The Description of Figurative Language Used in Avril

Home , Avril Lavigne, Feel So High, Hurts Like Hell, I Feel So, Keep Holding On, Rid of Me

THE DESCRIPTION OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE USED IN AVRIL

LAVIGNE’S SONGS: THE BEST DAMN THING ALBUM

A PAPER

RIZKY SASKIA PUTRI LUBIS

NIM : 152202006

DIPLOMA OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, RIZKY SASKIA PUTRI LUBIS, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award or another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

Date : November 30th,, 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : RIZKY SASKIA PUTRI LUBIS

Title of Paper : THE DESCRIPTION OF FIGURATIVE

LANGUAGE USED IN AVRIL LAVIGNE’S

ALBUM: THE BEST DAMN THING

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the

discretion of the Libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program

Faculty of Cultural studies, USU on the understanding that users are made

aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.

Signed :

Date : November 30th, 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Kertas karya ini berjudul Description of Figurative Language used in Avril Lavigne’s album: The Best Damn Thing. Ini membahas jenis bahasa kiasan yang terdapat dalam beberapa lirik lagu dari Avril Lavigne. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis bahasa kiasan dan juga jenis bahasa kiasan yang dominan. Dalam menulis makalah ini, penulis melakukan penelitian pustaka, mengumpulkan data dan informasi dari beberapa buku dan internet. Penulis mengumpulkan data bahasa kiasan dari lirik lagu Avril Lavigne, memilih bahasa kiasan dalam lirik lagu, mengklasifikasikan bahasa kiasan kemudian menafsirkan bahasa kiasan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, penulis menemukan 13 penggunaan bahasa kiasan yang terdiri dari lima hiperbola, empat repetisi, dua simile, dan masing-masing satu metafora dan personifikasi. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa hiperbola dan repetisi adalah jenis bahasa paling figuratif yang muncul dalam lirik lagu Avril Lavigne.

Kata kunci: bahasa kiasan, hiperbola, kiasan, metafora, personifikasi, pengulangan.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This paper is entitled The Description of Figurative Language used in Avril Lavigne’s album: The Best Damn Thing. The paper discusses the types of figurative language that exist in the song lyrics of Avril Lavigne. The purpose of this paper is to find out the types of the figurative language and also the dominant type of figurative language. In writing this paper, the writer conducts a library research, collecting data and information from some books and internet. The writer collects data figurative language from the lyrics of Avril Lavigne’s song, select figurative language in the song lyrics, classify the figurative language then interpret the figurative language. Based on the results of the analysis, the writer finds 13 uses of figurative language consisting five times of hyperbole, four times of repetition, twice times of simile, each once times of metaphor and personification. The results of the analysis also show that hyperbole and repetition are the dominant figurative type of language that appears in Avril Lavigne's song lyrics.

Keywords: figurative language, hyperbole, simile, metaphor, personification, repetition.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Allah SWT, The writer would like to

thank God and Prophet Muhammad SAW for blessing and giving me the

opportunity, health, strength, and ability to accomplish this paper in order to

fulfill one of the requirements to finish my study at Diploma III English Study

Program, University of Sumatera Utara. Then I would like to express a big

gratitude and love to :

 Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S as The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Study,

University of Sumatera Utara.

 Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis M.Hum as The Head of English Diploma

Study Program, thank you for the valuable time in giving me advice,

suggestion, and help to write this paper.

 Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as my supervisor for his advice,

availability, and also his time to correct the process of writing this paper

from zero until done. I also would like to say a deep gratitude to all the

lecturers in English Diploma Study Program for giving me knowledge,

skill, and many more.

 All my lecturer in Diploma III English Study Program who have taught me

and gives me advice and knowledge.

 Biggest and deepest appreciation to my beloved parents, Boy Lubis &

Mila Pane, my little sister Alya Lubis, and also my family for the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA big support and never ending love to me. I’m so much blessed to have my

family in my life. You guys is my number one support system.

 Next appreciation goes to the one and only Rui Jala Angkasa Ginting,

who always here for me since day 1. Always support me and ready to help

me, always remind me to focus and finished my study as soon as possible.

I’m so grateful to have you in my life.

 My gratitude also goes to my bestfriend Ririn Dwi, who helping me

anytime i need her. Always be a good listener for every problem i faced,

especially when i had to revise this thesis and re-start over and over again.

 I also want to express my appreciation to my girls Syndi Nova, Lyly

Lyan, Mutiara Tara, Lia Tabitha. Days in campus can be so empty

without you girls. And also thanks to Anggi Yuda, Tommy Husein,

Gilang Indra who always turn on the atmosphere at campus with their

jokes.

 And i would like to say thanks to my childhood bestfriends, Citra Erwina

and Fadlan Qodri who always supporting me to finished my paper as

soon as possible.

 To my Junior High School Bestfriends Khumairah, Putri faradinda, and

Widya Khardila thanks for always supporting me and tell me everythings

gonna be ok.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  To my close friends Ical Reza, Bela Vani, Annadya, Mhd Abba, and

Ray Aris thankyou for helping me and supporting me to do my paper.

 And for all my friends in Diploma III English Study Program 2015 class A

and B for all their support and helping me. To all memories we share, I’ll

be missing you all.

Finally, i would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization of this undergraduate paper. This undergraduate paper is far from perfect, but it is expected that it will be useful not only for the researcher, but also for the readers. For this reason, constructive thoughtfull suggestion and critics are welcomed.

