A Generic Framework for Material Flow Analysis of Complex Systems
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Towards a More Resource-Efficient and Circular Economy the Role of The
Towards a more resource-efficient and circular economy The role of the G20 | 1 A background report prepared for the 2021 G20 Presidency of Italy Towards a more resource-efficient and circular economy The role of the G20 PUBE TOWARDS A MORE RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY © OECD 2021 2 | Table of contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 9 2. Past trends in material consumption and waste generation 10 3. Projections of future materials use 18 4. The environmental impacts of materials use 21 5. A transition to a circular economy can lower resource demands and environmental impacts and contribute to the economic and social recovery 24 6. Recent developments on resource efficiency and circular economy policies 27 7. The role of cities towards the circular economy transition 32 8. Towards a G20 policy vision on resource efficiency 38 References 47 TOWARDS A MORE RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY © OECD 2021 | 3 Tables Table 1. Selected environmental impacts of materials use 21 Table 2. Selected examples of national, regional and local strategies for resource efficiency, waste management and the circular economy of G20 countries 27 Figures Figure 1. Domestic Material Consumption in G20, OECD and BRIICS 10 Figure 2. Domestic material consumption per capita [tonnes] 11 Figure 3. Resource productivity levels differ substantially among G20 countries, but some improvements could be achieved 12 Figure 4. Despite improvements in resource productivity, domestic material consumption increased in G20 countries 13 Figure 5. Material footprint per capita remains high also for countries with low Domestic Material Consumption per capita 14 Figure 6. As income levels rise, waste generation increases [left], but waste treatment processes improve [right] 15 Figure 7. -
Towards a Dynamic Assessment of Raw Materials Criticality: Linking Agent-Based Demand--With Material Flow Supply Modelling Approaches
This is a repository copy of Towards a dynamic assessment of raw materials criticality: linking agent-based demand--with material flow supply modelling approaches.. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/80022/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Knoeri, C, Wäger, PA, Stamp, A et al. (2 more authors) (2013) Towards a dynamic assessment of raw materials criticality: linking agent-based demand--with material flow supply modelling approaches. Science of the Total Environment, 461-46. 808 - 812. ISSN 0048-9697 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.001 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Towards a dynamic assessment of raw materials criticality: Linking agent-based demand - with material flow supply modelling approaches Christof Knoeri1, Patrick A. -
Examples in Material Flow Analysis
China Steel Technical Report, No. 27, pp.1-5, (2014) Kuo-Chung Liu 1 Examples in Material Flow Analysis KUO-CHUNG LIU Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs China Steel Corporation The inputs and outputs of water, carbon and CaO are used as examples of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) at CSC. The intensities of water and CO2 as well as the output for steelmaking slag are discussed. Current CO2- Intensities are influenced by in-plant coke storage, sold energy products, purchased scrap, degree of cold rolling, purchased crude steel/roll and crude steel production etc. The adjusted CO2- Intensities for 2010 to 2013 at CSC are reported in discussion. This paper also highlights that steelmaking slag has become an output bottleneck at CSC and therefore needs better management. Keywords: MFA analysis, water, CaO, CO2, Steelmaking slag MFA of main materials such as water, carbon and CaO, 1. INTRODUCTION while the boundary is set at the Hsiao Kang Factories Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is a tool for of China Steel (CSC). analyzing the inputs and the outputs of a material in a 2. MAJOR MFA ANALYSES boundary. The materials can be divided into two cate- gories, namely the main materials or the pollutants, 2.1 Main streams whereas the boundary can be set as a nation, an area or The main streams of CSC in 2013 can be shown in a company depending on what is to be analyzed. In this Fig.1(1). report, some preliminary applications are studied on the Low-sulfer fuel oil Natural gas Purchased electricity Makeup water* 9.3 tons 76.9 km3 2283 MWh 45554 m3 Iron ore/Pellets Crude steel 13066 tons 8693.6 tons Coal 6801 tons Coal tar Flux 205.2 tons 2951 tons CSC Hsiao Kang Factories Light oil Purchased scrap steel 54.8 tons 72.2 tons Liquid sulfur Ferroalloy 11.3 tons 132.1 tons Iron oxide powder Refractory 82.6 tons 28.7 tons Process residues (wet basis) Effluent 5281 tons 14953 m3 Only for Processes. -
