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Combined Heat and Power Market Potential for Opportunity Fuels[ ORNL/TM-2015/745 Combined Heat and Power Market Potential for Opportunity Fuels[ Anaerobic Digesters at DC Water’s Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant Source: DC Water David Jones Approved for public release. Paul Lemar Distribution is unlimited. Resource Dynamics Corporation December 2015 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via US Department of Energy (DOE) SciTech Connect. Website http://www.osti.gov/scitech/ Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange representatives, and International Nuclear Information System representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL/TM-2015/745 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER MARKET POTENTIAL FOR OPPORTUNITY FUELS Resource Dynamics Corporation 7921 Jones Branch Drive McLean, VA 22102 703-356-1300 www.rdcnet.com Date Published: December 2015 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6283 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... xiii 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Approach ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Task 1 – Collect Opportunity Fuels Information ........................................................... 2 1.2.2 Task 2 – Evaluate CHP Technology Options ................................................................ 3 1.2.3 Task 3 – Analyze Potential Market Impacts and Develop Recommendations .............. 3 1.3 Updating the Report .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Report Organization .................................................................................................................... 4 2. The Opportunity Fuels .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Biomass Fuels ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Anaerobic Digester Gas ............................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Biomass Gas................................................................................................................. 15 2.1.3 Black Liquor ................................................................................................................ 18 2.1.4 Crop Residues .............................................................................................................. 20 2.1.5 Food Processing Waste ................................................................................................ 22 2.1.6 Forest Residues ............................................................................................................ 23 2.1.7 Landfill Gas ................................................................................................................. 25 2.1.8 Municipal Solid Waste and Refuse Derived Fuel ........................................................ 28 2.1.9 Sludge Waste ............................................................................................................... 30 2.1.10 Wood Waste ................................................................................................................. 32 2.2 Industrial Process Waste and Byproducts ................................................................................. 34 2.2.1 Blast Furnace Gas ........................................................................................................ 34 2.2.2 Coke Oven Gas ............................................................................................................ 36 2.2.3 Industrial VOCs ........................................................................................................... 37 2.2.4 Petroleum Coke ............................................................................................................ 39 2.2.5 Refinery Fuel Gas ........................................................................................................ 41 2.2.6 Textile Waste ............................................................................................................... 42 2.3 Fossil Fuel Derivatives.............................................................................................................. 44 2.3.1 Coalbed Methane ......................................................................................................... 44 2.3.2 Wellhead Gas ............................................................................................................... 46 2.4 Processed Opportunity Fuels .................................................................................................... 48 2.4.1 Tire-Derived Fuel ......................................................................................................... 48 2.5 Summary of Fuel Attributes and Performance.......................................................................... 52 2.6 Chapter 2 Summary .................................................................................................................. 57 3. CHP Technologies for Opportunity Fuels .......................................................................................... 59 3.1 Steam Turbines ......................................................................................................................... 59 3.1.1 Operation ..................................................................................................................... 60 3.1.2 Emission Controls ........................................................................................................ 61 3.1.3 Efficiency ..................................................................................................................... 61 3.1.4 Equipment Costs .......................................................................................................... 62 3.1.5 Maintenance Costs and Issues with Opportunity Fuels ............................................... 64 3.1.6 Applications for Steam Turbines ................................................................................. 65 3.2 Combustion Turbines ................................................................................................................ 66 iii 3.2.1 Operation ..................................................................................................................... 66 3.2.2 Emission Controls ........................................................................................................ 67 3.2.3 Efficiency ..................................................................................................................... 68 3.2.4 Equipment Costs and Modifications for Opportunity Fuels ........................................ 68 3.2.5 Maintenance Costs and Issues with Opportunity Fuels ............................................... 70 3.2.6 Applications for Combustion Turbines ........................................................................ 70 3.3 Reciprocating Engines .............................................................................................................. 71 3.3.1 Operation ....................................................................................................................
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