Lecture 17. Joystick Culture: Games
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1. Introduction
Latest Gaming Console 1 1. INTRODUCTION Gaming consoles are one of the best digital entertainment media now available. Gaming consoles were designed for the sole purpose of playing electronic games. A gaming console is a highly specialised piece of hardware that has rapidly evolved since its inception incorporating all the latest advancements in processor technology, memory, graphics, and sound among others to give the gamer the ultimate gaming experience. A console is a command line interface where the personal computer game's settings and variables can be edited while the game is running. But a Gaming Console is an interactive entertainment computer or electronic device that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device to display a video game. The term "video game console" is used to distinguish a machine designed for consumers to buy and use solely for playing video games from a personal computer, which has many other functions, or arcade machines, which are designed for businesses that buy and then charge others to play. 1.1. Why are games so popular? The answer to this question is to be found in real life. Essentially, most people spend much of their time playing games of some kind or another like making it through traffic lights before they turn red, attempting to catch the train or bus before it leaves, completing the crossword, or answering the questions correctly on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire before the contestants. Office politics forms a continuous, real-life strategy game which many people play, whether they want to or not, with player- definable goals such as ³increase salary to next level´, ³become the boss´, ³score points off a rival colleague and beat them to that promotion´ or ³get a better job elsewhere´. -
Taito Pinball Tables Volume 1 User Manual
TAITO PINBALL TABLES VOLUME 1 USER MANUAL For all Legends Arcade Family Devices © TAITO CORPORATION 1978, 1982, 1986, 1987 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Version 1.7 | September 1, 2021 Contents Overview ............................................................................................................1 DARIUS™ .............................................................................................................2 Description .......................................................................................................2 Rollovers ..........................................................................................................2 Specials ...........................................................................................................2 Standup Targets ................................................................................................. 2 Extra Ball .........................................................................................................2 Hole Score ........................................................................................................2 FRONT LINE™ ........................................................................................................3 Description .......................................................................................................3 50,000 Points Reward ...........................................................................................3 O-R-B-I-T Lamps ................................................................................................ -
Rétro Gaming
ATARI - CONSOLE RETRO FLASHBACK 8 GOLD ACTIVISION – 130 JEUX Faites ressurgir vos meilleurs souvenirs ! Avec 130 classiques du jeu vidéo dont 39 jeux Activision, cette Atari Flashback 8 Gold édition Activision saura vous rappeler aux bons souvenirs du rétro-gaming. Avec les manettes sans fils ou vos anciennes manettes classiques Atari, vous n’avez qu’à brancher la console à votre télévision et vous voilà prêts pour l’action ! CARACTÉRISTIQUES : • 130 jeux classiques incluant les meilleurs hits de la console Atari 2600 et 39 titres Activision • Plug & Play • Inclut deux manettes sans fil 2.4G • Fonctions Sauvegarde, Reprise, Rembobinage • Sortie HD 720p • Port HDMI • Ecran FULL HD Inclut les jeux cultes : • Space Invaders • Centipede • Millipede • Pitfall! • River Raid • Kaboom! • Spider Fighter LISTE DES JEUX INCLUS LISTE DES JEUX ACTIVISION REF Adventure Black Jack Football Radar Lock Stellar Track™ Video Chess Beamrider Laser Blast Asteroids® Bowling Frog Pond Realsports® Baseball Street Racer Video Pinball Boxing Megamania JVCRETR0124 Centipede ® Breakout® Frogs and Flies Realsports® Basketball Submarine Commander Warlords® Bridge Oink! Kaboom! Canyon Bomber™ Fun with Numbers Realsports® Soccer Super Baseball Yars’ Return Checkers Pitfall! Missile Command® Championship Golf Realsports® Volleyball Super Breakout® Chopper Command Plaque Attack Pitfall! Soccer™ Gravitar® Return to Haunted Save Mary Cosmic Commuter Pressure Cooker EAN River Raid Circus Atari™ Hangman House Super Challenge™ Football Crackpots Private Eye Yars’ Revenge® Combat® -
Knowledge Transfer for Deep Reinforcement Learning with Hierarchical Experience Replay