Extended Producer Responsibility and the Impact of Online Sales
Extended Producer Responsibility and the Impact of Online Sales RE-CIRCLE POLICY HIGHLIGHTS Resource Efficiency & Circular Economy Project Extended Producer Responsibility and the Impact of Online Sales Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes generate much needed funding for waste management and can be an effective means of boosting collection and recycling rates. However, free-riding associated with the rapid growth of online sales is compromising the viability of these schemes, and has led to the realisation that additional measures are needed to support their operation. RE-CIRCLE Resource Efficiency & Circular Economy Project Key Messages The emergence of the internet, and the resulting growth in online retailing, has improved market access and generated important benefits for consumers. At the same time, online retailing – particularly where it exists in concert with cross-border sales – has begun to adversely affect the functioning of traditional regulatory frameworks. Free-riding on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes – where products placed on the market are not accompanied, or only partially accompanied, by required EPR fees – is one such example. Consumers now have much improved access to sellers abroad but, in many cases, these sellers do not comply with EPR regulations in the country of sale. This creates several problems: • Free-riding that consists in not undertaking physical ‘take-back’ obligations leads to lower collection rates for end of life products. • Free-riding by not paying EPR fees results in financing problems for waste management activities. • Free-riding by under-estimating the number of products placed on the market results in a potential over-estimation of national recycling rates. -
3.2 Plastics and Eco-Labelling Schemes
1 Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 2 Added value & strategic orientation of PLASTECO workshops ........................................... 4 3 Thematic background ....................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Green Public Procurement (GPP) for promoting alternatives to single-use plastics ....... 5 3.1.1 Policy framework .............................................................................................. 5 3.1.2 Case study 1: Different governmental approaches from Slovakia and Belgium ... 7 3.1.3 Case study 2: GPP criteria for eliminating single-use plastic cups and bottles in medical centres ................................................................................................................ 8 3.1.4 Case study 3: Public procurement as a circular economy enabler ...................... 10 3.2 Plastics and eco-labelling schemes .............................................................................. 10 3.3 Developing secondary raw plastic markets ................................................................. 14 3.3.1 The need to align supply and demand .............................................................. 14 3.3.2 The role of waste management ........................................................................ 16 3.3.3 Case study: Developing new methods for higher-quality secondary plastics ...... 18 3.4 Barriers to the adoption -
Circular Economy Action Plan for a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe
Circular Economy Action Plan For a cleaner and more competitive Europe #EU GreenDeal 2 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 4 2. A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT POLICY FRAMEWORK ................. 6 2.1. Designing sustainable products .................................................................. 6 2.2. Empowering consumers and public buyers .................................................... 7 2.3. Circularity in production processes ............................................................................... 8 3. KEY PRODUCT VALUE CHAINS .................................................................................................. 10 3.1. Electronics and ICT ............................................................................................................................. 10 3.2. Batteries and vehicles ........................................................................................................................... 11 3.3. Packaging .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.4. Plastics ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.5. Textiles ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.6. -
The Nordic Swan Ecolabel Promotes Circular Economy
