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The Structure and Stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt in the Chehalem Mountains, Oregon

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The Structure and Stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt in the Chehalem Mountains, Oregon Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1980 The structure and stratigraphy of the Columbia River basalt in the Chehalem Mountains, Oregon Abdul-Rahman Mohammed Al-Eisa Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Stratigraphy Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Al-Eisa, Abdul-Rahman Mohammed, "The structure and stratigraphy of the Columbia River basalt in the Chehalem Mountains, Oregon" (1980). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3200. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3191 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Abdul-Rahman Mohanuned Al-Eisa for the Master of Science in Geology presented November 26, 1980. Title: The Structure and Stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt in the Chehalem Mountains, Oregon. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: The Chehalem Mountains area, encompassing 70 square kilometers, is at the western extent of the Columbia River Basalt Group as mapped in western Oregon. The flows in the study area were identified as belonging to subdivisions of the Columbia River Basalt Group on the basis of physical characteristics and trace element geochemistry. The basalt flows are poorly exposed in the area and weathering is deep and extensive where the flows have been exposed. Where 2 erosion has exposed the underlying marine sedimentary rocks, the basalt has failed in landslides. The stratigraphy of the Columbia River basalt is useful in determining the path of the basalt flows into western Oregon, in mapping the structure, and in reconstruc­ ting the tectonic development of the region. Two formal units of the Yakima Basalt subgroup are exposed in the Chehalem Mountains; the Grande Ronde Basalt and the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt are distinguishable in the 140 meters accumulation. The sequence of the flows present is as follows: three to four flows of the low MgO chemical type of the Grande Ronde Basalt, two flows of the high MgO chemical type of the Grande Ronde Basalt, and two flows of the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt. A sedimentary interbed separ­ ates the Frenchman Springs flows from the basalt flows beneath. All of the basalt flows in the area possess normal polarity. The flows dip east and northeast, defining a northwest­ trending structural feature that probably developed origi­ nally as a broad anticline. The west front of the Chehalem Mountains may represent a normal fold limb, or it may repre­ sent a fault. Another major fault separates the Chehalem Mountains from Parrett Mountain that trends northeast­ southwest. THE STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE COLCMBIA RIVER BASALT IN THE CHEHALEM MOUNTAINS, OREGON by Abdul-Rahman Mohanuned Al-Eisa A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in GEOLOGY Portland State University 1981 TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH: The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Abdul-Rahman Mohammed Al-Eisa presented November 26, 1980. '.# • • t. • ... IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MERCIFUL THE COMPASSIONATE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Dr. Marvin Beeson, who was the advisor for this thesis. He suggested the problem and provided assistance during both the field and laboratory phases of this study. Appreciation is also expressed to the members of my thesis cormnittee, Dr. Leonard Palmer and Dr. Robert Van Atta, Earth Science Department, Portland State University, for their critical review of the manuscript. Gratitude is expressed to the faculty of the Earth Science Department at Portland State University. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES • . vi INTRODUCTION 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA . • . 4 PREVIOUS WORK . • . • • . 8 METHOD OF COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA • 10 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 15 Grande Ronde Basalt 16 Vantage Member • 16 Wanapum Basalt 17 STRATIGRAPHY • • . 20 Grande Ronde Basalt • • . 20 Vantage Member • • . • 39 Frenchman Springs Member of Wanapum Basalt • 40 STRUCTURE . • . • . • • . • • 52 GEOLOGIC HISTORY S'Z CONCLUSION 59 REFERENCES CITED 61 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Trace Element Geochemical Analysis (Including Fe, K, and Na) .• 12 II Comparison of Chehalem Mountains and Columbia Plateau Major Oxide Concentrations for the High MgO/Low MgO Geochemical Types 44 III Frenchman Springs Member - Geochemical Comparison of Flows at Chehalem Mountains Area with Flows from the Type Localities and the Clackamas River Area • • . • • 49 IV Grande Ronde Basalt: High MgO and Low MgO Geochemical Types - Geochemical Comparison of Flows at Chehalem Mountains Area with Those from Other Areas • • • • 50 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Regional Distribution of Columbia River Basalt • 2 2. Index Map of Thesis Area 5 3. Stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt Group • • • . • . • • • • • 21 4. Animal Well Farm Stratigraphic Section in Chehalem Mountains Area . 