Medan, 2018

The Writer

Rizky Saskia Putri Lubis 152202006

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION………………………………………….i

ABSTRACT…………………...………………………………………iii

ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………..iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………….v

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………...1

1.2 Problems of the Study……………………………………………….5

1.3 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………..5

1.4 Purpose of the Study……………………………………………..….5

1.5 Reasons for making the Study…………………………………...….6

1.6 Method of the Study……………………………………………...... 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Semantics…………………………………………………………...8

2.2 Figurative Language………………………………………….…….9

2.3 Types of figurative Language………………………………………12

2.3.1 Hyperbole……………………………………………………13

2.3.2 Methapor………………………………….……….…...... ….13

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3.3 Personification…………………………………….…....….14

2.3.4 Simile…………………………………………………...... 15

2.3.5 Repetition…….………………………………………...….16

2.4 Song..………………...………………………………………….17

3 THE ANALYSIS

3.1 Hyperbole...... 19

3.2 Metaphor...... 20

3.3 Personification ...... 21

3.4 Simile…...... 21

3.5 Repetition...... 22

3.6 The Result of Analysis...... 23

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 CONCLUSION...... 25

4.2 SUGGESTION...... 26

BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 28

APPENDICES

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is a system that consists of development, acquisition,

maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the

human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a

system. Language is a very important thing in our life, without language we

can not communicate with each other. Every language has literature and

figurative language, English is no exception.

Language has an important role in people daily activities. As a human,

people use language to communicate with each other. People cannot do their

activities well without language. Furthermore, language is an important

instrument of social interaction. Through language, someone can also express

his or her feeling or idea. A language is a system of symbols through which

people communicate.

Language has a structure that is regularly arranged about the sound and

sequence of sound language that has the nature of free and with the system a

social group to work together.

Language is the focus of study called linguistics. Linguistics has

important roles to study language that include sounds, the arrangement of

words, and meaning. Linguistics is concerned with identifying the meaningful

elements of specific languages. Linguistics also deals with the meanings

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expressed by modulations of a speaker‟s voice and the processes by which hearers and readers relate new information to the information they already have.

Language is a system of communication by sound, through the organs of speech and hearing, among human beings of acertain group or community, using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning, according to

Pei & Gaynor (1954:119).

Human language is unique in that it has productivity, recursive, and shifting properties, and because overall human language depends also on conventions and social education. Language is a talent that humans possess naturally as a means of communication with each other. Language is a communication tool in the form of a symbol system of sound produced by a human speech tool. As we know, the language consists of words or a collection of words. Each has a meaning, that is, the abstract relation between the word as a symbol with the object or concept represented by the linguist or alphabetically arranged by the linguist, or in alphabetical order, accompanied by an explanation of the meaning and then recorded into a dictionary.

Sometimes people doesn‟t understand about words that is used in literary works such as novel, poem, song, etc. Literary work requires cognitive effort and extra time to understand figurative language such as in songs. So, it needs

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knowledge related to literature and figurative language and also imagination to figure out the author‟s or speaker‟s meaning.

Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. Figurative language, in comparison, uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular linguistic point. Figurative language is very common in song and poetry, but is also used in prose and nonfiction writing. A song has to be rhythmic and so does a poem. Rhythm is one of the important elements in both songs and poetry. In fact, there is even a form of poetry which is made into music called a lyric poem. They can be used in songs to express the thoughts and feelings of the author. Music without words is poetry, only not in the generalized sense.

Song is a part of music and music is a part of art. When someone listens to music without a song, we do not understand what the music and song mean. A song usually has sad meaning accompanied by a slow music, many people understand what the theme of a song mean if it has literal meaning but when a song uses figurative language someone needs knowledge about it.

In song, there is a lyric and lyric is a word, phrase and sentence. Certainly in using a word, phrase and sentence in it. Someone does not know whether they have a literal meaning of figurative meaning.

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Many people like listening to music includes the researcher, and many music genres in this world such as pop punk, pop rock, and power pop and many else. In this research, the researcher chose literary works like songs.

Song is any poem even there is an attention of it being set to music. In this research, the writer chose the literary problem about song. It was “Avril

Lavigne” Song from her Album “The Best Damn Thing”. Song is a piece of music with words that is sung or music for the voice according to Oxford

(1995:1133). Its means that, producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular is speech by the uses of both tonality and rhythm. And then, someone who sings was called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music that could be sung either with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in a group of other musicians.

In this paper, the writer interested in analyzing the figurative language found in song lyrics. Because the songwriter expresses his ideas and feelings through the songs. The ideas and feelings become difficult to understand because the composer has adopted figurative language to beautify his lyrics.

Avril Ramona Lavigne born 27 september 1984 is a Canadian song-writer and actress. By the age of 15 she had appeared on stage with Shania Twain.

By the age of 16, she had signed two album recording contract with Arista

Records worth more than $2 million. In 2002, she released her debut album

“Let Go” emphasising a skate punk persona in which she has often referred by

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critics and music publications as the “Pop Punk Queen” due to her

achievement and impact in the industry. Avril is considered a key musician in

the development of pop punk music since she paved the way female driven

pop punk influenced music.

1.2 Problem of the study

Based on a background above, the writer focused the study on these main

problems:

a. What are the types of figurative language used in Avril Lavigne‟s album: The

Best Damn Thing?

b. What is the dominant type of figurative language used in Avril Lavigne‟s

album: The Best Damn Thing?

1.3 Scope of the study

In this research, the writer focused and analyzed figurative language in

Avril Lavigne‟s album: The Best Damn Thing. The tittle of the songs are

“Girlfriend”, “When You‟re Gone”, “Hot”, “Innocence”, “Keep Holding On”

and “Run Away”.

