Appendix A Table A1. List presence-absence of tree species from 21 sampling sites (acidity gradient) in San Juan Juquila Vijanos, Oaxaca, México.

21 19 16 18 20 17 14 15 12 7 13 6 2 5 4 8 3 10 11 1 9

Family codeFamily code Species List Red category IUCN Mexicanofcloud List Red trees category forest Frequency Acidity Gradient (pH) 4 4.2 4.3 4.32 4.35 4.4 4.47 4.48 4.64 4.8 4.8 4.84 4.86 4.86 4.88 4.93 4.94 4.99 5.02 5.07 5.14

Miconia oligotricha (DC.) Naudin MELAST MICOLI NT 1 1 Lycianthes pilifera (Benth.) Bitter SOLANA LYCPIL 1 1 Symplococarpon SYMPLO SYMPUR VU 1 1 purpusii (Brandegee) Kobuski Ocotea LAURAC OCOMEX 1 1 2 mexicana var. diminuta (Meisn.) Hemsl. Psychotria galeottiana (M. Martens) RUBIAC PSYGAL VU 1 1 2 C.M. Taylor & Lorence Ticodendron incognitum Gómez- TICODE TICINC NT NT 1 1 2 Laur. & L.D. Gómez Eupatorium constipatiflorum Klatt ASTERA EUPCON 1 1 1 1 4 Sphaeropteris horrida (Liebm.) R.M. CYATHE SPHHOR 1 1 1 3 Tryon Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. MYRTAC CALYPA LC 1 1 1 3 Oreomunnea mexicana (Standl.) J.- JUGLAN OREMEX 1 1 1 3 F. Leroy Mikania pyramidata Donn. Sm. ASTERA MIKAPY 1 1 1 1 4 Dendropanax populifolius (Marchal) ARALIA DENPOP EN CR 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 A.C. Sm. Cartrema americana (L.) OLEACE CARAME 1 1 1 1 4 G.L.Nesom Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) ARALIA OREXAL NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Decne. & Planch. Brunellia mexicana Standl. BRUNEL BRUMEX LC LC 1 1 1 1 4 Ocotea macrophylla Kunth LAURAC OCOMAC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Piper littorale C. DC. PIPERA PIPLIT 1 1 2 Morphospecies 1 UNKNW MORFOU 1 1 1 1 1 5 Quercus elliptica Née FAGACE QUELLI LC VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Nectandra rubriflora (Mez) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 C.K.Allen LAURAC NECRUB Myrica cerifera L. MYRICA MYRCER LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Quercus sapotifolia Liebm. FAGACE QUESAP LC VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Fagara bijuga Engl. RUTACE FAGBIJ LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Bejaria aestuans Mutis ex L. ERICAC BEJAES LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 Persea liebmannii Mez LAURAC PERLIE LC NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Ardisia venosa Mast. ex Donn.Sm. PRIMUL ARDVEN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl. ERICAC VACLEU EN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 Viburnum acutifolium Benth. VIBURN VIBACU EN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 Clethra mexicana DC. CLETHR CLEMEX LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Magnolia dealbata Zucc. MAGNOL MAGDEA NT EN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Miconia anisotricha (Schltdl.) MELAST MICANI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Triana Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) PINACE PICHIA VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Andresen Hedyosmum mexicanum C. CHLORA HEDYME VU LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Cordem. Palicourea