MANAS A Set of Technical Article

cli: STUDIES ON Ser THE STATUS AND DIVERSIY OF AVIAN Jar FAUNA IN 5"( MANAS BIOSPHERE RESERVE, ASSAM. the

P' K' saikia & A' Rabha' for TNTR'DUCTT'N exl Conservation of Biological diversity in tr6pissl forest for ecosystems is under threat throughout Southeast owrn= to various anthropogenic problems (Byron and Gillman, ma 1998; Will,ot et. at,2000;Hjll, et al. 2001). The most widesprea: human related problems of tropical forests such as encroachments of forest land, i[egal logging, shifting agriculture causec the forest disturbance which leading to open up the dis canopy (Hill et. al., 2001). As iorest-iandscapes become increasinglr disturbed, ecosystem inputs and outputs are. altered, Gr ani'pieuiously existed core habitats become exposed to external conditions, ail of which results in a progressive erosion of biologicat diversity (Terborgh & winter, l9g0; Tilmwr et al., 1994)' The creation of rapid forest edges exposed open str, to habitats can severely modifiedihe local microclimatic conditions. increasing tree moftality and promote the establishment inr of non-forest species (Lovejoy et at., 19g6;Kapos, l9g9; Laurance et al 1998; Tabarelli et al, 1999). cal It is asserted that the avian faunas are the convenient an( indicators of biodiversity (ICBR 1992) andalso useful for monitoring environmental changes (Furness der &_Greenwoo d,, lgg3).Again, the avian communities are suitable study subject for the of community response to disturbance. For , studies for in NJtn America have generally indicated that forest birds. pecies are rulnerable to destruction for of breeding habitat (Askirs oi, rceoy.Although the effect birds have not been studied thoroughly "t of (Leck,1979;Willis, 1979; Bierregaard and Lovejoy, l9g9: of the tropical Th, birds species, for example white-winged I uck- Cairina scutulata,Rufous-neckec Hornbill- Aceros nipalensis, coI many other endemic species such as Arborophilla mendalai, Heterophasia yuhinc bakeri' gracilis, spelaeornis longicaudata, Brach teryx hyperythra, etc. lde are even more vulnerable to than anr birds to such habitat modification vary among species with some forest st predation and brood parasitism il;* Dic (Brittingharn& Temple, 1983; Donovan et al, 1995: Su o p r l anrs and an i mar s an d i s v ery . offi fi"ff $ ii] l::#,.ffi f n iiffi JJTffi"i ll;11 ?r':":, "i;;; The species present in disturbed forest and closed ?ffi: ; canopylorest has differ in their conservation values in which restrictei ranges species are of higher conservation priorities (collins eith and Morris, I9g5; New 1991; Spitzer et al, 1997). These endemic species are threatened and sensitive to global mel extinction as the closed tropical forests are disappeared 4.7 million hectares every year since 1990 and which could predicted rec( be extinction of 1-10 % biodiversity in the coming 25 yean (Thiollay, 2002). rec( In recent decades, the formation of artificial forest trot gaps in many tropical forests is much higher in rate than it could be predicted, owing to extensive tree felling. This is particui'aiy rec( true for the smaller pockets of tropical rain forests in North Eastern region, especially in Assam, where illegal tree scol fellers haa formed most gaps as a result of illegal logging throughout the state' since 1992' The present study aimed to find out differences rvitl between butterfly community composition in closed forests fragments and in grasslands/open areas and wetland habitat protected con in a ..u Lf Munus Biosphere Reserve and to evaluate the priority species for conservation. \\'gr METHODS Study area The investigations were carried out from 1994 to 2004 Dat inthe core area of Manas Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in the state of Assam in Northeast . The MBR is located within the latitude of 25o45,- 26o50, N and Longitude g0o 30,- g1" 26' E' situated in the north bank of river Brahmapritra -'r'hir and about 200 km north of Guwahati city. The northern boundary of MBR is the common international boundary of . The study area is a foothill of lower Himalayas and undulating in the norlhern boundary and then gradually merging ;alc inio low lying flat plain on the southern side. The river Manas is the largest Himalayan tributary of the rivei :e$ Brahmaputra flowing from the northeastern to western boundary area. ------'J of the study *.llc

Tropical moist deciduous, :. I tropical semi-evergreen and wet alluvial grasslands characterize area' the vegetation of Studl The invasive trees on the alluvial grassland habital have forming the characteristic tropical scattered forest of MBR. The