1.4 Purpose of the study

The purposes of the study are as described below, they are:

a. To find out the types of figurative language used in Avril Lavigne‟s album:

The Best Damn Thing

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b. To find out the dominant type of figurative language used in Avril Lavigne‟s

album: The Best Damn Thing

1.5 Reasons of the study

The reasons of the study is to introduce the songs to all of the listeners

who have not listen it yet. And to learn about the figurative language in the

songs.

1.6 Method of the study

The writer will take data from resources Owl City‟s lyrics. The method of

study is the library research by reading and studying some books which are

concerned with problems and to collect the theories. Besides that, the writer

will also search sources in internet to enrich information which is related to

the topic to find out the types of figurative languages in order to analyze the

meaning of each figurative language.

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2. THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Semantics

The semantics can be read in Greek Sema (noun) 'sign': or from the same

verb as 'payment, meaning'. This term is used by language experts to refer to parts

of language called meanings. Semantic (semantic) is a branch of linguistics that

regulates meaning or meaning. The meaning translated by the semantics is the

free meaning of conversation. There are meanings that are lexical and some are

grammatical. semantic is the systematic study of meaning and linguistic semantic

is the study of how languages organize and express meanings. Its means that,

meaning in linguistic semantic was very needed for us to limit ourselves to the

expression of meanings in a single language.

There were three disciplines were concerned with the systematic

study of meaning, in itself: psychology, philosophy and linguistics. It means that,

psychologist were interest in how individual humans learn, how they retain, recall

or loss information. Philosophies of language were concerned with how we know,

how any particular fact that we know or accept as true was related to other

possible facts. And than, the last systematic study of meaning is about linguistic,

linguistics want to understand how language works.

Hipkiss (1995:9) states, “The word semantics is derived from the Greek

semaino, meaning to signify or mean. Semantics is part of the larger study of

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signs, semiotics. It is the part that deals with words as signs (symbols) an language as a system of signs (words as symbols)”. In addition, semantics focuses on the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language. The meaning of phrases, sentences depend on the meaning of its words and the structure. System for analyzing language divides linguistics expressioninto two classes: literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Uses in non-literal are called figurative expression. Literal meaning denotes the speaker mean according to common or dictionary usage, while non-literal meaning (figurative expression) connotes additional layers of meaning. When the people eyes or ears receive a message, the mind must interpret the data to convert it into meaning. This set off memories will give prominence to the most common or literal meanings, but also suggest reasons for attributing different meanings. The study of the linguistic meaning or morphemes, words, phrases and sentences is called semantics. Semantic is concerned with aspects of meaning in language. Work in semantics deal with the description of word and sentence meaning. There are certain kinds of meaning or certain aspects of meaning linguistics (Lyons, 1981:139). Geoffrey Leech

(1974:9) explains that semantics as the study of meaning is central study of communication and as communication becomes more and more pressing. Palmer

(1976:1) says, “Semantics is technical term used refer to the study of meaning”.

Katz (1972:1) also states that semantics is the study of linguistics meaning. It is concerned with what sentence and other linguistics object express, not with the arrangement with their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation.

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The researcher understands that the meaning of a word is fully reflected

by it context. Here, the meaning of the word is constituted by its contextual

relations. Therefore, a distinction between of participation as well as modes of

participation was made. In order to, accomplish this distinction any part of a

sentence that bears a meaning and combines with the meanings of other

constituents. Meaning could be concluded that are idea or concepts that could be

transferred from the mind of the speaker to the mind the hearer by embodying

them, as it were, in the form of one language or another.

2.2 Figurative Language

Figurative Language which in Indonesian is better known as majas, is a

form of deviation from everyday language or standard language, deviation of

meaning, and deviation of the arrangement of words in order to obtain more

specific meanings such as comparing or associate two things.

Figurative language is a beautiful language used to make an imaginative

impression to the listeners or audience both orally or in writing on the other

hand figurative language is an imagination that has more than one meaning

and cannot be interpreted literally.

Figurative language is most commonly used in poetry, and is often used in

both fiction and nonfiction writing. It is also used when people speak, just

think idioms. Figurative language is a beautiful language used to make an

imaginative impression to the listeners or audience both orally or in writing on

the other hand figurative language is an imagination that has more than one

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meaning and cannot be interpreted literally. Figurative Language is a conspicuous departure from what users of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect.

Figurative languages often provide a more effective means of saying what the songwriter and poet mean than direct statement. In the specific sense, figurative languages may take the form of figures of speech. Style especially figurative languages known in rhetoric is style. Style derived from the Latin word stylus that is a kind of tool to write on a slab lily. Skill using this tool will affect the clarity of that. At press time emphasis on skills to write beautifully, then the style and turn into the ability and skill to write or use words beautifully.

Figures are sometimes described as primarily poetic, but they are integral to the functioning of language and indispensable to all modes of discourse. It means that figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what users of language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect.

Based on Abrams (1999:96), tells that figurative languages was a conspicous departure from what users of language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect. Figurative languages often provide a more effective means of saying what people mean than direct statement. In the specific sense, figurative languages may take the form of figures of

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speech. Style especially figurative languages known in rhetoric is style. Style derived from the Latin word stylus that is a kind of tool to write on a slab lily.

Skill using this tool will affect the clarity of that. At press time emphasis on skills to write beautifully, then the style and turn into the ability and skill to write or use words beautifully.