padifolia (Humb. & RUBIAC PALIPA LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Bonpl. ex Schult.) C.M. Taylor & Lorence Phyllonoma laticuspis (Turcz.) Engl. PHYLLO PHYLAT VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Miconia glaberrima (Schltdl.) MELAST MICGLB LC LC 1 1 Naudin Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. ARALIA DENARB LC 1 1 1 3 & Planch. Podachaenium ASTERA PODPAC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 pachyphyllum (Klatt) R.K. Jansen, N.A. Harriman & Urbatsch Morus celtidifolia Kunth MORACE MORCEL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Gaultheria erecta Vent. ERICAC GAUERE LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 Eupatorium hospitale B.L.Rob. ASTERA EUPHOS 1 1 Cornus disciflora Moc. & Sessé ex CORNAC CORDIS VU VU 1 1 DC. Siparuna gesnerioides (Kunth) A. SIPARU SIPGES LC 1 1 2 DC. Liquidambar styraciflua L. ALTING LIQSTY LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 Bartlettina tuerckheimii (Klatt) R.M. ASTERA BARTUE 1 1 King & H. Rob. Lyonia squamulosa M. Martens & ERICAC LYOSQU NT 1 1 2 Galeotti Myrica lindeniana C.DC. MYRICA MYRLIN 1 1 2 Zinowiewia concinna Lundell CELAST ZINCON EN EN 1 1 1 1 4 Saurauia scabrida Hemsl. ACTINA SAUSCA LC NT 1 1 1 1 1 5 Vismia camparaguey Sprague & L. HYPERI VISCAM LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Riley Myrsine juergensenii (Mez) PRIMUL MYRJUE NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 Ricketson & Pipoly Styrax glabrescens Benth. STYRAC STYGLA VU 1 1 1 1 4 Viburnum microcarpum Schltdl. & VIBURN VIBMIC VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Cham. Cleyera velutina B.M.Barthol. PENTAP CLEVEL EN 1 1 Clusia guatemalensis Hemsl. CLUSIA CLUGUA EN 1 1 2 Quercus skinneri Benth. FAGACE QUESKI NT CR 1 1 Weinmannia pinnata L. CUNONI WEIPIN LC NT 1 1 1 1 4 Solanum schlechtendalianum Walp. SOLANA SOLSCH LC LC 1 1 1 3 Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. PINACE PINPAT LC LC 1 1 Conostegia icosandra (Sw. ex MELAST CONICO 1 1 2 Wikstr.) Urb. Eupatorium erythropappum ASTERA EUPERY 1 1 2 B.L.Rob. Alnus acuminata Kunth BETULA ALNACU LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Saurauia angustifolia Turcz. ACTINI SAUANG VU VU 1 1 1 1 1 5 Solanum nigricans M. Martens & SOLANA SOLNIG LC LC 1 1 2 Galeotti Eupatorium sexangulare (Klatt) ASTERA EUPSEX 1 1 B.L.Rob. Symplocos pycnantha Hemsl. SYMPLO SYMPYC EN 1 1 Didymaea floribunda Rzed. RUBIAC DIDFLO 1 1 2 Ilex pringlei Standl. AQUIFO ILEPRI 1 1 2 Alchornea latifolia Sw. EUPHOR ALCHLA LC LC 1 1 1 3 Stevia microchaeta Sch.Bip. ex ASTERA STEMIC 1 1 1 3 Sch.Bip. Ternstroemia oocarpa (Rose) PENTAP TEROOC VU 1 1 1 3 Melch. Cleyera cernua (Tul.) Kobuski PENTAP CLECER CR 1 1 Perymenium gracile Hemsl. ASTERA PERGRA 1 1 Arachnothryx buddleioides (Benth.) RUBIAC ARABUD VU VU 1 1 Planch. Quercus trinitatis Trel. FAGACE QUETRI EN 1 1 Eugenia acapulcensis Steud. MYRTAC EUGACA LC LC 1 1 Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don STAPHY TUROCC LC NT 1 1 Species richness (α) 35 29 16 24 24 25 18 23 26 22 21 19 28 15 32 20 24 21 22 29 20