68 MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

\-

c:

:-. r t:

cr !e E-

L' T. The identification of forest bird's species was based on the information -\ Dickension, (t975). of Ali and Ripley, (19g3) and King and Survey techniques :

tr

- t

E - c

necessary. Total of 24 different field trips were made throug Data analysis We estimated the diversity in terms of species richnes ss, as . which combines richness and tirrrn*rdex, t abundance into a single measure 9gg). rarefaction (Heck et aI. 19.75). i We estimated species evenness u'ron,s Ii calculate 95%o confidence intervals for -. sed to s between habitats, pair-wise randomizati order to test for differences in diversity re-samples of species following solo 1te'13). percentage cumulz abundance data a/. ) against log species rank (Lambshead 19831 for .;pu;in; diversity between samptes. et The transact data ofthree habitat studied Forestland, wetl nd and grasslands were computed to evaluate the propor-

69 MANAS A Set of Technical Article tional to undisturbed habitat by the following formula: wt/wt + fdt + gt, where wt: total bird census data of habitat 'W'; n = total bird census data of habitat 'F'; and gt: total bird census data of habitat 'G'. The Propund data were Arcsine transformed for analysis. The variables such as food and migration status of the species were compared with Arcsine transformed data through analysis of variance. Only signifrcant results are presented. RESULTS Diversity We observed a total of 5245 individuals from 422 species belonging to 57 families of birds in grassland, wetland and forestland habitat of Manas Biosphere Reserve (see Appendix- I ). The numbers of species were higher in forested habitat than grassland and wetland habitat. The greatest numbers of species were obseryed in forested habitat (n -- 290), compared with grassland (n: 51 species) and wetland habitat (n: 106). Comparison of diversity between habitat samplings showed that, species richness was different among habitats (330.8 -390.8 species, Table. l; use rarefaction mgthods for species richness in each habitat separately). The Shannon Index of diversity was higher in forest habitat compared with 'grassland and wetland habitat' at 5o/o level (Table. l; Forestland vs. Grassland randomization test, ? : - 1.78 P : 0.01; Forestland versus Wetland randomization test, ? : -1.77 P:0.01). The Simpsons D index of diversity was also significantly higher in the Fie forested habitat than grassland habitat (? : 106.16, P: 0.001; Tablel) and wetland habitat at 5Yo level (? : -l 15.54, P : For 0.001). The percentage cumulative abundance plotted (K dominance, Fig. l) against log species rank for comparing diversity oth between samples (F, W & G) showed that, the diversity of Forest habitat (lower line) was higher than Grassland and Wetland Sta habitat (lower line has higher diversity). In wetland and grassland habitat, the K dominance line crosses each other and therefore showed the ranked differently for different diversity indices (see Lambshed et al. 1983). spe pro Table I Species richness, abundance and diversity of avian fauna sampled in three habitats ( F, W A G ). Simpson and Shannon pro means followed by the same letter are not signifrcantly different atthe 5%o level (pair wise randomized test based on 10,000 0.0 random samples). Rarefaction test was done species richness present for based on absent data ofeach transact ofthe habitat 1A F, W &G.

Habitat category

w G

Individuals 2500 2304 441

Species (total:422) 290 106 5l Richness 398.8 380.4 330.8 (SE) (0.2) (0.3) (0.2) Shannon-winner(H') s.23b 3.46a 3.45a (Variance) (0.00037) (0.0010) (0.001e)

Simpson Index 130.2 14.67 24.04

F: Forest habitat; W: Wetland habitat: G: Grassland habitat

Figt

70 MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

100 980 E60 540 €zo

10 100 Log Species Ranlr

among forest habitat, Grassland habitat and Wetland ersity than others and the wetland and grassland hab et al. 1983).

E1 $ o (5 (,L o

.o E o o- Lo CL o o

00

Bird families

Figure: 2: Mean proportional abundance of avian species belonging to different families in grassland habitat studied.

71

,:-/ MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

't.2 Di

! 1.0 (I' thr o the 0) oL .8 He LL o me .b As .o E cie om Lo n hie bar o z Bu (Tl 00 Ap

Fr

Bird families Pr

Pt Figure: 3: Mean proportional abundance of avian species belonging to different families in forest habitat studied.

1.2

oc 1.0 (g o =.8I c .oE .6 o o_ 0 o_r c (5 o

00

Bird famllies

Figure: 4: Mean proportional abundance of avian species belonging to different families in wetland habitat studied.