Because of these developments, figurative languages or style becomes an issue or part of the diction the question whether the use of the word fits, flavor or specific clause to deal with the situation. Therefore, covers all issues style hierarchy of language: individual choice of words (diction), phrases, clauses, sentences and even embraces the discourse overall. So, reach of figurative language actually is very broad, not only includes the elements of the sentence elements that contain specific motifs, such as those commonly found in classical rhetoric. figurative languages is broadly defined as anyway of saying something other than ordinary way. It is more narrowly definable as a way of saying one thing and meaning another. The readers and writers properly utilize superior style to explain the ideas of the classical rhetorical them.

Means of classical rhetoric has been used by the Roman Cicero and Suetonius novelist who wears figura in the sense of "shadows, images, allusions, allegories”.

In addition, Perrine (1982:61) tells that figurative languages is broadly defined as anyway of saying something other than ordinary way. It is more narrowly definable as a way of saying one thing and meaning

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another. The readers and writers properly utilize superior style to explain the

ideas of the classical rhetorical them. Means of classical rhetoric has been

used by the Roman Cicero and Suetonius novelist who wears figura in the

sense of "shadows, images, allusions, allegories”. Meanwhile, Keraf

(2009:113) “Gaya bahasa merupakan cara untuk mengekspresikan biasanya

berpikir melalui bahasa yang menunjukkan semangat dan kepribadian

penulisan atau bahasa pengguna”. Djajasudarma (2008:20), states that majas

dapat membuat bingung indera pembacaa karena majas menggunakan suatu

kata dengan makna tertentu dan majas sering lebih singkat daripada

padanannya yang diungkapkan dalam kata biasa. This means that figurative

language uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the

literal interpretation.

Glucksberg (2001:8), states that figurative meaning is derived from the

literal and can be discovered by discovering the nature of substitution of the

metaphorical for the literal. One implication of this assumption is that

metaphoric interpretations involve recovering the original literal expression

for which for metaphor substitutes.

2.3 Types of Figurative Languages

According to Zainuddin (1992:52), figurative language consist of 19

kinds. Meanwhile, Djajasudarma states that the most important figurative

language consist of 10 figurative language. In this paper, the writer explains

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five types of them. They are hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, and

repetition.

There are several kinds of figurative languages, as follows:

2.3.1Hyperbole

According to Djajasudarma (2008:21), “hiperbola ialah ungkapan yang

melebih-lebihkan apa yang sebenarnya dimaksudkan; jumlahnya,

ukurannya,atau sifatnya”. Its means that hyperbole is a kind of style that

contains an overstatement, to exaggerate something. Its means that hyperbole

is style that reveals something with exaggerated exceeds what is actually

meant.

For example:

1. He is as skinny as a toothpick

This statement is overstatement. This sentences explain that body of

someone‟s skinny as a toothpick. In fact shape of a toothpick is very skinny.

Based on the experts‟s opinion and example above, it can be concluded

that hyperbole is figurative language which express about something with

exaggerated, so it does not correspond to the actual reality.

2.3.2 Metaphor

According to Keraf (2009: 139), metaphor is a kind of analogy that

compares two things directly, but in a form that brief. Metaphor as direct

comparisons do not use the word: as, tubs, like, and so on, so that the first

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principal directly connected with the principal second fact. Process the same

as simile but gradually equations and basic information about the first

eliminated.

According to Zainuddin (1992:52), Metafora ialah melukiskan sesuatu

dengan cara membandingkan sesuatu yang sudah diketahui.

For example:

1. The light of my life

In the example above, it doesn‟t mean that person giving light physically it‟s

just someone who brings happiness or joy in another people‟s life.

Based on the experts‟s opinion and example above, it can be concluded

that metaphor is a bit similar to simile, a sentence which compares two things

but without “like” and as.

2.3.3 Personification

Zainuddin (1992:53), tells that personifikasi ialah melukiskan sesuatu

(benda mati) digambarkan seperti yang dilakukan manusia atau seperti benda

hidup. It means that personification is a kind of style of figurative language

depicting inanimate objects or goods that do not anime as if it has the

properties of human nature. Meanwhile, Lingga (2007:15) states that

personifikasi adalah representasi dari benda mati atau ide-ide abstrak

sebagai makhluk hidup. It means that personification is a “representation of

inanimate object or abstract ideas as living beings.

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In addition, Abrams (1999:99) says that personification, or in the Greekterm,

prosopopeia, in which either an inanimate object or an abstract concept

spoken of as though it were endowed with life or with human attributes or

feelings (compare pathetic fallacy).

For example:

1. The fire ran wild.

In this sentence, there is word “The fire” which is inanimate do act like human

is ran wild.

From some experts‟s opinion and example above, it can be concluded that

personification is kind of figurative language that function to describe an

inanimate object as if it has properties or capabilities as humans.

2.3.4 Simile

Simile are figurative language that compare two things that are

fundamentally different, but deliberately considered the same. The use of this

tutorial must use comparative wordsAccording to Montgomery, Durant, Fabb,

Furniss and Mills (2007:119), simile is a subdivision of methapor in that, as

its name ssuggests, it draws attention to a similarity between two terms

through words such as “like and „as‟. Simile does not, strictly speaking,

always entail figurative language, since both terms of a simile can often be

understood literally.

Meanwhile, according to Perrine (1982:61) simile is the explicit

comparison of two things, indicates by the word or phrase such as like, as,

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than, similar, resemble or seems. In addition, Abrams (1999:97) states that

“simile is a comparison between two distinctly different things is explicitly

indicated by the word "like" or "as".

For Example:

1. As cold as ice

This example shows similarity of cold and ice, because ice is cold. This

example also use “as” simile is characteristic.