The Nordic Swan Ecolabel promotes circular economy The Nordic Swan Ecolabel is an obvious tool for promoting The Nordic Swan Ecolabel has a circular approach to the life circular economy - thus strengthening corporate cycle and this particular approach is a premise for circular competitiveness, enhancing corporate resource efficiency economy. Because this means that focus is on how actions and contributing to the creation of new business models and taken in one stage have a positive effect on several stages of innovative solutions. the life cycle. And this means that you avoid moving a nega- tive environmental impact to another stage of the life cycle. The objective of the Nordic Swan Ecolabel is to reduce the overall environmental impact of consumption. This is why the Circular economy does not only mean focus on closed re- whole product life cycle – from raw materials to production, source loops for the individual product system. Joint circular use, disposal and recycling – is included in the assessment resource systems may also be the solution. The Nordic Swan when the requirements for Nordic Swan Ecolabelled products Ecolabel shares this approach; for some products, joint circu- are established. This is primarily done on the basis of the lar resource systems will be more effective and will as such following six parameters: be preferable. Requirements for renewable, recycled There are several ways to stimulate circular economy in the and sustainable raw materials life cycle of the product or service. In general, it is important to focus on an efficient and sustainable use of resources and Strict chemical requirements on safe materials without problematic chemicals, so they can be recycled. -
Disentangling Circular Economy, Sustainability, and Waste Management Principles
ISSUE BRIEF 07.29.21 Disentangling Circular Economy, Sustainability, and Waste Management Principles Rachel A. Meidl, LP.D., CHMM, Fellow in Energy and Environment With the introduction of circular economy to a regenerative circular system where the (CE) principles in major regions of the societal value of products, materials, and world, interest in the concept has increased resources is maximized over time. significantly in the past several years. It is Ubiquitously interwoven into the gaining momentum in the political, economic, decarbonization, energy transition, and and scientific fields and growing in popularity waste minimization narrative is the in corporate strategies. Local and national term “sustainability,” arguably the most governments—including China, Japan, misconstrued descriptor of the decade the U.K., France, Germany, Canada, the and oftentimes used in conjunction or Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland—are also synonymously with CE. Although there is a embracing CE principles. China, ostensibly relationship between sustainability and a CE, the global trailblazer in CE, has made circular these two concepts are vastly distinct. strategies a part of their national priorities since the early 2000s, recently releasing its 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-25).1 The concept SUSTAINABILITY: A SYSTEMS-LEVEL was introduced to the mainstream by the APPROACH Ellen MacArthur Foundation and is heavily Sustainability in its truest form is a systems- promoted by the European Union. Although level approach that considers the wide array the United States does not have a national of environmental, social, and economic CE strategy, the framework is trickling into A comprehensive factors associated with a process or product federal and state-level policy discussions understanding of the and assesses how they interact (Figure 2). -
Exergy As a Measure of Resource Use in Life Cyclet Assessment and Other Sustainability Assessment Tools
resources Article Exergy as a Measure of Resource Use in Life Cyclet Assessment and Other Sustainability Assessment Tools Goran Finnveden 1,*, Yevgeniya Arushanyan 1 and Miguel Brandão 1,2 1 Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE 100-44, Sweden; [email protected] (Y.A.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Department of Bioeconomy and Systems Analysis, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Czartoryskich 8 Str., 24-100 Pulawy, Poland * Correspondance: goran.fi[email protected]; Tel.: +46-8-790-73-18 Academic Editor: Mario Schmidt Received: 14 December 2015; Accepted: 12 June 2016; Published: 29 June 2016 Abstract: A thermodynamic approach based on exergy use has been suggested as a measure for the use of resources in Life Cycle Assessment and other sustainability assessment methods. It is a relevant approach since it can capture energy resources, as well as metal ores and other materials that have a chemical exergy expressed in the same units. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the use of the thermodynamic approach in case studies and to compare the results with other approaches, and thus contribute to the discussion of how to measure resource use. The two case studies are the recycling of ferrous waste and the production and use of a laptop. The results show that the different methods produce strikingly different results when applied to case studies, which indicates the need to further discuss methods for assessing resource use. The study also demonstrates the feasibility of the thermodynamic approach. -