Proceedings of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-17) Knowledge Transfer for Deep Reinforcement Learning with Hierarchical Experience Replay Haiyan Yin, Sinno Jialin Pan School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore {haiyanyin, sinnopan}@ntu.edu.sg Abstract To tackle the stated issue, model compression and multi- task learning techniques have been integrated into deep re- The process for transferring knowledge of multiple reinforce- inforcement learning. The approach that utilizes distillation ment learning policies into a single multi-task policy via dis- technique to conduct knowledge transfer for multi-task rein- tillation technique is known as policy distillation. When pol- forcement learning is referred to as policy distillation (Rusu icy distillation is under a deep reinforcement learning setting, due to the giant parameter size and the huge state space for et al. 2016). The goal is to train a single policy network each task domain, it requires extensive computational efforts that can be used for multiple tasks at the same time. In to train the multi-task policy network. In this paper, we pro- general, it can be considered as a transfer learning process pose a new policy distillation architecture for deep reinforce- with a student-teacher architecture. The knowledge is firstly ment learning, where we assume that each task uses its task- learned in each single problem domain as teacher policies, specific high-level convolutional features as the inputs to the and then it is transferred to a multi-task policy that is known multi-task policy network. Furthermore, we propose a new as student policy. -
Marco Benôit Carbone Today for the Definition of the Artistic, Expressive and Cultural Status of Games
This paper approaches the issue of the ‘invention’ of video games – that is, the birth of a text that would mark the advent of a new medium – from a semiotic perspective, through the analysis of early games such as Spacewar! (Steve Russell et al., 1962), OXO (A. S. Douglas, E C 1952) and Tennis for Two (William Higginbotham, 1958). Research in this particular field may help to shed more light on much-debated issues about their nature as a medium, their characteristics as semiotic texts1, and the role of the empirical authors in their relations with the semiotic processes of enunciation2. In addition, this may The Adam of Videogames. improve our comprehension of the role of semiotics From Invention to Autorship in the study of video games, as well as about just how through the Analysis of much we should believe in a real need for new disciplines Primordial Games that are willing to focus exclusively in this medium. Inventorship will ultimately imply a reflection about the role authors play in video games, a crucial issue Marco Benôit Carbone today for the definition of the artistic, expressive and cultural status of games. We shall focus on ‘primordial’ interactive texts that game historians and scholars 1. OXO, Tennis for Two, Spacewar!: game texts have considered so far as the “first video games” ever. as acts of bricolage However, nostalgia doesn’t play a role in this decision, nor is historical interest in such titles the only reason For years, the “very first video game” has been the label for choosing them. -
Hamurabi Wikipedia Article
Hamurabi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1/17/12 3:18 PM Hamurabi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hamurabi is a text-based game of land and resource management and is one of the earliest computer games. Its name is a shortening of Hammurabi, reduced to fit an eight-character limit. Contents 1 History 2 Gameplay 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History Doug Dyment wrote The Sumer Game in 1968 as a demonstration program for the FOCAL programming language, programming it on a DEC PDP-8. The game has often been inaccurately attributed to Richard Merrill, the designer of FOCAL. Once a version of BASIC was released for the PDP-8, David H. Ahl ported it to BASIC. The game spread beyond mainframes when Ahl published an expanded version of it in BASIC Computer Games, the first best-selling computer book.[1] The expanded version was renamed Hamurabi [sic] and added an end-of-game performance appraisal.[2] This version was then ported to many different microcomputers. Gameplay Like many BASIC games of the time, Hamurabi was mainly a game of numeric input. As the ruler, the player could buy and sell land, purchase grain and decide how much grain to release to his kingdom. Scott Rosenberg, in Dreaming in Code, wrote of his encounter with the game:[3] I was fifteen years old and in love with a game called Sumer, which put me in charge of an ancient city-state in the Fertile Crescent. Today's computer gamers might snicker at its crudity: its progress consisted of all-capital type pecked out line by line on a paper scroll. -
Learning to Code
PART ILEARNING TO CODE How Important is Programming? “To understand computers is to know about programming. The world is divided… into people who have written a program and people who have not.” Ted Nelson, Computer Lib/Dream Machines (1974) How important is it for you to learn to program a computer? Since the introduction of the first digital electronic computers in the 1940s, people have answered this question in surprisingly different ways. During the first wave of commercial computing—in the 1950s and 1960s, when 1large and expensive mainframe computers filled entire rooms—the standard advice was that only a limited number of specialists would be needed to program com- puters using simple input devices like switches, punched cards, and paper tape. Even during the so-called “golden age” of corporate computing in America—the mid- to late 1960s—it was still unclear how many programming technicians would be needed to support the rapid computerization of the nation’s business, military, and commercial operations. For a while, some experts thought that well-designed computer systems might eventually program themselves, requiring only a handful of attentive managers to keep an eye on the machines. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, the rapid emergence of personal computers (PCs), and continuing shortages of computer professionals, shifted popular thinking on the issue. When consumers began to adopt low-priced PCs like the Apple II (1977), the IBM PC (1981), and the Commodore 64 (1982) by the millions, it seemed obvious that ground-breaking changes were afoot. The “PC Revolution” opened up new frontiers, employed tens of thousands of people, and (according to some enthusiasts) demanded new approaches to computer literacy. -