From the experts‟s opinion and example above, it can be concluded that

simile was comparison that is explicit, between two things using conjunctive.

They are like, as than, similar, resemble or seems.

2.3.5 Repetition

According to Wikipedia, Repetition is the simple repeating of a word,

within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words,

in order to secure emphasis. This is such a common literary device that it is

almost never even noted as a figure of speech. It also has connotations to

listing for effect and is used commonly by famous poets. Meanwhile,

According to Askarova (2015), Repetition is the simple repeating of a word,

within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words

in order to secure emphasis. This is such a common literary device that it is

almost never even noted as a figure of speech.

For example :

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He continues to study, study, and study only to pursue outstanding student

scholarship.

In this sentence, we can see the repeating of a word “study” based on some

experts‟s opinion and the example above, it can be concluded that Repetition

is repeating of a word which among them are still related to each other.

2.4 Song

Song is a single work of music that typically to be sung by someone which is usually accompanied by musical instruments to produce music that contains rhythm or rhythmic sound. Written words made spesifically for music or for which music spesifically made, are called lyric.. A song may be for a solo singer, duet, trio or larger ensemble involving more voices in harmony that usually called choir. A song is a piece of music accompanied or unaccompanied be voice or voices, where the performance of song is called a singer or vocalist, the act or art is called singing. Songs may also appear in plays, musical plays, stage shows of any form, and within operas.

Song is the common thing in people daily activity because song can give various impact to the hearer because song has a meaning in each sentences.

According to Oxford Dictiory(03 ed) song is short piece of music with words that you sing. Songs can be categorized in many genres such as : pop, rock,

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jazz, latin, country and many more. In song we can find lyrics. According to free dictionary online (dictionary.com) song is having the form and musical quality of a song, and especially the character of a songlike outpouring of the poet‟s ownthoughts and feelings, as distinguished from epic and dramatic poetry. The lyrics of song are typically of poetic, rhyming nature, though they may be religious verses or free prose.

It is important to take a broad view of songs. They consist not only of the lyrics and the tune, but also of all the contexts in which how a song is created, experienced, produced, and consumed. These contexts include such things as where the song was performed and by whom, the audience for it, and the technology that produced it and preserved it for.

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3. ANALYSIS

3.1 Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an expression that exaggerates something or extravagant

statement to create a strong emotional response.

In the songs entitle “The best damn thing, “Everything back but you”,

“Run away”, “When your gone”, “Contagious” and “One of those girls” the

expression of figurative language in terms of hyperbole have been found each

one hyperboles. They are:

(1). Laughing so hard it hurts like hell

It contains an expression of hyperbole, because of the lyric piece shows

exaggerated statement or something sound many or more. We can see the

song writer used sentences ”Laughing so hard it hurts like hell” that show she

is laughing so much and it feels like some kind of sensation inside her body.

(2). The days feel like years when I’m alone

The sentence above shows figurative language of hyperbole. This

sentences is exaggerated because she‟s just feels like the time goes slower

without someone by her side. As we know that one day is 24 hours and one

year is 8.760 hours. So this sentence is so exaggerated.

(3). I wanna see you cry like I did a thousand times

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This piece of lyric is hyperbole, we know that someone can cry but we

can‟t see it a thousand times. It‟s too exaggerated. Generally people cry

when they feeling sad but not thousand times

(4). I see that look in your eyes it tells a million lies

The piece of lyric shows figurative language of hyperbole, as we know

that someone can tell a lies but not a million. Maybe too much. And we can‟t

prove if someone is lying by only through they eyes.

(5). You make me feel so high all the time

This lyrics is hyperbole, because it‟s too exaggerated if she‟s feeling high

all the time. High in this mean she‟s lost control and don‟t know what to do.

3.2 Metaphor

A metaphor is described as a figurative language that makes a comparison

between two things that are basically dissimilar. In other words, it describes

one thing in terms of another.

In the songs entitle “The best damn thing” has been found one metaphor.

That is:

(6). I’m a hell of scandal

I’m a hell of scandal is metaphor, hell of scandal is not really mean that

someone is a hell. I’m a hell of scandal is mean that she is the most girl who

made a scandal.

3.3 Personification

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Personification is when you give human qualities to an object or animal.

In the songs entitle “Run away” has been found one metaphor. That is:

(7). I’m in a fight with the world but I’m winning

It contains an expression of personification because of the lyric piece

shows that world fight with the people (author) but in fact they‟re just an

object and the world as if have human-like character. As we know the world

can‟t fight like human.

3.4 Simile

A simile is figurative language that involving the comparison of one thing

with another thing of a different kind used to make a description more

empathic or vivid.

In the songs entitle “Run away” and “Everything back but you” have been

found each one simile. They are:

(8). Today it’s like I’m under the heavy cloud

That piece of lyric is categorized as simile, because here there is an

expression of using word like as an element of simile. That lyrics means

something sorrow. The song writer used heavy cloud here, heavy cloud means

that rain will come and rain usually symbolized sadness.

(9). It smelled like cheap perfume and it didn’t smell like you

The piece of lyric shows figurative language of simile, with used word

like”. The subject is being compared to a cheap perfume. Because she can‟t

smell her boy and she‟s just smelled a cheap perfume she doesn‟t like.

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3.5 Repetition

A repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a

few times to make an idea clearer and more memorable.

In the songs entitle “The best damn thing” has been found four simile, and

“When your gone” has been found one simile. They are:

(10). Where are

In this lyric shows figurative language of repetition. The lyric is “Where

are the hopes, where are the dreams” it‟s means that her confirmed words

“Where are”. She need a hopes and a dreams so she asking used “Where

are”.

