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The Malacofauna of the Castle Ruins in Melsztyn Near Tarnów (Ro¯Nów Foothills, Southern Poland)

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The Malacofauna of the Castle Ruins in Melsztyn Near Tarnów (Ro¯Nów Foothills, Southern Poland) Vol. 21(1): 9–18 http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/folmal.021.002 THE MALACOFAUNA OF THE CASTLE RUINS IN MELSZTYN NEAR TARNÓW (RO¯NÓW FOOTHILLS, SOUTHERN POLAND) WITOLD PAWE£ ALEXANDROWICZ Chair of Environmental Analysis, Cartography and Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza Ave. 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: The castle ruins in Melsztyn are situated in the Dunajec River valley between Tarnów and Zakliczyn. The castle hill holds a rich malacofauna. The presence of numerous open-country, calciphile forms is a unique feature of this assemblage. Its composition and structure seem to be directly related to anthropogenic environmental changes caused by the construction and maintenance of the castle. The fauna from Melsztyn includes many species which are very rare in the Beskidy Mountains, such as Helicella obvia, Cochlicopa lubricella, Euomphalia strigella and, particularly, Truncatellina cylindrica, which is the dominant component of the assem- blage. These species seem to be anthropogenic immigrants. The Melsztyn castle ruins, like other castle rem- nants in the Beskidy Mts, constitute a refugium for terrestrial faunas, especially calciphilous, open-country spe- cies. The environmental, scenic and historical value of the castle hill fully entitles the site to be classified as a legally protected nature-landscape complex. KEY WORDS: molluscan assemblage, castle ruins, anthropogenic pressure, Ro¿nów Foothills, southern Poland INTRODUCTION The Beskidy Mts with their foothills are part of the ways acquired from the immediate neighbourhood of region known as the Outer Carpathians. They are the castle. Blocks of sandstone were bonded with cal- mainly composed of a monotonous series of conglom- careous mortar. As a result, specific, highly artificial erates, sandstones and shales, which constitute a rock and anthropogenic habitats with a substantially ele- formation termed flysh. Such formations do not usu- vated calcium level were formed within the castle ally contain calcium carbonate, or it occurs merely as walls. Another important factor was deforestation ac- cement for the sandstones. Consequently, the malaco- companying the construction of the buildings, and re- fauna of the Outer Carpathians (Flysh Carpathians) is sulting in natural forest communities being replaced relatively poor and not very diverse, compared to the by open habitats. This fact is particularly important in neighbouring areas which abound in carbonate rocks the areas which are poor in carbonate rocks (lime- (Pieniny Mts, Cracow-Czêstochowa Upland). Local- stones, marls, dolomites). Owing to a higher calcium ities with a significantly increased calcium level in the content in the substratum, castle ruins provide favour- substratum are thus particularly interesting and in- able living conditions for petrophilous and clude only afew limestone zones such asCieszyn calciphilous species of plants and animals, including Silesia, and the environs of ¯ywiec and Andrychów. molluscs. This makes them natural refugia for land Castle ruins represent a very attractive object of snail assemblages (ALEXANDROWICZ 1995, JUØIÈKOVA malacological studies, since they offer favourable hab- &KUÈERA 2005a, b). The expansion of housing es- itat conditions for mollusc faunas of exceptional com- tates and the associated development of transport, in- position and structure (ALEXANDROWICZ 1995). volving especially agricultural products, which cre- Sandstone, used as building material, was nearly al- ated favourable conditions for migration of species 10 Witold Pawe³ Alexandrowicz from other areas, have also played a significant role. above-mentioned authors emphasised the specificity Finally, the increased calcium level facilitates preser- of the castle ruin fauna. This specificity results from vation of empty shells for relatively long periods of anthropogenic pressure on the one hand, and from time. It leads to enrichment of shell thanatocoenoses the formation of artificial habitats, which often create developing within the ruins. very favourable conditions for the development of Molluscan assemblages inhabiting castle ruins malacocoenoses, on the other. have so far been described in a number of locations, There are more than ten castles of various sizes mostly in Germany (e.g. ZEISSLER 1969, 1975, 1980, within the area of the Flysh Carpathians. Most of MÜNZIG 1977, MATZKE 1985, HALDEMANN 1990, them were built in the Middle Ages in order to pro- BÖSSNECK 1996), the Czech Republic (e.g. LOZEK tect trade routes that ran across the range of the 1959, 1975, JUØIÈKOVA 