multiple counter-insurgency groups in north-eastern Nigeria 80 Benson Chinedu Olugbuo & Oluwole Samuel Ojewale SECTION 3: POLICING RESPONSES Chapter 6: Terrorism and rights protection in the Lake Chad basin 103 Amadou Koundy Chapter 7: Counter-terrorism and rights-based policing in East Africa 122 John Kamya Chapter 8: Boko Haram and rights-based policing in Cameroon 147 Polycarp Ngufor Forkum Chapter 9: Police organizational capacity and rights-based policing in Nigeria 163 Solomon E.
    [Show full text]
  • Mwazighe, Charles Lenjo Title Legal Responses to Terrorism: Case Study of the Republic of Kenya Publisher Monterey, Ca
    Author(s) Mwazighe, Charles Lenjo Title Legal responses to terrorism: case study of the Republic of Kenya Publisher Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School Issue Date 2012-12 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27876 This document was downloaded on October 10, 2013 at 15:48:27 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS LEGAL RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: CASE STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA by Charles Lenjo Mwazighe December 2012 Thesis Co-Advisors: Thomas C. Bruneau Carolyn C. Halladay Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2012 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS LEGAL RESPONSES TO TERRORISM: CASE STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA 6. AUTHOR(S) Charles Lenjo Mwazighe 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kenyan British Colonial Experience
    Peace and Conflict Studies Volume 25 Number 1 Decolonizing Through a Peace and Article 2 Conflict Studies Lens 5-2018 Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Peter Karari [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karari, Peter (2018) "Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience," Peace and Conflict Studies: Vol. 25 : No. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/2018.1436 Available at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol25/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Peace & Conflict Studies at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peace and Conflict Studies by an authorized editor of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modus Operandi of Oppressing the “Savages”: The Kenyan British Colonial Experience Abstract Colonialism can be traced back to the dawn of the “age of discovery” that was pioneered by the Portuguese and the Spanish empires in the 15th century. It was not until the 1870s that “New Imperialism” characterized by the ideology of European expansionism envisioned acquiring new territories overseas. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 prepared the ground for the direct rule and occupation of Africa by European powers. In 1895, Kenya became part of the British East Africa Protectorate. From 1920, the British colonized Kenya until her independence in 1963. As in many other former British colonies around the world, most conspicuous and appalling was the modus operandi that was employed to colonize the targeted territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation
    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°85 Nairobi/Brussels, 25 January 2012 Kenyan Somali Islamist Radicalisation tant government positions. The coalition government has I. OVERVIEW created a ministry to spearhead development in the region. A modest affirmative action policy is opening opportuni- Somalia’s growing Islamist radicalism is spilling over in- ties in higher education and state employment. To most to Kenya. The militant Al-Shabaab movement has built a Somalis this is improvement, if halting, over past neglect. cross-border presence and a clandestine support network But the deployment of troops to Somalia may jeopardise among Muslim populations in the north east and Nairobi much of this modest progress. Al-Shabaab or sympathisers and on the coast, and is trying to radicalise and recruit have launched small but deadly attacks against government youth from these communities, often capitalising on long- and civilian targets in the province; there is credible fear a standing grievances against the central state. This prob- larger terror attack may be tried elsewhere to undermine lem could grow more severe with the October 2011 deci- Kenyan resolve and trigger a security crackdown that could sion by the Kenyan government to intervene directly in drive more Somalis, and perhaps other Muslims, into the Somalia. Radicalisation is a grave threat to Kenya’s securi- movement’s arms. Accordingly, the government should: ty and stability. Formulating and executing sound counter- radicalisation and de-radicalisation policies before it is too recognise that a blanket or draconian crackdown on late must be a priority. It would be a profound mistake, Kenyan Somalis, or Kenyan Muslims in general, would however, to view the challenge solely through a counter- radicalise more individuals and add to the threat of terrorism lens.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya Decision Against Al-Shabaab in Somalia