(11). Not

The words is categorized as repetition because the piece of lyrics is

“That you’re not, not, not gonna get any better” it‟s mean that she‟s

confident that boy can‟t get better than herself.

(12). Wont

Wont in this lyrics is a repetition because the lyrics “You won’t, won’t,

won’t you won’t get rid of me never” confirm that she never get away

from him.

(13). When You’re Gone

When you‟re gone is categorized as repetition because in this lyrics

confirm that when he leaves her, she missing him so much.

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3.6 The Result of Analysis

This is the result of analysis of figurative language found in Avril

Lavigne‟s album “The Best Damn Thing”. Through this, we know how many

cases each type of figurative language has based on their rank from the most

dominant type to less one.

There are 13 data found in Avril Lavigne‟s album “The Best Damn

Thing”. Below is the number of data in each type of figurative language:

1. Hyperbole : 5 data

2. Metaphor : 1 data

3. Personification : 1 data

4. Simile : 2 data

5. Repetition : 4 data

Here is the percentage of each type of figurative language:

1. Hyperbole : 100 = 38.4 %

2. Metaphor : 100 = 7.6 %

3. Personification : 100 = 7.6 %

4. Simile : 100 = 15.3 %

5. Repetition : 100 = 30.7 %

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Based on data and percentage above, we can see that hyperbole (38,3%) and repetition (30,7%) are the dominant element of figurative language, followed by metaphor and personification (7,6%) and simile (15,3%).

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4.CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data from Avril Lavigne‟s song lyrics, it is found that

figurative language can give special effect to beautify and intensity further

meaning to related particular message in lyric. The lyrics of those songs

generally involves constructed figurative language the writer. It is found that

there are 12 elements of figurative languages in 5 songs of Avril Lavigne‟s.

They are 4 hyperboles, 1 metaphor, 1 personification, 2 simile, and 4

repetition. The type of hyperbole and repetition mostly found in it is form

counterfactual expression, while the type of simile, metaphor and

personification mostly found after it. It seems this style is the main device in

conveying the message through the lyrics. The researcher could be discussion

that the lyrics of the song “Avril Lavigne” told about the smallest story. After

the researcher find out the figurative language meaning, the researcher give a

short story about this song. Because, not all people only known about the

figurative but also they are known about the short story. Besides that, the

researcher gives to know about the theme of this song. Theme of romance in a

song today while demand among the young. So, in this research, the

researchers chose the theme of romance.

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Because of the researchers felt that the current youth was more interested

in this theme.

4.2 Suggestion

Figurative language proves the importance of diction to contribute to both

music and singer globally. Music can give a spirit to a person. It is used in

cafe to create a calm atmosphere. It is also used in theater or dance in order to

create feeling of beauty. It plays an important role in education, psychology

and commercial advertising. The form and styles may vary from to one

another based on the songwriter‟s knowledge and experience but essentially

music is universal since it is easily accepted by many people in many places

or around the world.

Figurative language proves the importance of diction to contribute to both

music and singer globally. Music can give a spirit to a person. It is used in cafe to

create a calm atmosphere. It is also used in theater or dance in order to create

feeling of beauty. It plays an important role in education, psychology and

commercial advertising. The form and styles may vary from to one another based

on the songwriter‟s knowledge and experience but essentially music is universal

since it is easily accepted by many people in many places or around the world.

The writer would like to suggest that the English students should analyze

figurative language in songs because the writer thinks that figurative language

is an interesting subject to study and analyse as well. In figurative language

the words have other meanings from the literal one. That is why the writer

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thinks it is very important for the English students who to study more about figurative language. In analyzing a figurative language, a writer should pay much attention to the context to get the proper message.

Finally the researcher realizes that this researcher was still far from being perfect. So, the researcher will listen to all of good criticism and suggestion about this research in under to be more perfect.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Term (07 ed). United States of America: Thomson Learning

Algeo, John. 2005 The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Djajasudarma. T. Fatimah. 2006. Metode Linguistik Ancangan metode Penelitian dan Kajian. Bandung: PT Erescvo

F.R. Palmer. 1981. Semantics (Second edition). Cambridge University Press

Gorys Keraf, Dr. 2009. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta

Jerrold J. Katz. 1972. Semantic theory.

Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. New York: Routledge.

Pei and Gaynor. 1954. A dictionary of linguistics. New York: Philosopical Library.

Saeed, John I. 2003. Semantics. 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd

Siahaan, Sanggam. 2008. Issues in Linguistics. Pematangsiantar: GrahaIlmu.

Anang Octavira. “Defenisi Bahasa Menurut Para Ahli”. Diakses pada 28 Maret 2018 https://id.scribd.com/document/347664965/Definisi-Bahasa-Menurut-Para-Ahli

Avril Lavigne (2007). The Best Damn Thing album. Diakses 28 Maret 2018 http://www.avrillavigne.com/music/

Avril Lavigne (2007). Avril Lavigne lyrics. Diakses 5 April 2018 http://www.metrolyrics.com/search.html?search=avril+lavigne

Englishindo. “Pengertian Bahasa/Language Menurut Para Ahli”. Diakses 28 Maret 2018 https://www.englishindo.com/2011/06/pengertian-makna-arti-definisi-bahasa.html

Englishindo. Semantics: Defenisi Para Ahli. Diakses 8 April 2018 https://www.englishindo.com/2011/05/semantics-definisi-dari-para-ahli.html