72 MANAS A Set of Technical Article

Discussion

Appendix: I. comprehensive Checklist of Avian fauna in Manas Biosphere Reserve

Family SFerla English Name Local name Status Podicipididae Tac ny\ b ap t us rufi c o I I i s LittleGrebes Ghilahans C,M Pelicanidae P e le camts ph ilippens is Spot-billed pelican Dhera LM,r Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrrcorat niger LittleCormorant Panikawri C,&LM P carbo GreatCormorant Darkola C,RLM P fiiscicollis Indian Cormorant Koi-lang r,M Anhingdae Anhingarnelanogaster Darter Moniori r,RrLM Ardeidae Atdeacinerca GreyHeron HalKheda r,&LM A. irsignb WhitebelliedHeron TikiaGug r,M A.purpwea PurpleHeron Ajar I&LM Ardeolagruyii Indian Pond Heron Kona Muchari rrR A. bacchw Chinese Pond Heron Konamuchori rrR Bubulc-us ibis CattleEget GuBog C,R Maophoy intermedia lntermediateEset MajuBog C,R Egrcttagtzefta LittleEget BamuniBog C,R Casmerdius albus GreatEget BorBog rrR Nycticoru.ttyticorax Black Crowned Night Heron WaakChorai lR hobryclau cirnamomeus CinnamonBittem Itagun tR [. sinersis YellowBittem HalcrlhiK r'R Botaurw stellaris GreatBittem lrM

73 I MANAS A Set of Technical Article

I.flavicollis BlackBittem SekBogoli r, LM

Butorides striatus StiatedHeron Nilabogoli c,M

G ors achiw me lanol ophus MalayanNightHeron Potiori r, M?

Ciconidae Leptoptilos javanicus LesserAdiutant stork Bortukula c,R

Ciconiaepiscopus Woolyrecked Stork Konua c, M?

C. nigra Black Stork Kal Sor c,M

Anastomus oscitans AsianOpenbill SamukBhanga r,LM

Ep hip p i or \ryrc hus as iat icus Black-necked Stork Telia Sarens r.C

Dendrocygnidae Dendrocygnabicolor Fulvous WhistlingTeal BorSorali I&LM

D. javanica LesserWhistlingteal SoraliFlanh c,R

Anaidae Anser indicus Bar-headed Geese DewRaihans rrM

Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck Sakoi chakowa C,M

T tadorna Common Shelduck Sakoi Chokowa IPM

Anas acuta NorthemPintail KarNeji C,M

A. crecca CommonTeal GhilaHanh C,M

A. strepera Gadwall SorumueiHanh C,M

A. clypeata Northem Shoveler Khontial-lanh C,M

A, poecilorlryncha SpobilledDuck BonoriaPatihanh C,M

A. platyrlrynchos Mallard AmaliaHanh rrM

Anon querquedula Garganey C,M

Aruspenelope Eurasian Wiseon C,M

Aythyaferina Common Pochard c,M

A. nyroca Femrginous pochard C,M

A. baeri Baer,s Pochard C,M

Rhodonessarufina Red-crested Pochard r,M Aytlryafuligula Tufted Duck tM

N e ttapw c oromandelianus Cotton Pygmy Goose Ghilahans frR

Mergus metganser CommonMarganser KakoliDoria C,M

Rallidae Rallus aquaticus WaterRail frR Amaurornis phoenicurus Whitebrested Waterhen Dauk C'R

Gallicrcxcinerea Watercock Dolrnura r,R Gallinulacliloropus CommonMoorhen Dolgwra C,R

74 MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

Fulica atra Coot c,M

Porphyrioporphyio Purple Swamphen KamChorai r,R

Jacanidae Metopidius indicus Bronze Wnged Jacana DolPunga r,R

Hydrophasianw Pheasant-tailed Dhekor r,R

Burhinidae Esacus recurvirostris GreatThick-knee Balichora C,R

Charadriidae yanellus Vanellus NorthemLapwing Tehoot tM V cinereus Greyheaded Lapwing KopalFotola tM

V indicus RedwattledLapwing Baighora c,R

V duvaucelii River Lapwing Kachial C,M

Charadrius dubitu LittleRinsed Plover C,M

C. placidtu LongbilledPlover r;M

Ibidorhyrchidae I b idor hy nc s ha trut her s ii hisbill r,M Scolopacidae Scolopax rusticola Eurasian r'M Gallinogo solitaria SolitarySnipe r'R