27. 5. Cedar Well Stratigraphic Section in Chehalem Mountains Area . 32 6a. Irregular Blocks at the Top of Low MgO Flow at Jaquith Road . 33 6b. Low MgO Flow Exposed Along Bald Peak Road Near Bald Peak Park . 33 7. Low MgO Flow Showing Cubic (a) and Columnar (b) Jointing, Bald Peak Quarry, at Bald Peak Road 35 Sa. Platy Swirling Pattern Within the Columns' Bottom of a Low MgO Flow • • 36' Sb. General View Looking East Toward Cooper Mountain 36 vii Figure Page 9a. Deeply Weathered Surface of High MgO Flow Over- lain by Silt 38 9b. Vantage Horizon Nearby Highway 219 • • 38 10. Deeply Weathered Surface of Frenchman Springs Flow Overlain by Silt 41 11. Covariance Diagram for La-Sm 46 12. Distribution of Samples into Chemical Groups on Na La the Basis of 48 Sm vs. Sc . 13. Geologic Map . (Map Pocket) 14. Geologic Section c - c . (Map Pocket) 15. Geologic Sections A - A and B - B . (Map Pocket) 16. Geologic Sections D - D and E - E . (Map Pocket) INTRODUCTION The Columbia River Basalt Group comprises a series of Miocene tholeiitic flood basalts that erupted from vents in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, and western Idaho (Waters, 1961; Taubeneck, 1970; Swanson, Wright, and Helz, 1975), covering extensive parts of the Columbia Plateau (Figure 1). These flows were erupted between sixteen and six million years ago (Watkins and Baksi, 1974; McKee, Swanson, and Wright, 1977), and thus constitute the youngest sub-aerial flood basalt accumulation on earth. They form a huge plano-convex lens--the Columbia Plateau--more than 1500 meters thick, whose upper surface slopes gently inward except where modified along the western margin by eastward­ trending folds. Swanson et al. (1979) refer to the Imnaha, Picture Gorge, and Yakima Basin subgroups within the Columbia River Basalt Group. There are three formations defined within the Yakima basalts, including the Grande Ronde Basalt, the Wanapum Basalt, and the Saddle Mountains Basalt. These correspond to the Lower, Middle, and Upper Yakima basalts of Wright, Grolier, and Swanson (1973). The present project involves the use of geologic, geochemical, and geophysical methods to investigate the bedrock geology and geologic history in the area. Emphasis • -· - • ·121• - • - • -· ..... , .. _. - • • 111• - • - ........ (llllf Ill flll: IAIEll, 1111) i. i. I I =: I ....... l. i I. .I .. '·l. 47• ...... -¥ u -.... ··:-u N ••• CJ ... 0 ~ 25 50 100 ., Figure 1. Regional distribution of Columbia River Basalt. "' 3 is placed on defining the detailed stratigraphy and struc­ ture of Columbia River basalt in the Tualatin Valley­ Chehalem Mountains area. The Tualatin Valley is geographically located in the northwestern part of the Willamette Valley of Oregon. It is characterized by broad valley plain and prominent uplands which are controlled by the folding and faulting of the underlying bedrock. Columbia River basalt underlies the entire Tualatin Valley at depths ranging from a few meters to about 450 meters. Not enough petrographic and chemical work has been done on the basalts in the Tualatin Valley area to determine what formation(s) in the Columbia River Basalt Group are present in this region. Advances in theory and technology have made it pos­ sible to distinguish between different groups of flows of Columbia River basalt using geochemical and geophysical methods and have facilitated the determination of the basalt stratigraphy. Recent work (Osawa and Goles, 1970; Nathan and Fruchter, 1974; and others) has established that much of the Miocene Columbia River basalt in central and eastern Oregon and Washington can be differentiated by comparing concentrations of selected elements using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, but emphasized that the more reliable identification tools are petrography and major element composition. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The Tualatin Valley is the northwestern part of the Willamette Valley of Oregon, southwest of Portland, Oregon. It consists of broad, flat lands, the lower slopes of the Tualatin River drainage basin, and prominent uplands. The lowland includes the Tualatin Valley, the Chehalem­ Wapato Lake Valleys, Newberg Valley, and Wilsonville Valley. The prominent uplands include the Tualatin Mountains, Cooper and Bull Mountains, Parrett Mountain, the Chehalem Mountains, David Hill, and the Red Hills of Dundee. The area under study is basically the Chehalem Moun­ tains (Figure 2). The Chehalem Mountains include approxi­ mately 70 square kilometers. The area covers portions of Washington and Yamhill County, and is bounded by the Tualatin Valley and Cooper Mountain north and northeast, Wilsonville Valley and Parrett Mountain southeast, Newberg Valley, Chehalem Creek and the Red Hills south and south­ west, and Wapato Lake and David Hill northwest. The Chehalem Mountains trend northwesterly from the southeast corner of the project area to the northwest corner and mark the boundary of the Tualatin lowland.
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