2005, JUØIÈKOVA &KUÈERA Beskidy Mts from the south to the north. Therefore, 2005a, b), Austria (JAUERNIG 1995) and Great Britain they were located mainly along the valleys of major (ROUSE &EVANS 1994). Such studies have also been rivers, namely the Raba, Dunajec, Wis³ok and San. carried out in Poland in the Sudetes (WIKTOR 1959, The main objective of this study is a detailed POKRYSZKO 1984), in the Cracow-Czêstochowa Up- faunistic analysis of the molluscan assemblages of the land (URBAÑSKI 1973, ALEXANDROWICZ 1988) and in castle hill in Melsztyn, with particular focus on the spe- the Carpathians (ALEXANDROWICZ 1995). The cies that can be regarded as anthropogenic migrants. STUDY AREA The castle in Melsztyn is a large fortress situated route along the Dunajec River valley (Fig. 1). The cas- partly on a rocky hill rising approximately 40 m above tle was built in the 14th century and was later ex- the level of the Dunajec River. It is sited between panded several times. In the late 18th century it was se- Tarnów and Zakliczyn in the Ro¿nów Foothills and it verely damaged by a great fire. The present ruins in- used to be the northernmost stronghold defending the clude the remains of buildings, towers and defensive Fig. 1. Location of the castle in Melsztyn: A – towns and villages, B – streams, C – rivers,D–mainroads,E–castle in Melsztyn The malacofauna of the Melsztyn castle ruins 11 walls (Fig. 2). The castle hill in Melsztyn is made of with Corylus, Sorbus and Sambucus and with grass associ- coarse-grained, thick-bed sandstones and conglomer- ations (ALEXANDROWICZ 1995). Preliminary studies of ates of low calcium content (Ciê¿kowice Beds) the castle ruins in Melsztyn were conducted by (CIESZKOWSKI et al. 2010). The hill is currently over- ALEXANDROWICZ (1995) who identified 22 snail spe- grown by natural, sparse mixed coniferous or decidu- cies inhabiting the ruins. Later studies yielded more ous forests with Pinus, Acer, Carpinus and Fraxinus as material and revealed the presence of several new taxa. dominant taxa and a shrub-dominated understorey MATERIAL AND METHODS The samples analysed here were taken in March 2010 in 10 sites within the ruins (Fig. 2) using the method described by DZIÊCZKOWSKI (1972), ALEXANDROWICZ (1987) and ALEXANDROWICZ & ALEXANDROWICZ (2011). Individual samples (Me-1 – Me-10; Fig. 2) were collected from the plots demar- cated within the ruins. Each sample represented a 0.5 × 0.5 m square. The material was extracted to the depth of 5 cm. After drying, all identifiable specimens were selected. Due to the season when the samples were collected (early spring), the analysed material consisted mainly of empty shells (ca. 95%) and con- tained very few live specimens (ca. 5%). The species were identified and the specimens of each taxon were counted. The species’ assignment to the ecological groups followed LOZEK (1964), ALEXANDROWICZ 1987 and ALEXANDROWICZ &ALEXANDROWICZ (2011). Con- stancy (C) and dominance (D) were calculated ac- cording to ALEXANDROWICZ (1987) and ALEXANDRO- Fig. 2. Map of the castle in Melsztyn: A – well preserved ruins WICZ &ALEXANDROWICZ (2011). The C-D structure of buildings, B – castle wall, C – road, D – slopes, E – sam- was established for the entire analysed material, ples (Me-1 – Me-10) thereby making possible distinction of the compo- nents of the assemblage. The diversity of the fauna ac- cording to its structural characteristics was described ALEXANDROWICZ 2011). The taxonomic analysis using synthetic indices: constancy index (Ci)and made it possible to determine similarities between dominance index (Di )(ALEXANDROWICZ & particular samples and identify clusters of samples of ALEXANDROWICZ 2011). Determination of the domi- similar composition and structure. A dendrogram was nant and accessory species in the collection was based generated using the method described by MORISITA on the Q index (geometric mean of C and D) (1959) and calculated using the PAST statistical soft- (ALEXANDROWICZ 1987, ALEXANDROWICZ & ware package (HAMMER at al. 2001). RESULTS The number of species per sample varied from 13 The shade-loving forms constituted 13% of the assem- to 23, whereas the number of specimens ranged from blage. Most species were represented by single speci- 203 to 1,925. The entire material comprised 9,354 mens. Only Vertigo pusilla, Acanthinula aculeata and specimens of 36 land snail taxa, including one collec- Perforatella incarnata occurred in greater numbers. It tive category consisting of slug vestigial shells (Lima- is notable that snails preferring damp habitats and cidae and Agriolimacidae) (Table 1). species typical of dense canopy forests constituted The malacofauna of the castle hill in Melsztyn in- only a very small proportion of the assemblage (Fig. 3, cluded species of three ecological groups: F – Table 1). Open-country snails were dominant
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