G. stenura Pintail r,M gallinago CommonSnipe r,R

Lymnocryptesminimw Jack Snipe r'M

G. nemoricola Wood Snipe T,M Tringaerythroptu SpottedRedshank rrM

T. totanus CommonRedshank c,M

T. stagnatilis Marsh rrM

T. nebularia Common Greenshank C,M

T. guttifer Nordmann's Greenshank r,M T glarcola Wood Sandpiper Balichara T,M Tringaochrops Green Sandpiper c,M

T. hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Balichara C,M Limosalipponica Bar-ailed r'M Charadr ius alexandr imu Kentisplover !m temminckit Temminck's Stint C,M Numenis uquata Eurasian r,M Xenus cinercus Terek sandpiper tM Calidris minuta Little Stint c,M

75 a MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

Recurvirosffidae focurvirostra avoceta PiedAvocet rrM

Himnntopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt r,M

Glarmiidae Glareolalectea SmallPratincole C,M

G. pratincola CollaredPratincole r,M

t^aridae Sterrnaurantia fuverTem GonpaChiloni C,M

S. acuticauda BlackbelliedTem Gonm Chiloni r,M

S. albifrons LittleTem GongChiloni r,M

S, fuscata Sooty Tem GonpaChiloni r,M

Sternahirundo CommonTem GonpChiloni C,M

Chlidonias lrybridus WhiskeredTem GoneaChiloni r,LM

Larusridibundw BlackheadedGull RamParo c,M

Accipitridae Pandionhaliaetus Osprey r,M

Haliasturindus BrahminiKite C,R

Aviceda leuphotes BlackBaza MowKhap T,M

Pernis ptilorltyncas OrientalHoneyBuzard Do C,R

Buteorufnus Long-legged Buzard c,M

B.rufnus UnlandBuzard c,M

Aviceda jerdoni Jerdon's Baza Do rrR

Elanuscaeruleus BlackwingedKite r'M

Milvus migrara BlackKite Chila T,R

Haliaeetw leucogaster Pallas's SeaEagle Kurua C,R

Ichthyophagahumilis LesserFishEagle Kurua/tlkoh rrR

Aquilanipalensis SteppeEagle r,M

Aquilaclanga Greater Spotted eagle r'M

Hieraaetusfasciatus Bonelli'seagle T,R

I. ictltyaetus GreyheadedFish Eagle Kunra r'R

Gyps bengalensis WhiterumpedVulture Sagun r'R

G. indicus LonebilledVulture Sogun frR

G. himalayensis Himalayan Grifon Vulture Sogun r'M

Sarcogtps calvus RedheadedVulture Raj Sogun rrR

Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Sapkata C,R

Circusspilonotus Eastem Marsh Hanier trM

76 MANAS A Set olTechnical Article

C. melanoleucos PiedHanier rrM C. macrourus PallidHanier IM Accipiter badius Shilaa Hen C,R A. nisus Eurasian Spanow Hawk fkn 0rR A. gentilis NorthemGoshhawk r.M A.virgatw Besra C,R Hierqaetus kienerii RufousbailiedEaele tM Spbaetuscinhanu ChangeableHawk-Eaele tM Spizaetus nipalensis MountainHawk-eaele rR Aquilaheliaca ImperialEagle T,M Falconidae Falcochiquera RedneckedFalcon rrM E naumanni LesserKestrel r,M Mic ro h ie r ax c ae ru.l p s r p, " CollaredFalconet r,R Colunbalivia RockPigeon r.R C. palumbus Common Wood pigeon r,R C. pulchricollis AshyWoodpigeon HaruaKonow tM S hept ope lia or ie ntal is OrientalTurtleDove HaruaKopow C,M S. chinewis SpottedDove KopowKupti C,R S. nanqtebarica RedCollaredDove lalKuptr Mqcroptryiaunchnll rR Baned CuckooDove tR S. decaocto Eurasian Collard Dove Kuph T,R Chalcophaps indba Emerald Dove MlKopow r.R Treronbicincta Orange-breasted pigeon Green Ifaidu T cunirostra rR Thickbilled Green pigeon Haifta r,R T phoeniccoptera Yel lowfooted Green piseon I{aifta C,R T. apicquda Pintail Green pigeon DighalNeji hairha crR T sphenura Wedgetail Greenpieeon C,R T.pompadora Pompadura Green pigeon C,R Duculaaenea Green Imperialpigeon Porghuma c,R D. badia Mountain lnperial pigeon c,R Strep t op e I i a s e ne s a I e ns is LaughingDove RamKopow r,M Columbapunicea Pale capped pegion Porghuma rrR MANAS A Set of Technical Article

