Chapter 2: the History of Barbering TOPICS

MILADY’S PROFESSIONAL BARBERING COURSE MANAGEMENT GUIDE LESSON PLAN 2.0

Chapter 2: The History of Barbering TOPICS

1. Origin of the Barber A. Introduction B. Ancient Studies C. Customs and Traditions D. The Beard and Shaving 2. The Rise of the Barber-Surgeons A. Middle Ages to Nineteenth Century B. The Barber Pole 3. Modern Barbers and Barbering A. 1800s B. Barber Groups C. Precedents and Standards D. State Barber Boards E. Modern Improvements

NOTES TO THE INSTRUCTOR Although the historical aspects of barbering may not be included on state board exams, an exploration of this history creates an interesting frame of reference about the trade for students and a greater appreciation for their roles within the profession.

STUDENT PREPARATION: Read Chapter 2: The History of Barbering STUDENT MATERIALS

• Milady’s Standard Professional Barbering textbook • Milady’s Professional Barbering Student Workbook • Milady’s Professional Barbering Student CD-ROM • Writing materials

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. Defi ne the origin of the word barber. 2. Discuss the evolution of barbering. 3. Describe the barber-surgeons and their practices. 4. Explain the origin of the barber pole. 5. Identify and discuss some organizations responsible for upgrading the barbering profession. 6. Explain the importance and function of state barber boards.

ALLOTTED TIME: Two to six hours, depending on depth of study and range of activities. TEACHING AIDS

• Milady’s Standard Professional Barbering textbook • Milady’s Professional Barbering Instructor Slides • Whiteboard or chalkboard; dry-erase markers or chalk

© 2011 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 1515 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:550:32:55 AMAM • CD/DVD player or overhead projector • Large world map (optional) • Individual world maps for students (optional: see Supplement 2.0)

EDUCATOR REFERENCES

• Milady’s Standard Professional Barbering textbook • Milady’s Professional Barbering Course Management Guide • Program syllabus

LESSON OUTLINE 1. Origin of the Barber

A. Introduction: An understanding of barbering history creates a frame of reference about the profession. 1. Instills an appreciation for the profession. a. One of the oldest recognized professions b. Origin of the word barber: barba, from Latin, meaning beard c. Tonsorial means the cutting, clipping, or trimming of hair with shears or razor. 2. Review lesson objectives and key terms. Activity 1: Ancient studies: Affi x a map of the world to the whiteboard or wall and/or distribute copies of a world map to students (Supplement 2.0). Have students locate geographical regions to trace the history of barbering as the areas are discussed. B. Ancient Studies 1. Glacial age: simple implements 2. Tribal beliefs: mind, body, spirit connection; tribal barbers held positions of esteem. 3. Egyptians: fi rst culture to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion. 4. The barber Meryma’at: Egyptian barber of high esteem; statue carved in his honor. 5. The Masai warriors: African warriors who wore three braided sections and a queue. 6. Biblical references: Leviticus, Moses, and Ezekiel. 7. Golden Age of Greece: 500–300 BC; barbering became a highly developed art. 8. Alexander the Great decreed that soldiers be clean-shaven for protection in battle. 9. Ticinius Mena of Sicily brought shaving and barbering services to Rome in 296 BC. 10. Emperor Hadrian grew his beard to hide the scars on his chin. C. Customs and Traditions 1. Roles of hairstyles in ancient cultures 2. Hairstyles indicated social status. 3. Adornment and ornamentation 4. Religion and superstition Activity 2: Discuss superstitions and myths about hair that students have heard. 5. Occupation and politics Activity 3: Discuss the concept of everyone knowing one’s status, religion, politics, etc., as a result of one’s hairstyle. 6. Clergymen wore the tonsure, a shaved patch on the crown of the head. Tondere means “to shear”. 7. Seventeenth-century England: barristers wore wigs; military corps wore specifi c styles. 8. Pythagoras thought hair was the source of the brain’s inspiration. 9. Native American tribes believed possessing a person’s hair gave them power over the individual.

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 1616 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:550:32:55 AMAM D. The Beard and Shaving 1. Paleolithic (40,000–10,000 BC): stone scrapers 2. Neolithic (8000–5000 BC): clean-shaven 3. The beard was considered a sign of wisdom, strength, and manhood in most cultures.

