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Nocturnal Flight by Turkey Vultures &Lpar;<I>Cathartes Aura</I>&Rpar

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Nocturnal Flight by Turkey Vultures &Lpar;<I>Cathartes Aura</I>&Rpar AUTUMN 1988 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 91 J. Raptor Res. 22(3):91 ¸ 1988 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. NOCTURNALFLIGHT BY TURKEYVULTURES (Cathartes aura) IN SOUTHCENTRALTEXAS STEPHEN P. TABOR AND CHRIS T. MCALLISTER Large flocksof Turkey Vultures (Cathartesaura) typ- Althoughthe time of year and locationare appropriate, ically gatherbefore nightfall on a singleopen roost after this eventwas probablynot a caseof nocturnalmigration searchingfor carrion during the day (Chase 1982). L. (K. A. Arnold, pers. comm.). Neither the related Black Griscom (in Bent 1937) noted that "the vulture is a late Vulture (Coragypsstratus) nor other New World vultures, riser, seldombeing on the wing until an hour after sun- are known to migrate at night (Eisenmann 1963). Ober- rise." The following accountdescribes an episodeof noc- holser(1974) reportedthat Turkey Vulture autumnalmi- turnal flight by Turkey Vultures. gratory trips in Texas are carried out entirely diurnally, On 28 September1985 at 2200 H (CDT) in Real over a period of 2 wks. In California, Turkey Vultures County,Texas, 18.6 km NE of Leakey (elevation625 m) migrate for a period lasting over 3 mos (96-111 d) from alongSilver Creek, a tributary of the East Frio River, we Septemberthrough November (Binford 1979). However, observed12 Turkey Vulturesgliding, soaring and spiral- in Arkansas,Turkey Vultures are still presentthrough ing in characteristicfashion at a height of ca 61 m. Met- mid-December(McAllister, unpubl.observ.) and may not erologicalconditions were: 27øC, full moon,slightly cloudy- representbirds migrating in from other localities. overcastsky, intermittent, misty rain, groundwind speed ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SE 15-20 mph. The birds remainedabove us for 15-20 min beforeflying off in a northwesterlydirection. As the We thank K. A. Arnold, C. D. Fisher, and E. L. Hane- vultures flew to the NW, we climbed to the top of an brink, for providing information regarding the habits of vultures and J. Coleman, J. R. Parrish, P. Rabenold, G. adjacentridge and, with the aid of binoculars,watched Warrick, B. Zoellick, and an anonymousreferee, for crit- the birds fly completelyout of visual range (visual con- ically reviewingthe manuscript.We also appreciatethe ditionswere excellentdue to the full moon)and away from hospitalityof K. Cave, who allowed us to stay at the H. the river and its tributaries. E. Butt Foundation Camp. The above observationmay representan unprovoked LITERATURE CITED caseof nocturnalflying by Turkey Vultures. On the other hand,it is possiblethat the birdscould have been disturbed BENT, A. C. 1937. Life histories of North American from a riversideroost and were simply taking the pre- birds of prey. Part I. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 167. vailing SE winds away to the NW. However, we believe BINFORD,L.C. 1979. Fall migration of diurnal raptors thisis an unlikelyexplanation due to the followingreasons: at Pt. Diablo, California. West. Birds 10:1-6. Prior to dusk,we observedsome Turkey Vultures lighting CHASE,A.M. 1982. Choice of roost sitesfor the night m trees on a roost situated above the river. This roost site by Turkey Vultures. Bull. N.J. Acad.Sci. 27:26. was locatedon the edge of a sheer bluff overlookingthe EISENMANN,E. 1963. Is the Black Vulture migratory• river valley below. It is unlikely that the birds were dis- Wilson Bull. 75:244-249. turbedby human or otherintrusion in suchan inaccessible KENDEIGH, S.C. 1934. The role of environment in the location. The following morning at dawn, we again ob- life of birds. Ecol. Monogr. 4:299-417. servedthe birds at a roost (ca 2 km from our original MOORE,A.D. 1945. Winter night habitsof birds. Wilson observationpost). Becausethe birds were not marked or Bull. 57:253-260. followedthrough the night continually,we can only as- OBERHOLSER,H.C. 1974. The bird life of Texas. Vol sumethat they are the sameones we observedflying at I. Univ. Texas Press, Austin. night, as we are quite familiar with the study site and surroundingarea. Rt. 3, 909 Stella Mae Dr., Burieson, Texas 76028. Ad- Alternatively,the vulturesmay havebeen flying at night dress of secondauthor: Department of Biological to exploit thermals, the sufficientlighting from the full Sciences,North Texas State University, Denton, moonor other favorableenvironmental factors. As pointed TX 76203. Present address of first author: 3620 out by Kendeigh(1934) and reiteratedby Moore (1945), Caldwell, Bakersfield, CA 93309. additionalinformation needs to be obtainedabout the night habits of birds. Received6 January 1988; accepted1 June 1988 .
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