C,R Columbahodsoni SpeckledWoodPigeon DoveHamaKopow

RaiBhatow C,R Psittacidae Psittaculaeupatria Alexandrine Parakeet I,R P. lqameri Roseringed Parakeet Golrnonica

Psittacula derbiana DerbyanParakeet tM

P. roseata B lossomheaded Parakeet Chandana/Senduri r'R

Parakeet KojolaMwi r'R P. finschii Greyheaded

P. alexandri Redbre$edParakeet Galpura c,R

Loriculus vernalis VemalHangingPanot lotkon C,R

C,R Bucerotidae Anthr ac oc ero s alb ir o s tr is OrientalPiedHombill Dhekdheh

Buceros bicornis GreatHombill Raj Dhonesh crR

Aceros nipalensis RufousneckedHombill RongadingiaDhonesl r,LM

A. undulatus WrearhedHombill Malrdola c'R

Eurylaimidae Psqri;omus dalha$iae tnnstailed Broadbiil r,R

Eopsaltridae Cul i.c ic ap a c qil one ns is Greyheaded Can ary -Fly atcher rrR

Apodidae Apusapus CommonSwift Teltupi r'R

A. nipalensis House Swift Teltupi C,R

A. ffinis LittleSwift Teltupi r'R

A. paciJicus Forktailed Swift Teltupi r,M

Taclntmarptis melba AlpineSwift tM

C oll oc al i a brcv iro s tri s Himalayan Swiftlet C,R

Tgonidae Tyto alba BamOwl LakhiFencha rrR

Stigrdae Ofus sunia Oriental ScopsOwl Nioti r'R

O.lempiji Collard Scops Owl T,R

O. spilocephalus Mountain Scops Owl r'R

Bubobubo Eurasian Eagle Owl BorHudu r,R

B. nipalensis SpotbelliedEagleOwl Hudrl r,R

B. coromandus DuskyEagleOwl SingiaHudo rrR

Kehqazeylonensis BrownFishOwl KufturiaHudo T,R

K.flavipes TawnyFish Owl r,R

Glaucidiumcuculoides AsianBaned Owlet T,R

G. brodiei tturoo*t.t r,R-c

Bubobengalerwis RockEasleOwl Hudo I,R

78 MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article Strix aluco TawnyOwl r'R S. leptogrammica Brown Wood Owl lrR Athene brama Spotted Owlet FutukiFencha Glaucidiumradiatum rR JungleOwlet Ninoxscutulata IR Indian Scops Owl r.R Carimulgdae Capimulgus nnacrurus LargetailedNigh{ar Dinkona r.R C. asiaticw IndianNighgar Dinkona r,R Picidae Dinopiwnbenghalense Blackrumped Flameback Barhoituka Chrysrcolaptes tR luci&u Greater Flameback Barhoituka r.R C. festivus Whitenaped Woodpecker IGthlhula r'R Gecinulw grantia Paleheaded Woodpecker Kathkhula rrR xanthopygaeus Jly Jtreakedtfu oated Woodpecker Kaflrkhula r,R p. chloroloplun Lesser Yellownape PitBarhoi P tR flninucha Greateryellovurape PitBarhoi lR Celeus brachlntnr Rufous Woodpecker Kahkhula C,R Dendrrcopos atratus Stipebreasted Kaflkhula r.R D. macei Fulvousbreaded Wnndnp.L Iftthkhula rrR D. canicqillus Greycapped Woodpecker Kathkhula c,R D. daqellensis DarjeelingWoodpecker Kdrkhula T,R Picwntw innominatuc Speckled piculet frR Picascoas Greyfaced Woodpecker T,R

D€ftdpcopos mahrn ne n e i " Yellowcrowned Woodpecker tR Mepalairnidae Megalaima lineata LineatedBarbet Ghutluk C,R M. /lovrfrons Yellowlionted Barbet r.R M. asiatica Bluethroated Barbet Hdrluka C,R M. haemacephala CoppersmithBarbet Ghutluk C,R M,franHinii GoldentlroatedBarbet r.R M. australis BlueearedBarbet r.R M. virens GreatBarbet Jomdakini r.R Upuprdae Upupaepops Eurasian Hoopoe KakoiSira rR Coracidae Coracias benshnlensir IndianRolter BamuniK C,R Eurystomw orientalis Dollarbird C,R