IUCN and Red List of Mexican cloud forest trees category category: NT (Near threatened), VU (Vulnerable), LC (Least concern), EN (Endangered), CR (Critically endangered).

Table A2. List presence-absence of tree species from 21 sampling sites (altitude gradient) in San Juan Juquila Vijanos, Oaxaca, México.

17 20 18 16 15 11 5 10 14 13 1 12 9 6 4 8 2 3 7 19 21 Frequency

Family code Family code Species category List Red IUCN cloud of Mexican List Red category trees forest Altitude Gradient ( m a.s.l.) 1608 1613 1645 1659 1688 1726 1730 1744 1792 1798 1835 1855 1873 1898 1899 1911 1939 1944 1950 1951 1960

Hedyosmum mexicanum C. CHLORA HEDYME VU LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Cordem. Palicourea padifolia (Humb. & RUBIAC PALIPA LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Bonpl. ex Schult.) C.M. Taylor & Lorence Phyllonoma laticuspis (Turcz.) PHYLLO PHYLAT VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Engl. Clethra mexicana DC. CLETHR CLEMEX LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Magnolia dealbata Zucc. MAGNOL MAGDEA NT EN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Miconia anisotricha (Schltdl.) MELAST MICANI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Triana Pinus chiapensis (Martínez) PINACE PICHIA VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 Andresen Liquidambar styraciflua L. ALTING LIQSTY LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 Fagara bijuga Engl. RUTACE FAGBIJ LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Myrica cerifera L. MYRICA MYRCER LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Ardisia venosa Mast. ex Donn.Sm. PRIMUL ARDVEN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) ARALIA OREXAL NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Decne. & Planch. Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl. ERICAC VACLEU EN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 Viburnum acutifolium Benth. VIBURN VIBACU EN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 Ocotea macrophylla Kunth LAURAC OCOMAC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Myrsine juergensenii (Mez) PRIMUL MYRJUE NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 Ricketson & Pipoly Vismia camparaguey Sprague & L. HYPERI VISCAM LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Riley Dendropanax ARALIA DENPOP EN CR 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 populifolius (Marchal) A.C. Sm. Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. ARALIA DENARB LC 1 1 1 3 & Planch. Lyonia squamulosa M. Martens & ERICAC LYOSQU NT 1 1 2 Galeotti Bejaria aestuans Mutis ex L. ERICAC BEJAES LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 Quercus elliptica Née FAGACE QUELLI LC VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Clusia guatemalensis Hemsl. CLUSIA CLUGUA EN 1 1 2 Oreomunnea mexicana (Standl.) JUGLAN OREMEX 1 1 1 3 J.