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Fadli Irfanto. Definition and Meanings of Figurative Language. Diakses 13 April 2018. http://fiar77119.blogspot.com/2015/11/figurative-languages.html

Wikipedia. Language. Diakses pada 28 Maret 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

Your dictionary. Figurative Language. Diakses pada 8 April 2018. http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/style-and-usage/figurative-langua

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A. Biografi of Avril Lavigne

Avril Ramona Lavigne was born in Napanee, Ontario, Canada, on

September 27, 1984, to Judy and John Lavigne, whom both are French-

Canadians. She is the mid child in the family, in which she has an older

brother, Matthew and a younger sister, Michelle. During her childhood,

Avril grew up singing country music and in a church choir and taught

herself to play guitar since 12-years-old. She had also started to write her

own songs, which was written every time she got home and mainly talks

about what happened to her that day. Later she explored more of her skills

by joining many talent shows and left her hometown when she was 16

years old.

Avril finally won a competition in a radio contest that allowed her

to travel to Ontario and sing with Country legend Shania Twain. Over the

next couple of years she tried to make the U.S. recording industry to take

notice on her music, but it wasn’t until she was in New York at age 16

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that she was signed to Arista records. Things began to roll when an Arista employee was so impressed with her music that he returned with his CEO to hear her sang. Once signed to the major label, she immediately dropped out of high school after 11th grade and moved to New York to begin work on her debut album. Unfortunately, it didn't work the way she hoped. Her time in New York was short-lived as she failed to meet her approval, and eventually moved to Los Angeles, California. From there, Avril eventually moved to the west coast to work with producer/songwriter Cliff Magness, and with more secured input, the two of them worked on compositions for her debut record. The fruit of her partnership and hard work with Cliff was apparent in early 2002 when her debut single ''Complicated'' was released in North America. In succession, Avril's first album "Let Go" was released by Arista on June 4, 2002, and immediately went to number one in Canada and soared high into the Billboard top 40 before eventually was certified

"Quadruple Platinum" less than six months later by the Recording Industry

Association of America. Along with her debut album success, Avril was named "Best New Artist" at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards and at the 2003 Juno Awards. And her album “Under My Skin” was released on

19 May 2004.

On April 17, 2007 she released third album titled “The Best Damn

Thing” The first single, "Girlfriend" immediately entered Billboard 100 chart at #5 in its first week release. “Goodbye Lullaby” is the fourth studio album by Avril Lavigne It was released on 2 March 2011, by RCA Record

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The album was her third and final studio album with the record company, following her previous album The Best Damn Thing (2007). “Avril

Lavigne” is the fifth studio album by Avril Lavigne. It was released on 1

November 2013 by Sony Music Entertainment. The album is a follow-up to her 2011 effort Goodbye Lullaby and was developed shortly after its release.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “The Best Damn Thing” Let me hear you say: "hey, hey, hey" (Hey, hey, hey) All right, now let me hear you say: "hey, hey, ho" (Hey, hey, hey) I hate it when a guy doesn't get the door Even though I told him yesterday and the day before I hate it when a guy doesn't get the tab And I have to pull my money out, and that looks bad Where are the hopes, where are the dreams My Cinderella story scene? When do you think they'll finally see That you're not, not, not gonna get any better You won't, won't, won't, you won't get rid of me never Like it or not, even though she's a lot like me We're not the same And, yeah, yeah, yeah, I'm a lot to handle You don't know trouble, I'm a hell of a scandal Me, I'm a scene, I'm a drama queen I'm the best damn thing that your eyes have ever seen All right, all right Yeah I hate it when a guy doesn't understand Why a certain time of month I don't want to hold his hand I hate it when they go out, and we stay in And they come home smelling like their ex-girlfriend But I found my hopes, I found my dreams My Cinderella story scene Now everybody's gonna see That you're not, not, not gonna get any better You won't, won't, won't, you won't get rid of me never Like it or not, even though she's a lot like me We're not the same And, yeah, yeah, yeah, I'm a lot to handle You don't know trouble, I'm a hell of a scandal Me, I'm a scene, I'm a drama queen I'm the best damn thing that your eyes have ever seen Give me an A, always give me what I want Give me a V, be very, very good to me R, are you gonna treat me right? I, I can put up a fight Give me an L, let me hear you scream loud (let me hear you scream loud) One, two, three, four Where are the hopes, where are the dreams

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA My Cinderella story scene? When do you think they'll finally see That you're not, not, not gonna get any better You won't, won't, won't, you won't get rid of me never Like it or not, even though she's a lot like me We're not the same And, yeah, yeah, yeah, I'm a lot to handle You don't know trouble, I'm a hell of a scandal Me, I'm a scene, I'm a drama queen I'm the best damn thing that your eyes have ever seen Let me hear you say: "hey, hey, hey" (Hey, hey, hey) All right, now let me hear you say: "hey, hey, hey" (Hey, hey, hey) I'm the best damn thing that your eyes have ever seen “When You’re Gone” I always needed time on my own I never thought I'd Need you there when I cry And the days feel like years when I'm alone And the bed where you lie Is made up on your side When you walk away I count the steps that you take Do you see how much I need you right now? When you're gone The pieces of my heart are missin' you When you're gone The face I came to know is missin', too When you're gone The words I need to hear To always get me through the day And make it okay I miss you I've never felt this way before Everything that I do Reminds me of you And the clothes you left, they lie on the floor And they smell just like you I love the things that you do