79 MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

C,R Alcedinidae Alcedoatthis CommonKingfisher Machuruka

A. meninting Blue-earedKingfishu Mchuruka r'R r,R Dacelonidae Pelargopsis capensis StorkbilledKingfishu Panipia

Halcyonsmyrnensis Whitetlroated Kingfi sher Machuruka C'R

H. coromanda RuddyKingf,sher r,R

Cerylidae Cerylerudis Pied Kindsher Machwuka C,R

Megaceryle Lugubris CrestedKingfisher Machurul€ C,R

Muopidae Merops orientalis Little Green Bee-eater TiaKhati c'R

M.philippinus BluetailedBee+ater Iiakhdi C,R

M.leschenaulti Che$nutheaded Beeeater Mowkhowa C,R

NvcMornis athertoni BluebeardedBee-eater Mowmatri qR

Cuculidae Oxylophw jacobinus PiedCuckoo r,R

C lvy s oc o c c1a macuhatus Asian Emerald Cuckoo lR

Clamator coromandus ChestrrutwingedCuckoo Bonfikor r'M

Cuculuspoliocephalus Lesser Cuckoo r,M

Cuculusvariw CommonHawk-Cuckoo Sakioni rR

C. spanerioides Large Hawk-cuckoo r'M

C. micropterus IndianCuckoo Ket*i T,R

C. passerinus GrevbelliedCuckoo Kdeki r,R

C.merulimn PlaintiveC\ckoo Papiha rrR

C. canorus CommonCuckoo I,R

C.fuqax Hodgson's Hawk{uckoo rrM

C. sonneratii BandedBavCuckoo-- r,M

Eudttnarcys scolopacea AsianKoel Krii C,R

P hae nic ophaeus tristis GeenbilledMalkoha C,R

Surniculus lugubris Drongo Cuckoo r,M

Cenfropodidae Centropus sinensis GreaterCoucal Kukutta r'R

C.toulou LesserCoucal Kuhtn T,R

lenidae Irenapuella AsianFairyBluebird C,M

Chlorop s is c o c hinchine ns is BluewineedL€aftird C,R

C. aurifrons Goldenfronted L,eafbird C,R

C. hardwickii Orangebelliedteaftird frR

80 MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article tanidae Laniusschoch longtailed Shrike Satseti rM? qistatus L. Brown Shrike Satseti r,M

L. tepltronotus Greybacked Shrike Erakhdi T,R Corvidae Cissachinetxi.s GreenMagpie frR Dendrocittavagabunda Rufous Treepie Kalalddi frR D.formosae GreyTreepie tM Corvw splendens House Crow PatiKawri rrR C.levaillantii JungleCrow DhuraKawri C,R Aiolus chinensis BlacknapedOriole Hokhioti r,R O.xanthomus BlackhoodedOriole Hokhioti C. LM O. traillii MaroonOriole C,R Coracirnmacei Large Cuckoo-Shrike C,R C. melaschistos Blackwineed Cuckoo-Shrike C,R Urocissaflavirostris coldbiildMasDai T,R Artamusfiiscus AshyWoodSwallow r'R Aegithinatiphia Commonlora tR Ilypotlrymisewea Blacknaped Monarch I,R Pericruohu cinnamomew SmallMinivet Bfrruoti c,R P ethologus LongtailedMinivet Bftdi C,R P brcvirostris Shortbilled Minivet BilMi T,R Pflammeus ScarletMinivet Rupohi C,R P. rosew RosyMinivet Bfuti rrR P solaris Greychinned Minivet Bihlli r'R Dimtrwparadisets Racket-tailed Droneo GreaterBhimraj rrR D. hottentottus Haircrested Dronso BamuniFenchu c,R D. remifer Lesser Racket-tailed Dron so tR D. aeneus Bronzed Droneo MotiaFenchu C,R D. anrectans Crowbilled Dronso Fenchu rR D. leucophaeus AshyDrongo RajPakhi r,R D, macrocerctu BlackDrongo Fenchu tR Rhipiduraaureola Whitebrowd Fantail NachaniCharai r,R R. albicollis Whitetluoated Fantail Nachani charai r'R MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