-F. Leroy Cleyera velutina B.M.Barthol. PENTAP CLEVEL EN 1 1 Persea liebmannii Mez LAURAC PERLIE LC NT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Zinowiewia concinna Lundell CELAST ZINCON EN EN 1 1 1 1 4 Eupatorium constipatiflorum Klatt ASTERA EUPCON 1 1 1 1 4 Siparuna gesnerioides (Kunth) A. SIPARU SIPGES LC 1 1 2 DC. Viburnum microcarpum Schltdl. & VIBURN VIBMIC VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Cham. Podachaenium ASTERA PODPAC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 pachyphyllum (Klatt) R.K. Jansen, N.A. Harriman & Urbatsch Styrax glabrescens Benth. STYRAC STYGLA VU 1 1 1 1 4 Sphaeropteris horrida (Liebm.) CYATHE SPHHOR 1 1 1 3 R.M. Tryon Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. MYRTAC CALYPA LC 1 1 1 3 Saurauia scabrida Hemsl. ACTINA SAUSCA LC NT 1 1 1 1 1 5 Quercus sapotifolia Liebm. FAGACE QUESAP LC VU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Myrica lindeniana C.DC. MYRICA MYRLIN 1 1 2 Bartlettina tuerckheimii (Klatt) ASTERA BARTUE 1 1 R.M. King & H. Rob. Eupatorium hospitale B.L.Rob. ASTERA EUPHOS 1 1 Cornus disciflora Moc. & Sessé ex CORNAC CORDIS VU VU 1 1 DC. Gaultheria erecta Vent. ERICAC GAUERE LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 Nectandra rubriflora (Mez) LAURAC NECRUB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 C.K.Allen Mikania pyramidata Donn. Sm. ASTERA MIKAPY 1 1 1 1 4 Solanum schlechtendalianum SOLANA SOLSCH LC LC 1 1 1 3 Walp. Morus celtidifolia Kunth MORACE MORCEL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Saurauia angustifolia Turcz. ACTINI SAUANG VU VU 1 1 1 1 1 5 Eupatorium erythropappum ASTERA EUPERY 1 1 2 B.L.Rob. Perymenium gracile Hemsl. ASTERA PERGRA 1 1 Arachnothryx RUBIAC ARABUD VU VU 1 1 buddleioides (Benth.) Planch. Morphospecies 1 UNKNW MORFOU 1 1 1 1 1 5 Stevia microchaeta Sch.Bip. ex ASTERA STEMIC 1 1 1 3 Sch.Bip. Conostegia icosandra (Sw. ex MELAST CONICO 1 1 2 Wikstr.) Urb. Solanum nigricans M. Martens & SOLANA SOLNIG LC LC 1 1 2 Galeotti Weinmannia pinnata L. CUNONI WEIPIN LC NT 1 1 1 1 4 Quercus skinneri Benth. FAGACE QUESKI NT CR 1 1 Alnus acuminata Kunth BETULA ALNACU LC LC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Ternstroemia oocarpa (Rose) PENTAP TEROOC VU 1 1 1 3 Melch. Alchornea latifolia Sw. EUPHOR ALCHLA LC LC 1 1 1 3 Ilex pringlei Standl. AQUIFO ILEPRI 1 1 2 Quercus trinitatis Trel. FAGACE QUETRI EN 1 1 Eugenia acapulcensis Steud. MYRTAC EUGACA LC LC 1 1 Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don STAPHY TUROCC LC NT 1 1 Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham. PINACE PINPAT LC LC 1 1 Brunellia mexicana Standl. BRUNEL BRUMEX LC LC 1 1 1 1 4 Cartrema americana (L.) OLEACE CARAME 1 1 1 1 4 G.L.Nesom Didymaea floribunda Rzed. RUBIAC DIDFLO 1 1 2 Piper littorale C. DC. PIPERA PIPLIT 1 1 2 Eupatorium sexangulare (Klatt) ASTERA EUPSEX 1 1 B.L.Rob. Symplocos pycnantha Hemsl. SYMPLO SYMPYC EN 1 1 Cleyera cernua (Tul.) Kobuski PENTAP CLECER CR 1 1 Ocotea LAURAC OCOMEX 1 1 2 mexicana var. diminuta (Meisn.) Hemsl. Psychotria galeottiana (M. RUBIAC PSYGAL VU 1 1 2 Martens) C.M. Taylor & Lorence Ticodendron incognitum Gómez- TICODE TICINC NT NT 1 1 2 Laur. & L.D. Gómez Miconia glaberrima (Schltdl.) MELAST MICGLB LC LC 1 1 Naudin Miconia oligotricha (DC.) Naudin MELAST MICOLI NT 1 1 Lycianthes pilifera (Benth.) Bitter SOLANA LYCPIL 1 1 Symplococarpon SYMPLO SYMPUR VU 1 1 purpusii (Brandegee) Kobuski Species richness (α) 25 24 24 16 23 22 15 21 18 21 29 26 20 19 32 20 28 24 22 29 35