    KENYA DECISION AGAINST AL-SHABAAB IN SOMALIA Lt Col A.M. Gitonga JCSP 42 PCEMI 42 Exercise Solo Flight Exercice Solo Flight Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs do not represent Department of National Defence or et ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used Ministère de la Défense nationale ou des Forces without written permission. canadiennes. Ce papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2016. le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2016. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 42 – PCEMI 42 2015 – 2016 EXERCISE SOLO FLIGHT – EXERCICE SOLO FLIGHT KENYA DECISION AGAINST AL-SHABAAB IN SOMALIA Lt Col A.M. Gitonga “This paper was written by a student “La présente étude a été rédigée par un attending the Canadian Forces College stagiaire du Collège des Forces in fulfilment of one of the requirements canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une des of the Course of Studies. The paper is a exigences du cours. L'étude est un scholastic document, and thus contains document qui se rapporte au cours et facts and opinions, which the author contient donc des faits et des opinions alone considered appropriate and que seul l'auteur considère appropriés et correct for the subject. It does not convenables au sujet. Elle ne reflète pas necessarily reflect the policy or the nécessairement la politique ou l'opinion opinion of any agency, including the d'un organisme quelconque, y compris le Government of Canada and the gouvernement du Canada et le ministère Canadian Department of National de la Défense nationale du Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Vulnerability of Kenyan Youths to Radicalisation and Extremism
    Institute for Security Studies PAPER Assessing the vulnerability of Kenyan youths to radicalisation and extremism INTRODUCTION country is also central to the region and thus deserves That there is an emerging trend of religious radicalisation in closer scrutiny. Although Kenya’s intervention in Somalia East Africa is not in doubt. Somalia, which has experienced served to incite a terrorist response, the experience of various forms of conflict since 1991, has often been seen Uganda, Ethiopia and Burundi, all of which have had troops as the source of extremism in the region, especially in Somalia since 2006, showed different trends. Only the following the attacks on the United States (US) embassies attacks in Uganda and Kenya were attributed to those in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi on 7 August 1998. Yet closer countries’ interventions in Somalia. And, despite the fact investigation reveals that Somali nationals were not behind that those directly involved in these attacks were Ugandan most of the incidents outside Somalia’s borders. Somalia nationals, Kenyans and Tanzanians helped plan and provides a safe haven, training camps and opportunities for execute the attacks, not members of traditional extremists to fight the ‘enemies of Islam’, but al-Qaeda and Somali communities. later al-Shabaab have executed attacks in the region by This is not to say that individuals within the traditional relying on local assistance and support. At the same time, Muslim community have not used frustrations and al-Shabaab managed to recruit Kenyan, Ugandan and vulnerabilities among the youth – Muslim and non-Muslim Tanzanian nationals to its ranks in Somalia.
    [Show full text]
  • North Eastern - Wagalla Massacre (Nairobi) - RTJRC14.06 (NHIF Auditorium) (Benson Kaaria Testimony)
    Seattle University School of Law Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation I. Core TJRC Related Documents Commission of Kenya 6-14-2011 Public Hearing Transcripts - North Eastern - Wagalla Massacre (Nairobi) - RTJRC14.06 (NHIF Auditorium) (Benson Kaaria Testimony) Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/tjrc-core Recommended Citation Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission, "Public Hearing Transcripts - North Eastern - Wagalla Massacre (Nairobi) - RTJRC14.06 (NHIF Auditorium) (Benson Kaaria Testimony)" (2011). I. Core TJRC Related Documents. 78. https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/tjrc-core/78 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in I. Core TJRC Related Documents by an authorized administrator of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORAL SUBMISSIONS MADE TO THE TRUTH, JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION ON TUESDAY, 14 TH JUNE, 2011 AT THE NHIF AUDITORIUM, NAIROBI PRESENT Tecla Namachanja Wanjala - The Acting Chair, Kenya Gertrude Chawatama - Commissioner, Zambia Berhanu Dinka - Commissioner, Ethiopia Ahmed Sheikh Farah - Commissioner, Kenya Tom Ojienda - Commissioner, Kenya Margret Wambui Shava - Commissioner, Kenya Ronald Slye - Commissioner, USA (The Commission commenced at 10.00 a.m.) (The Acting Chair (Ms. Namachanja) introduced herself and the other TJRC Commissioners) (Opening Prayers) The Acting Chair (Ms. Namachanja): Hearing Clerk, could we have the witness in? Welcome to today’s hearing of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission, today being the 14 th day of June, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya's North Eastern Province, C