R ltypoxantha YellowbelliedFantail Nachanicharai T,R

Tephrodarnis gularis Large Wood Shrike C,R

T. pondicerianus CommonWood tM Muscicapidae Monticola caeruleus BlueWhistlingThrush c,M M. solitarius BlueRockThrush tM M. saxatilis Rufoustail Rock Thrush tM Brac I'rypterytc montarn Whitebrowed Shortwine r'R

Muscicapadauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher T,R

Ficedulaparva Redbrested Flvcatcher T,R

Ficedulawestermanni Little Pied Flycatcher r,R

E tricolor SlatyBlue Flycatcher rrR

Cvornisconcretw Whitetailed Blue Flvcatcher rrR

C. barryamas HillBlueFlycaicher r'R Eumyias thalassina VerditerFlycatcher r'R

Niltaya macgrigoriae SmallNiltava T,R N, grandis LargeNiltava r'R Lwciniasvecicus BlueThroat r'M

Copsychwsmlarb OrientalMagpieRobin Dahikatara C,R

C. malabaricus WhiterumpedShama T,R

Phoenicarus aurorcus DaurianRe.dstart r'R

R|ry ac ornis ful iginosus Plumbeous Water Redstart C,R

C hnim arro mis I euc oce phalus Whitecapped Water Redstart frM

P h oe nicurus s c his t ic ep s Whitetlroated Redstart ttR Enicurus maculalus Spotted Forktail c'M E. immaculatus Blackbacked Forktail r'M E, schistaceus Slarybacked Forktail tM

E. leschenaulti l,eschenault's Forktail T,M

Cochoayiridis GreenCochoa I,M

Sacicolatorquata Common Stonechat C,R S. insignis Whitethoated Bushchat r'M Stumidae Sfurrunmalabailcus Chestrulbiled Starling Kathsalika C,R

S. contra AsianPied Starling Kankurika C,R

82 MANAS ofTechnicalrnical Article Aqidotheres tritis CommonMyra GhorSalika A. ginginianus crR DanKruyna MatiSdilc A.fuscus IR JungleMyna ChutiaSalika A. grandis c,R WhiteventedMwa ChutiaSalika Gracularcligiosa r'R MoinaCharai Sturnuswlgaris C'R

Sturmapogodarum T,M

S. spiloptera IM

Sittidae Silnnagaensis r,M

S. castanea r'R Chestrutbellied NuthAch S.frontalis lrR Velveffionted Nuthatch Trchdromamuraria r'R

Certhiafamiliaris rrR

Certhiadiscolor rrR Paddae Puttnajor rrR Bhodorkoli Cephaloryrusflammicens T,R

Melanochlorasultanea 4M

Hinxdinida€ Ripariapaludicola C,R Plain Martin R, iparia rrM? SandMartin Hirundodomicola frM

Delichonnipalensis r'M

D. urbica IR

Hirundontstica rrR c,LM $cnonotidae Pycnonotus atrbeos

P. melanicterus C,R BlackcrestedBulbul Pjocosus C,R RedwhiskeredBulbul BulbuliChorai P. cafer C,R RedventedBulbul FechulukaCharai C,R HYPs ipete s leua a-e nh n 1", o BlackBulbul Hemixosflovala r,R AshyBulbul Alophoixusflneolus C,R WhitethrodedBulbul c,R leucogenys - fficnonotw Himalayanbulbul Zosteropidae Zosteropspalpbrosw IR Oriental Whiterye C,R - - -' MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

Ci$icolidae Cisticola exilis Goldenheaded Cisticola r'R Priniaflaviventris YellowbelliedPrinia C,R P socialis AshyPrinia r'R

P. inomata PlainPrinia r,R

Priniasylvatica JunglePrinia r,R

P atrogularis I{illprinia r,R Sylviidae P lty ll o s c opus c ol lyb it a Eurasian Chiffchaff r,R

P, ffinis Tickell's Leafuarbler T,R

Tesia olivea Slatybellied Tesia T,R

T. cyaniventer GreybelliesTesia c,R

Cettiallayolivacea AberantBush Warbler r,R Seicercus ffinis Whitespectacled Warbler tR Cetiapallidipes Palefooted Bush wubler frR

Cetinmajor Chesftrut+rowned Bush Warbler r'R

A br o s c opru s tEe rc il iar is YellowbelliedWubler r,R PhyLloscopusfiiscatus DuskyWarbler lR