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA When you walk away I count the steps that you take Do you see how much I need you right now? When you're gone The pieces of my heart are missin' you When you're gone The face I came to know is missin', too When you're gone The words I need to hear To always get me through the day And make it okay I miss you We were made for each other Out here forever I know we were Yeah, yeah And all I ever wanted was for you to know Everything I do, I give my heart and soul I can hardly breathe; I need to feel you here with me Yeah When you're gone The pieces of my heart are missin' you When you're gone The face I came to know is missin', too When you're gone The words I need to hear Will always get me through the day And make it okay I miss you “Everything Back but You” Today was the worst day: I went through hell I wish I could remove it from my mind Two months away from you, but I couldn't tell I thought that everything was gonna be just fine The postcard that you wrote with the stupid little note Something wasn't quite right about it Smelled like cheap perfume, and it didn't smell like you There is no way you can get around it Because you wrote

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA I wish you were her You left out the "E" You left without me And now you're somewhere out there with a Bitch, slut, psychopath I hate you; why are guys so lame? Everything I gave you I want everything back but you My friends tried to tell me all along That you weren't the right one for me My friends tried to tell me to be strong I bet you didn't think that I would see The postcard that you wrote with the stupid little note Something wasn't quite right about it I wanna see you cry like I did a thousand times Now you're losing me, you're losing me now 'Cause you wrote I wish you were her You left out the "E" You left without me And now you're somewhere out there with a Bitch, slut, psychopath I hate you; why are guys so lame? Everything I gave you I want everything back but you The postcard that you wrote with the stupid little note Something wasn't quite right about it Smelled like cheap perfume, and it didn't smell like you There is no way you can get around it Because you wrote I wish you were her You left out the "E" You left without me And now you're somewhere out there with a Bitch, slut, psychopath I hate you; why are guys so lame? Everything I gave you I want everything back but you I wish you were her You left out the "E"

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA You left without me Everything back but you I wish you were her You left out the "E" You left without me Everything back but you “Run Away” Got up on the wrong side of life today, yeah Crashed the car, and I'm gonna be really late My phone doesn't work 'cause it's out of range Looks like it's just one of those kind of days 34 You can't kick me down; I'm already on the ground No, you can't 'cause you couldn't catch me anyhow Blue skies but the sun isn't coming out, no Today, it's like I'm under a heavy cloud And I feel so alive I can't help myself Don't you realize? I just wanna scream and lose control Throw my hands up and let it go Forget about everything and run away, yeah I just want to fall and lose myself Laughing so hard it hurts like hell Forget about everything and run away, yeah So-so is how I'm doing if you're wondering I'm in a fight with the world, but I'm winning Stay there, come closer - it's at your own risk Yeah, you know how it is: life can be a bitch But I feel so alive I can't help myself Don't you realize? I just wanna scream and lose control Throw my hands up and let it go Forget about everything and run away, yeah I just want to fall and lose myself Laughing so hard it hurts like hell Forget about everything and run away, yeah Run away, run away Run away, run away

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Run away, run away (Run away, run, run away) Run away, run away (Run away, run, run away) I just wanna scream and lose control Throw my hands up and let it go Forget about everything and run away, yeah I just want to fall and lose myself Laughing so hard it hurts like hell Forget about everything and run away, yeah I just wanna scream and lose control Throw my hands up and let it go Forget about everything and run away, yeah I just want to fall and lose myself Laughing so hard it hurts like hell Forget about everything and run away, yeah “One of those Girls” La la la, la la la la I know your kind of girl You only care about one thing "Who you've seen, or where you've been?" "Who's got money?" I see that look in your eyes It tells a million lies But deep inside, I know why You're talking to him I know what you're all about I really hope he figures it out She's one of those girls They're nothing but trouble Just one look and now you're seeing double Before you know it she'll be gone Off to the next one She's so good that you won't see it comin' She'll take you for a ride, and you'll be left with nothing You'll be broke, and she'll be gone Off to the next one Oh, oh, oh Off to the next one Oh, oh, yeah, yeah, oh, oh

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA She's gonna be the end of you At least that's what they say It's been a while You're in denial And now it's too late The way she looks makes you hide All the warning signs 'Cause her blond hair, her blue eyes Makes you wanna die I know what she's all about I really hope you figure it out She's one of those girls They're nothing but trouble Just one look and now you're seeing double Before you know it she'll be gone Off to the next one She's so good that you won't see it comin' She'll take you for a ride, and you'll be left with nothing You'll be broke, and she'll be gone Off to the next one You know it's a game, you know it's a game She keeps playing around with your head Playing around with your head She's so insane, so insane She's the one to blame, she's the one to blame She's one of those girls They're nothing but trouble Just one look and now you're seeing double Before you know it she'll be gone Off to the next one She's so good that you won't see it comin' She'll take you for a ride, and you'll be left with nothing You'll be broke, and she'll be gone Off to the next one Oh, oh, oh Off to the next one Oh, oh, yeah, yeah Off to the next one

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Contagious” When you're not here I don't know what to do I do not think that I can wait To go over and to talk to you I do not know what I should say And I walk out in silence That's when I start to realize What you bring to my life Damn, this guy can make me cry It's so contagious I cannot get it out of my mind It's so outrageous You make me feel so high All the time They all say that you're no good for me But I'm too close to turn around I'll show them they don't know anything I think I've got you figured out So I walk out in silence That's when I start to realize What you bring to my life Damn, this guy can make me smile It's so contagious I cannot get it out of my mind It's so outrageous You make me feel so high I'll give you everything I'll treat you right If you just give me a chance I can prove I'm right It's so contagious I cannot get it out of my mind It's so outrageous You make me feel so high It's so contagious I cannot get it out of my mind It's so outrageous You make me feel so high All the time

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