2. The Rise of the Barber-Surgeons A. Middle Ages (400–1500 AD) to Nineteenth Century (1800–1899) 1. Barbers and medicine a. Barbers assisted monks and priests. b. Performed bloodletting, minor surgery, and tooth-pulling. c. Dentistry performed only by barbers. d. Called barber-surgeons for almost 1,000 years. 2. The Barbers’ Company a. Two classes of barbers: barbers who practiced barbering and barbers who specialized in surgery. b. Groups were united, but practices separated, in 1450. c. Henry VIII granted a charter to the Company of Barber-Surgeons in 1540. d. English law separated barbers and surgeons in 1745. e. Ambrose Pare (1500s): barber-surgeon; considered the father of modern surgery. 3. Nineteenth century: Dutch and Swedish settlers brought barber-surgeons to America. B. The Barber Pole 1. Evolved from bloodletting practice. 2. White—bandages; red—blood 3. Barber Surgeons Company: barbers used blue and white poles; surgeons used red and white poles. 4. Other interpretations

3. Modern Barbers and Barbering

A. 1800s: Barbering separated from religion and medicine. B. Barber Groups 1. Master barber groups: employer organizations 2. Journeymen barber groups: employee organizations C. Precedents and Standards 1. Barbers’ Protective Association organized in 1886 2. A. B. Moler a. First barber school—Chicago, 1893 b. First textbook—The Moler Manual of Barbering 3. Barber law a. First state to pass a barber licensing law: Minnesota, 1897 b. Terminal methods system: sanitation practice enacted in New York, 1916 c. Associated Master Barbers of America: shop owners organized, Chicago, 1924 d. National Educational Council: standardized and upgraded barber training, 1925 e. National Association of Barber Schools: 1927 f. National Association of State Board of Barber Examiners: standardized testing criteria for licensure, Minnesota, 1929 g. Associated Master Barbers and Beauticians of America adopted a barber code of ethics. h. Since 1929, all states except Alabama regulate the practice of barbering.

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 1717 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:550:32:55 AMAM D. State Barber Boards 1. Maintain high educational standards. 2. Assure competent and skillful service. 3. National Association of Barber Boards of America E. Modern Improvements 1. Hygiene and sanitation 2. Product knowledge 3. Technical skills

SUMMARY/REVIEW: What did we learn and do today?

1. Discussed the origin of the word barber. 2. Explored the evolution of barbering as a profession. 3. Used a map of the world to trace the early history of barbering (optional). 4. Used a group format to discuss superstitions and myths about hair and the beard. 5. Discussed the origin of the barber pole. 6. Discussed the barber-surgeons and their practices. 7. Identifi ed organizations that were responsible for upgrading the barbering profession. 8. Identifi ed the importance and function of state barber boards. 9. Discussed some of the changes that have occurred within the past century to improve the practice of barbering.

THEORY REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is the origin of the word barber? Answer: The word barber is derived from the Latin word barba, meaning beard. 2. What is the name of the Egyptian barber who is commemorated in a sculpture? Answer: Meryma’at 3. Which country is credited with being the fi rst to develop barbering as an art? Answer: Greece 4. Who is credited with bringing barbering and shaving to Rome? Answer: Ticinius Mena 5. What were the duties of Egyptian barbers as they relate to the priests of that culture? Answer: Every third day, the priests would have their entire bodies shaved to ensure their purity before entering the temple. 6. What are the human characteristics sometimes associated with the wearing of a beard? Answer: Wisdom, strength, and manhood 7. What were the duties of the barber-surgeons? Answer: They assisted monks and priests during surgery, performed bloodletting and minor surgery, administered herbs, and pulled teeth. 8. What did the barber’s sign used by the barber-surgeons look like? Answer: A white pole wrapped with red or with red and blue stripes. 9. Which English company required the barbers to use blue and white poles? Answer: The Barber-Surgeons Company 10. What is the origin of the modern barber pole? Answer: It originated from the symbol of the barber-surgeons, which evolved from the technical procedure of bloodletting. 11. Which ethnic groups brought the barber-surgeons to America? Answer: Swedish and Dutch immigrants

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 1818 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:550:32:55 AMAM 12. What was the name of the employer organizations? Answer: Master barber groups 13. What was the name of the employee organizations? Answer: Journeymen barber groups 14. In what year did A. B. Moler open the fi rst barber school in America? Answer: 1893 15. Where was the location of the fi rst barber school in America? Answer: Chicago 16. Who was the writer of the fi rst barbering textbook? Answer: A. B. Moler 17. Which state was the fi rst to pass a barber license law, and in what year was it passed? Answer: Minnesota, in 1987 18. What is the primary function of state barber boards? Answer: To protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public as it relates to the practice of barbering. 19. What is the name of the national organization under which state barber boards function? Answer: National Association of Barber Boards of America.

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Read Chapter 3: Professional Image. 2. Begin workbook Chapter 3: Professional Image; due date: ______. 3. Have each student complete a research paper and design a visual aid based on a historical aspect of barbering and then present it to the class (optional).