Orthotomus sutoriw CommonThilorbird PatSia C,R

Garrulax albogularis Whitetlroated Laughing Thrush Dhapoluka rrR

Garrulax leucolophus Whitecrested Laughing Thrush Dhapoluka tR

G. moniliger Leser Neckllaced Laughing Thruslr Dhapolulc C,R

G, pectoralis Greater Necklaced Laughing Thrush Dhapoluka C,R

G. ruficollis Rufousnecked Laughing Thrush Dhapolulo rrR

Pellorneumpalustre MarshBabbler T,R P onwtorhinus hypolerrc os Lagre ScimitarBabbler tR Sphenocichlahumei Wedgebiled Wren babbler r,R

Nepotherabrcvicaudata Steaked Wren Babbler I,R

Spelaeomis caudafin Rufous-Throated Wren Babbler frR

Timaliapileata Chesfrrut Capped Babbler rrR

Turdoides stripns JungleBabbler Satbhoni rrR

Le i ot ltr ix argent auris Silvereared Mesis c,R

Heterophasiagracilis Grey Sibia r,R

Yuhinazantholeuca whitebellidYuhina r,R

84 MANAS A Set of Technical Articte

H e lte rop has i a pul c he I lq BeautiflrlSibia r' R?

Y nigrimenta Blackchinned Yuhina r,R

Minlastrigula ChestruttailedMinla r,R

Pellorneumruf;ceps PuftlroatedBabbler r,R

Alaudidae Alaudagulgula Oriental Skylark BhorotPakhi r,R

Calandrclla raytal Indian Short-toed Lark BhorotPakhi tM

Mirofaassamica Rufouswinsed Lark BhorotPakhi r'M

Nectarinidae D ic keum ery ltror hy rrcho s Palebilled Flowerepecker T,R Dicaeumagile Thickbilled Flowerpecker tR D, melanomnthum Yellowbellied Flowemecker r,R

D. trigonostigma Orangebellied Flowerpecker r,R

Aethopygagouldiae Mrs Gould's Sunbird T,R

Necterinia sperata Purple Ttroated Sunbird r,R

A. siparaja Crimson Sunbird r.

A. saturata Black-ttroated Sunbird r,R A. ignicauda Firetailed Sunbird Mowpia tR Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird r,R

N. lotenia tongbillod Sunbird I,R

Aracfuotheramagna Streaked Spiderhunter r,R

A. longirostris Little Spiderhunter r,R

Passeridae Posser domesticus House Spanow Ghonsirika T,R

p. montcuils Eurasian Tree Spanow Ghonsirika C,R

Dendronanthus indica ForestWagtail Khonjon r,M

Motacillaalba WhiteWagtail Balimahi C,M

M. maderaspatensis Whitebrowed Wastail Balimahi c,M

M.citrcola YellowhoodedWaetail Borioli r'M

M. flava YellowWastail Dhuponi r'M

M.cinerca GreyWagtail DhuponiChoka r,M

Anthusrufulw Paddyfield Pipit c,M

A, campestris TawnyPipit rrM

A. hodgsoni OlivebackedPipit r,M

A. similis tnngbilledPipit r,M

85 MANAS A Set ofTechnical Article

Ploceus philippinus BayaWeaver TukuraCharai t'R

P.megarhyrrclws Finn's Weaver T,R

Lonclurastriata White-rumpedMunia Tuni C,R

L. punctulata Scalybreasted Munia Tuni tR

L, malacca Eastem Blackieaded Mun ia Tuni tR

Fringillidae Haematospizasipahi ScarletFinch T,M

Phasianidae Gallus gallus RedJuneleFowl BonMurgi crR

Lophuraleucomelanos Kalij Pheasant Dorik lrR

Arborophilatorqueola HillParftidge Koira frR

A. rufogularis Rufoustluoated Partrid ge Koira rrR

A. atrogularis WhitecheekedPartridge Koira T,R

Fr anc olinus fr anc oli nus BlackPaftidge Koin C,R

Francolinus gularis SwampParhidge Koim r'R

Turnixqtlvatica SmallButton Quail C,R

Cohtrnixcoturnix JapaneseQuail c,R

P erdicula maniouterx is ManipurBushQuail r,R

Pavo Cristatus PeaFowl MoiraChorai C,R

Otididae H oubwopsis bengalensis BengalFlorican Ulumoira r,R

Trogonidae H arp acte s erythroc ep halus RedheadedTrogon T,R

86