Economy-Wide Material Flow Accounts Handbook – 2018 Edition
Economy-wide material flow accounts HANDBOOK 2018 edition Economy-wide material flow accounts flow material Economy-wide 2 018 edition 018 MANUALS AND GUIDELINES Economy-wide material flow accounts HANDBOOK 2018 edition Manuscript completed in June 2018 Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 © European Union, 2018 Reproduction is authorized for non-commercial purposes only, provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Copyright for the photographs: Cover © Vladimir Wrangel/Shutterstock For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. For more information, please consult: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about/policies/copyright Theme: Environment and energy Collection: Manuals and guidelines The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the official position of the European Commission Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained herein ISBN 978-92-79-88337-8 ISSN 2315-0815 doi: 10.2785/158567 Cat. No: KS-GQ-18-006-EN-N Preface Preface Economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) are a statistical accounting framework describing the physical interaction of the economy with the natural environment and the rest of the world economy in terms of flows of materials. -
An Overview of Istat's Environmental Accounting in the Light of Eu
An Overview of Istat’s Environmental Accounting in the Light of Eu Methodological Achievements Una visione d’insieme della contabilità ambientale dell’Istat alla luce di avanzamenti metodologici a livello europeo Cesare Costantino Istat, Direzione Centrale Contabilità Nazionale, Via Ravà 150, Roma, [email protected] Riassunto: La contabilità ambientale è una disciplina sviluppata nell’ambito degli organismi internazionali in relazione alle esigenze dello sviluppo sostenibile; essa trae origine dalla contabilità nazionale e si occupa in maniera sistematica e comprensiva del rapporto economia-ambiente. Una pluralità di conti, standardizzati in ambito europeo, consente di focalizzare aspetti specifici dell’interazione tra economia e ambiente, permettendo di confrontare i fatti economici e i fatti ambientali correlati attraverso un sistema coerente di definizioni e classificazioni. La produzione dell’Istat risponde alle esigenze conoscitive del paese e degli organismi internazionali, in particolare comunitari; in linea con la strategia europea per la contabilità ambientale, essa è a regime per quanto concerne la MFA, la NAMEA e l’EPEA, i conti a più elevata priorità. Keywords: economy-environment interaction, SEEA, DPSIR, MFA, NAMEA, EPEA. 1. Sustainable development strategy and environmental accounting Sustainable development calls for a variety of changes in the functioning of society. Innovations are needed involving different aspects such as e.g. production and consumption patterns and mechanisms for determining social choices. New statistical information is needed as well, to support decisions by institutions, enterprises and individuals, being clear that it is essential to integrate the institutional, economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. In Italy the importance of integrating economic and environmental aspects has been emphasized in the political agenda since the ’nineties. -
Sustainable Consumption and Production - Development of an Evidence Base
Sustainable Consumption and Production - Development of an Evidence Base. Project Ref.: SCP001 Resource Flows Sustainable Consumption and Production - Development of an Evidence Base Appendix to Final Project Report Appendix SCP001 1/196 Projec Ref.: SCP001 Resource Flows May 2006 Appendix SCP001 2/196 Contents I Review of Resource Flow Studies (Section 4) 6 I.1 Specific assessment requirements 6 I.1.1 General Methodological Procedure 6 I.1.2 Assessment Criteria 7 I.1.3 The Scorecard System 12 I.2 Characteristics of General MFA Methodologies 15 I.3 Detailed Assessment Results 19 I.3.1 Economy-wide Material Flow Analysis 19 I.3.2 Bulk Material or Material System Analysis – The Biffaward Series 31 I.3.3 Analysis of Material Flows by Sector: NAMEAs, Generalised Input-Output Models, and Physical Input-Output Analysis 35 I.3.4 Life Cycle Inventories 47 I.3.5 Substance Flow Analysis 54 I.3.6 Hybrid Methodologies 61 I.4 Environmental Impact Assessments 66 I.5 Policy Analysis 73 I.6 Discussion of Study by Van der Voet et al. (2005) 77 II Review of Biffaward Studies (Section 5) 79 II.1 Tables: Detailed assessment criteria, policy agendas, list of Biffaward studies 79 II.2 Assessment notes made for each study 87 III Development of an Indicator for Emissions and Impacts associated with the Consumption of Imported Goods and Services (Section 6) 152 III.1 Specific assessment requirements 152 III.2 Review of existing approaches described in the literature 155 III.2.1 Studies not involving input-output calculations 155 III.2.2 Studies involving input-output