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 1919 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:560:32:56 AMAM Textbook Chapter Review Questions and Answers Chapter 2: The History of Barbering

1. What is the origin of the word barber? The word barber is derived from the Latin word barba, meaning beard. 2. What is the name of the Egyptian barber commemorated in a sculpture? Meryma’at 3. Which country is credited with being the fi rst to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion? Egypt 4. Name the person credited with bringing barbering and shaving to Rome. Ticinius Mena 5. Explain the duties of Egyptian barbers associated with the priests of that culture. Every third day, the priests would have their entire bodies shaved to ensure their purity before entering the temple. 6. List the human characteristics sometimes associated with the wearing of a beard. The beard was thought to be a sign of wisdom, strength, and manhood. 7. Explain the duties of the barber-surgeons. Barber-surgeons assisted monks and priests during surgery, performed bloodletting and minor surgery, administered herbs, and pulled teeth. 8. Explain the origin of the modern barber pole. The modern barber pole originated from the symbol of the barber-surgeons, which evolved from the technical procedure of bloodletting. 9. Which ethnic groups brought barber-surgeons to America? Swedish and Dutch immigrants 10. Identify the name of the employer organizations. Master barber groups 11. Identify the name of the employee organizations. Journeymen barber groups 12. In what year did A. B. Moler open the fi rst barber school in America? 1893 13. Who was the author of the fi rst barbering textbook? A. B. Moler 14. Identify the fi rst state to pass a barber license law and the year it passed. Minnesota, in 1897 15. Explain the primary function of state barber boards. To protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public 16. What does NABBA stand for? National Association of Barber Boards of America

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 2020 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:560:32:56 AMAM Test—Chapter 2 THE HISTORY OF BARBERING Read each statement carefully. Circle the letter that correctly completes each of the following statements. 1. The word barber is derived from the Latin word barba, meaning: a) to cut c) shave b) beard d) hairdresser 2. The fi rst culture to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion was the: a) Roman c) Greek b) African d) Egyptian 3. The barber Meryma’at is a historical fi gure of: a) Rome c) Egypt b) China d) Greece 4. The use of braiding frequently denoted status within the tribes of: a) Israel c) Mesopotamia b) Africa d) Syria 5. In 500 BC, barbering and hairstyling became highly developed arts in: a) Rome c) Greece b) Africa d) Egypt 6. The man credited with the introduction of shaving and barbering services to Rome in 296 BC is: a) Caesar c) Alexander the Great b) Meryma’at d) Ticinius Mena 7. In almost every early culture, an individual’s hairstyle indicated his or her: a) status c) fashion b) personal style d) age 8. In ancient Rome, a woman’s hair color indicated her: a) culture c) personal style b) rank d) age 9. Throughout history, hair and beard trends were initiated by the: a) barbers of the country c) wealthy of the country b) rulers of the country d) upper classes of the country 10. In early times, the beard was considered by almost all nations to be a sign of: a) peace c) intelligence b) age d) wisdom 11. During the Middle Ages, barbers practiced shaving, haircutting, and: a) medicine c) magic b) business d) astronomy

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 2121 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:560:32:56 AMAM 12. Barber-surgeons participated in the practice of: a) bloodletting c) surgery b) teeth pulling d) a, b, and c 13. The Latin word tondere means to: a) cut c) trim b) shear d) curl 14. A shaved patch on the crown of the head is known as a: a) queue c) tonsure b) tonsorial d) fringe 15. The symbol of the barber-surgeon evolved from the technical procedure of: a) pulling teeth c) suturing a wound b) bloodletting d) trimming beards 16. The symbol of the barber-surgeons and modern day barbers is the: a) barber razor c) barber comb b) barber pole d) barber sign 17. By the nineteenth century, barbering was completely separated from religion and medicine and began to emerge as an independent: a) association c) profession b) organization d) guild 18. The members of employer organizations were: a) journeymen barbers c) master barbers b) student barbers d) apprentice barbers 19. In 1893, A. B. Moler established America’s fi rst barber: a) trade journal c) school b) association d) license 20. America’s fi rst barber school was located in: a) Chicago c) St. Louis b) Boston d) St. Paul 21. The fi rst state to pass a barber license law was: a) Minnesota c) Illinois b) New York d) Ohio 22. The purpose of the National Education Council was to establish the standardization of barber: a) poles c) licenses b) training d) uniforms 23. In 1929, the Associated Master Barbers of America adopted a Barber Code of Ethics to promote: a) barber schools c) professionalism b) examinations d) regulation

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 2222 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:560:32:56 AMAM 24. State barber boards are primarily interested in maintaining high standards of: a) appliances c) products b) tools d) competency 25. One key function of state barber boards is to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the: a) profession c) public b) barbers d) board members

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 2323 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:560:32:56 AMAM Answer Key—Chapter 2 THE HISTORY OF BARBERING

1. b 6. d 11. a 16. b 21. a 2. d 7. a 12. d 17. c 22. b 3. c 8. b 13. b 18. c 23. c 4. b 9. b 14. c 19. c 24. d 5. c 10. d 15. b 20. a 25. c

997147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd7147_02_ch02_p015-025.indd 2424 55/29/10/29/10 110:32:560:32:56 AMAM Supplement 2.0 WORLD MAP

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