Introducing the North American Industry Classification System
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Technical Note Introducing the North on communications resellers, database rental stores, and plastic bottle manufac- American Industr y publishers, Internet service providers, or turers, for example, were introduced for electronic publishers. NAICS identifies the first time in 1987. Classif ica tion System these and other emerging economic ac- The 1987 revision left 75 percent of tivities that do not easily fit into the cur- the industries unchanged, however, and John B. Murphy rent SIC structure. the basic structure of the system was left Although converting to NAICS will largely intact. Also, while the SIC system In 1997, the Office of Management and provide many advantages, the transition adequately reflects the manufacturing Budget (OMB) announced the adoption to the new system also will create some sector of the economy, it provides insuf- of a new standardized system for classi- difficulties for data collectors and users. ficient detail for the services sector. fying industries—the North American In- Breaks will occur, for example, in many Newly developed industries in informa- 1 dustry Classification System (NAICS). time series that are based on the SIC sys- tion services, health care provision, and NAICS will replace the Standard Indus- tem. This report provides a brief over- even high-tech manufacturing cannot be trial Classification (SIC) system and thus view of NAICS—covering its background, adequately studied under the current SIC represents one of the most profound development, principles, structure, and system because they are not separately changes for government statistical pro- implementation—and also discusses identified at the most basic level of ag- 2 grams since the 1930s. Although the some of the issues that data collectors and gregation, the industry level. current system has been revised and up- users must face as more and more gov- Another shortcoming of the U.S. SIC dated periodically, the basic structure has ernment and private statistical programs system was that it was not strictly com- remained intact since its inception. The convert to the new system. parable with its counterparts in Canada NAICS revision is much broader—many and Mexico. To address this problem, more industries are identified under the Background representatives from all three Nations new system, and they are organized on worked cooperatively to develop NAICS. the basis of their production activities Over the course of its economic history, The new system makes it possible to cre- (supply) alone, as opposed to the mix- the United States has gone from a largely ate comparable economic statistics from ture of supply and demand characteris- agrarian economy in its earliest period, the three NAFTA trading partners. tics used to classify industries under the to one based more on manufacturing fol- SIC. NAICS also seeks to standardize the lowing the Industrial Revolution, to the NAICS development classification systems of the three part- current, more services-oriented economy ners to the North American Free Trade of the late 20th century. To better accom- The development of NAICS began at the Agreement (NAFTA), the United States, modate the many new manufacturing in- International Conference on the Classi- Canada, and Mexico. dustries and other changes that had oc- fication of Economic Activities held in Industrial classification systems pro- curred in the early 1900s, the Standard Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1991. In 1992, vide the structure for collecting and ag- Industrial Classification (SIC) system was OMB established the Economic Classifi- gregating economic data, as well as for developed in the 1930s. The SIC system cation Policy Committee (ECPC)— analyzing, presenting, and disseminating provided a consistent framework for as- chaired by the Bureau of Economic such data. Economic changes that have signing descriptive industry codes to each Analysis, and with representatives from taken place in the last several decades— establishment, as well as for the subse- the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bu- such as the movement toward a more ser- quent collection, tabulation, and analy- reau of the Census—to study alternate vices-oriented economy, the increased sis of economic statistics by government economic concepts (supply versus de- use of computers and other new technol- agencies and private research firms. mand) by which to categorize industries ogy, and globalization—have precipi- Since its inception, the SIC system has and to recommend changes to the SIC tated the need for a new system of indus- been revised and updated periodically, system. In 1994, the ECPC chartered six trial classification. Twenty years ago, for about every 10 or 15 years. The most re- subject-matter subcommittees and a Co- example, there was no need for statistics cent revision took place in 1987, when a ordinating Committee to propose the number of new high technology indus- structure of NAICS. The subject-matter tries were identified, especially within subcommittees were charged with re- John Murphy is a supervisory economist in the Division of Occupational and Administrative Sta- computer-related services. Categories for viewing current industries and evaluat- tistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. computer and software stores, video tape ing proposals for new NAICS industries Monthly Labor Review July 1998 43 Technical Note similar in the eyes of customers or users Exhibit 1. NAICS structure and SIC structure compared of the product or service. Others, how- ever, were based more on supply group- NAICS SIC ings. NAICS is the first industrial classifi- Sector (two-digit) Division (letter) cation system used in the United States Subsector (three-digit) Major group (two-digit) to employ a unified economic concept Industry group (four-digit) Industry group (three-digit) to define industries. Under the new sys- NAICS international industry (five-digit) Industry (four-digit) tem, industries are classified on the ba- National industry (six-digit) sis of their production or supply func- tion—establishments using similar raw NAICS sectors SIC divisions material inputs, capital equipment, and 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing A. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing labor are classified in the same industry. and hunting B. Mining This approach creates more homoge- 21 Mining C. Construction neous categories that are better suited for 22 Utilities D. Manufacturing economic analysis. 23 Construction E. Transportation, communications, Four primary concepts were used in 31-33 Manufacturing electric, gas, and sanitary services the development of NAICS. First, a pro- 42 Wholesale trade F. Wholesale trade duction-oriented conceptual framework 44-45 Retail trade G. Retail trade was used—as described earlier, estab- 48-49 Transportation and warehousing H. Finance, insurance, and real estate lishments engaged in similar production 51 Information I. Services activities are classified together. Second, 52 Finance and insurance J. Public administration new categories in NAICS focus on emerg- 53 Real estate and rental and leasing K. Nonclassifiable establishments ing industries, services in general, and 54 Professional, scientific and industries that produce advanced tech- technical services nology. Third, as much as possible, con- 55 Management of companies and tinuity with the former system was main- enterprises tained to avoid breaks in time series. 56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation However, because of differences in the services classification systems formerly used by 61 Educational services the United States, Canada, and Mexico, 62 Health care and social assistance many changes were needed to make them 71 Arts, entertainment, and recreation comparable. Thus, some breaks in time 72 Accommodations and food services series were unavoidable. Finally, the de- 81 Other services (except public velopers of NAICS strove for compatibil- administration) ity with the two-digit level of the Inter- 92 Public administration national Standard Industrial Classifica- 99 Unclassified establishments tion of All Economic Activities.4 Structur e of NAICS on the basis of production or supply- committees negotiated the structure of based activities, as opposed to the former NAICS with their counterparts in Canada While NAICS uses a hierarchical structure system that used a mixture of production and Mexico during 1995 and 1996. The much like the existing SIC, there are a and marketing (demand-based) activities adoption of the new classification sys- number of important structural differ- as criteria for categorization. tem was announced by OMB in a notice ences. For example, NAICS uses a six- To notify the public and evaluate their published in the Federal Register of digit classification code which allows response, the proposed changes were April 9, 1997.3 greater flexibility in the coding structure. published in a series of Federal Register The SIC system was limited to only four notices from 1994 through 1996. In these Principles of NAICS digits. Another important difference is notices, the ECPC solicited the help and that NAICS uses the first two digits of the advice of U.S. Government agencies, The former SIC system used a mixture of six-digit code to designate the highest trade associations, data producers and concepts to categorize economic activ- level of aggregation, with 21 such two- users, researchers, academics, and the ity. Some categories were based on de- digit industry sectors under the new sys- general public. The subject-matter sub- mand groupings,