    The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ISSN: 0308-6534 (Print) 1743-9329 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fich20 Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya's North Eastern Province, c. 1963­–Present Hannah Whittaker To cite this article: Hannah Whittaker (2015) Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya's North Eastern Province, c. 1963­–Present, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 43:4, 641-657, DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2015.1083232 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083232 © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis. Published online: 01 Sep 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 682 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fich20 Download by: [Brunel University London] Date: 01 July 2016, At: 08:01 The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2015 Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 641–657, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2015.1083232 Legacies of Empire: State Violence and Collective Punishment in Kenya’s North Eastern Province, c. 1963–Present Hannah Whittaker This article reflects on the dual historical evolution of the use of state violence and collec- tive punishment in Kenya, with particular reference to the Somali-inhabited North Eastern Province. The use of collective punishment began under British rule as a strategy designed to control its African population, and was central to British counterinsurgency during the 1950s Mau Mau Emergency. This system of government was then entrenched and expanded by the postcolonial elite as a means of dealing with a population that was perceived to be hostile to the interests of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Security in Africa Journal of the National Defence College, Kenya
    Contemporary Security in Africa Journal of the National Defence College, Kenya Volume 5 Number 1 April 2020 Contemporary Security in Africa Journal of the National Defence College, Kenya Volume 5 Number 1 April 2020 National Defence College, Kenya Contemporary Security in Africa Journal of the National Defence College, Kenya Editor Prof. Makumi Mwagiru Editorial Staff Col (Dr) S O Handa Dr O Kamudhayi Lt Col J K Murrey Mr. F. Mabeya Editorial Board Prof. Makumi Mwagiru, Catholic University of Eastern Africa Prof. Stephen Chan, School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London Dr. Joshia Osamba, Egerton University Dr. Jessica Lincoln, King’s College, University of London Dr. Edward Kisiangani, Kenyatta University Contemporary Security in Africa (ISSN 2224-5621) is published twice a year by the National Defence College (Kenya). It is a forum for scholarly work in the areas of National, Regional, International security. It emphasises all issues that impact on security in Kenya and the region. Submission Authors are invited to send article manuscripts of 5000 - 8000 words as email attachments to [email protected] or to the following address: The Editor Contemporary Security in Africa, National Defence College (Kenya), P. O. Box 24381 - 00502, Karen - Nairobi Disclaimer Views and opinions expressed in Contemporary Security in Africa are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Ministry of Defence or any other agency of the Kenyan government Contents Articles Rosemary M. Anyona ........................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Making Peace Under the Mango Tree a Study on the Role of Local Institutions in Conflicts Over Natural Resources in Tana Delta, Kenya
    Making peace under the mango tree A study on the role of local institutions in conflicts over natural resources in Tana Delta, Kenya By Joris Cuppen s0613851 Master Thesis Human Geography Globalisation, Migration and Development Supervisor: Marcel Rutten October 2013 Radboud University Nijmegen ii Abstract In this research, conflicts over natural resources in the Tana Delta and the role of local institutions are central, with a special emphasis on the 2012/2013 clashes. In this region, conflicts between the two dominant ethnic groups, the Orma (who are predominantly herders) and the Pokomo (predominantly farmers), are common. Three types of institutions are involved with conflict management and natural resource management, namely the local administration, village elders, and peace committees. As for other regions in Kenya, the authority of elders has diminished in the past decades, whereas the local administration lacks the authority and capacity to govern the region. Therefore, peace committees can play a vital role in conflict management and natural resource management. The main natural resources which are contested in the Tana delta, are water, pasture, and farmland. Although peace committees seem fairly effective with managing cross-communal conflicts and preventing any further escalation, conflict prevention needs further priority. Cross- communal agreements to manage natural resources have been less and less the case, which is one of the main factors causing conflicts. Engagement of communities in making these agreements should be one of the priorities in the post-clashes Tana delta. As for the 2012/2013 clashes, it is likely that outside interference, either prior or during the conflict, has caused the escalation of violence, which has led to the loss of almost 200 human lives, probably because of a favourable outcome of the elections held in March 2013.
    [Show full text]