IUCN and Red List of Mexican cloud forest trees category category: NT (Near threatened), VU (Vulnerable), LC (Least concern), EN (Endangered), CR (Critically endangered) Table A3. Ecological guilds identified at each sampling site.

SITES GUILDS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Biogeographical affinity Holartic 6 4 4 6 3 5 6 5 5 3 3 6 4 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 Neotropical 6 9 5 9 7 4 4 5 5 8 8 6 6 5 6 4 10 10 10 10 12 Panamerican 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Pantropical 4 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 Mesoamerican 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Asiatic-American 4 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 2 4 Afroamerican 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 3 Worldwide 9 7 8 8 2 5 7 7 7 6 5 8 8 8 9 5 4 4 6 7 7 Endemism North, central and south America 1 1 0 2 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 North and CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Trop. Mex, CA and trop. south America 8 6 4 5 3 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 2 5 5 6 4 5 (Neotropical) Trop. Mex and CA (Mesoamerica). 9 9 8 12 7 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 8 7 11 6 12 14 13 10 18 Trop. Mex to north Nicaragua (northern 3 5 3 4 1 2 2 1 4 2 3 1 1 0 2 3 2 2 3 3 5 Mesoamerican) Trop. Mex. 4 4 3 3 0 3 3 3 2 3 3 5 2 3 2 3 2 1 5 4 4 SE Mex. 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Oaxaca 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Life form Emergent tree >20 m 4 4 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 2 4 4 3 3 2 Understory tree 10-19.9 m 8 6 7 9 5 5 7 5 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 7 10 7 13 Treelet 3-9.9 m 17 17 14 17 7 11 12 11 10 13 14 16 12 10 13 9 15 13 14 14 18 Lianas 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Leaf shape/size Compound or palmate leaves 4 4 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 Simple leaves 25 24 21 27 13 17 21 18 18 17 19 23 19 17 20 14 21 21 24 19 29 Leaf blade or foliole >10 cm 17 18 14 16 10 11 14 11 12 13 14 16 12 11 13 8 15 14 17 13 20 Leaf blade ore foliole <10 cm 12 10 9 14 4 8 8 9 8 8 8 10 9 7 9 8 9 10 11 11 14 Narrowly lanceolate 5 4 4 6 4 4 4 5 6 5 5 6 5 4 6 4 6 10 6 5 7 Lanceolate 0 2 1 4 0 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 Obovate 7 7 8 9 3 5 6 4 6 5 5 5 5 4 6 5 5 5 7 8 8 Ovate to elliptic/medium 8 8 4 5 4 3 7 5 3 5 6 7 5 4 4 2 6 6 8 5 8 Ovate to elliptic/small 8 6 5 5 2 5 3 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 5 4 7 Acicles 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Entire margin 25 22 21 25 13 17 19 15 16 16 18 20 17 16 19 13 21 17 22 19 28 Dentate margin 4 6 2 5 1 2 3 5 4 5 4 6 4 2 3 3 3 7 6 5 6 Leaf apex Obtuse 8 5 4 9 3 6 5 5 6 6 4 5 5 5 7 5 6 5 8 6 10 Acute 13 14 11 12 5 6 9 8 8 8 11 10 6 7 7 5 11 12 11 8 13 Drip tiped 8 9 8 9 6 7 8 7 6 7 7 11 10 6 8 6 7 7 9 10 11 Vegetative reproduction > 5 Stems 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2-5 Stems 10 11 6 8 3 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 7 6 6 6 9 8 8 9 12 Single stem 18 16 16 21 10 13 15 13 12 12 13 16 13 11 15 9 14 15 20 14 21 Phenology Evergreen 21 22 16 21 10 13 14 14 13 13 15 19 15 14 16 10 20 18 21 18 26 Semievergreen 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 Deciduous 6 4 5 7 3 5 7 6 6 5 5 6 6 4 4 5 4 5 6 5 7 Succesion Early 7 8 7 10 4 4 6 6 4 7 7 10 6 3 7 5 6 8 8 8 7 Mid 14 15 10 13 9 9 11 12 12 11 12 13 13 10 11 7 10 9 8 10 10 Late 8 5 6 7 1 6 5 2 4 3 3 3 2 5 4 4 8 7 12 6 17 Dispersal pattern Barochory (weigth) 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 Anemochory (winged) 7 7 7 8 5 7 6 7 5 5 5 9 6 6 6 4 6 7 6 9 6 Ectozoochory (aristate or falcate) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Endozoochory (berrie, drupss) 21 18 16 21 8 11 16 12 14 14 15 16 13 12 14 11 16 16 21 15 27 Seed or fruit number Many-seeded fruit or infrutescence 22 23 16 21 12 13 18 17 15 16 18 20 17 13 18 12 18 19 17 17 22 Single-seeded fruit 7 5 7 9 2 6 4 3 5 5 4 6 4 5 4 4 6 5 11 7 12 Seed size Large seeds ≥ 1 cm in diam 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 4 3 3 6 3 7 Small seeds 0.3-0.99 cm 10 11 10 11 7 6 8 8 8 9 11 12 11 8 9 6 10 11 9 11 11 Minute seeds or spores < 3 mm in diam 17 14 10 16 6 10 13 11 10 9 8 12 9 9 11 6 11 10 13 10 16 Anti-herbivory defenses Thorny 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 No- thorny 28 27 23 29 14 18 22 19 19 20 22 25 20 18 21 16 23 24 27 24 33 Pollination syndrome Coleóptera (Bettles) 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 Small insects (wasp, bees or flies) 17 16 15 15 8 9 13 8 8 12 12 15 13 11 13 10 15 13 13 15 19 Butterflies or moths 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 Birds 3 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 4 Wind pollinated 8 7 5 10 4 6 7 9 7 5 6 8 5 5 5 3 6 6 10 5 8