Basic: the Language That Started a Revolution
TUTORIAL BASIC BASIC: THE LANGUAGE THAT TUTORIAL STARTED A REVOLUTION Explore the language that powered the rise of the microcomputer – JULIET KEMP including the BBC Micro, the Sinclair ZX80, the Commodore 64 et al. ike many of my generation, BASIC was the first John Kemeny, who spent time working on the WHY DO THIS? computer language I ever wrote. In my case, it Manhattan Project during WWII, and was inspired by • Learn the Python of was on a Sharp MZ-700 (integral tape drive, John von Neumann (as seen in Linux Voice 004), was its day L very snazzy) hooked up to my grandma’s old black chair of the Dartmouth Mathematics Department • Gain common ground with children of the 80s and white telly. For other people it was on a BBC from 1955 to 1967 (he was later president of the • Realise how easy we’ve Micro, or a Spectrum, or a Commodore. BASIC, college). One of his chief interests was in pioneering got it nowadays explicitly designed to make computers more computer use for ‘ordinary people’ – not just accessible to general users, has been around since mathematicians and physicists. He argued that all 1964, but it was the microcomputer boom of the late liberal arts students should have access to computing 1970s and early 1980s that made it so hugely popular. facilities, allowing them to understand at least a little And in various dialects and BASIC-influenced about how a computer operated and what it would do; languages (such as Visual Basic), it’s still around and not computer specialists, but generalists with active today. -
Learning Robust Helpful Behaviors in Two-Player Cooperative Atari Environments
Learning Robust Helpful Behaviors in Two-Player Cooperative Atari Environments Paul Tylkin Goran Radanovic David C. Parkes Harvard University MPI-SWS∗ Harvard University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract We initiate the study of helpful behavior in the setting of two-player Atari games, suitably modified to provide cooperative incentives. Our main interest is to understand whether reinforcement learning can be used to achieve robust, helpful behavior— where one agent is trained to help a second, partner agent. Robustness requires the helpful AI to be able to cooperate effectively with a diverse set of partners. We study this question with both artificial partner agents as well as human participants (introducing a new, web-based framework for the study of human-with-AI behavior). We achieve positive results in both Space Invaders and Fall Down, as well as successful transfer to human partners, including with people who are asked to deliberately follow unexpected behaviors. 1 Introduction As we anticipate a future of systems of AIs, interacting in ever-increasing ways and with each other as well as with people, it is important to develop methods to promote cooperation. This need for cooperation is relevant, for example, in settings with automated vehicles [1], home robotics [14], as well as in military domains, where UAVs assist teams of soldiers [31]. In this paper, we seek to advance the study of cooperative behavior through suitably modified, two-player Atari games. Although closed and relatively simple environments, there is a rich, recent tradition of using Atari to drive advances in AI [23, 24]. -
A Strongly Typed GP-Based Video Game Player
A Strongly Typed GP-based Video Game Player Baozhu Jia Marc Ebner Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universitat¨ Greifswald Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universitat¨ Greifswald Institut fur¨ Mathematik und Informatik Institut fur¨ Mathematik und Informatik Walther-Rathenau-Strae 47, 17487 Greifswald, Germany Walther-Rathenau-Strae 47, 17487 Greifswald, Germany Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstract—This paper attempts to evolve a general video game games lies in between classic board games and modern 3D player, i.e. an agent which is able to learn to play many different games. video games with little domain knowledge. Our project uses strongly typed genetic programming as a learning algorithm. Section II briefly summarises previous works on general Three simple hand-crafted features are chosen to represent the game players. Section III describes how we compute feature game state. Each feature is a vector which consists of the position vectors from screen grabs. Section IV presents three different and orientation of each game object that is visible on the screen. representations of the game state. Section V demonstrates These feature vectors are handed to the learning algorithm which how the game player is evolved using strongly typed genetic will output the action the game player will take next. Game programming. The conclusions are given in the final section. knowledge and feature vectors are acquired by processing screen grabs from the game. Three different video games are used to test the algorithm. Experiments show that our algorithm is able II. RELATED WORK to find solutions to play all these three games efficiently. -
Introduction to Gaming
IWKS 2300 Fall 2019 A (redacted) History of Computer Gaming John K. Bennett How many hours per week do you spend gaming? A: None B: Less than 5 C: 5 – 15 D: 15 – 30 E: More than 30 What has been the driving force behind almost all innovations in computer design in the last 50 years? A: defense & military B: health care C: commerce & banking D: gaming Games have been around for a long time… Senet, circa 3100 B.C. 麻將 (mahjong, ma-jiang), ~500 B.C. What is a “Digital Game”? • “a software program in which one or more players make decisions through the control of the game objects and resources in pursuit of a goal” (Dignan, 2010) 1.Goal 2.Rules 3.Feedback loop (extrinsic / intrinsic motivation) 4.Voluntary Participation McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World. Penguin Press Early Computer Games Alan Turning & Claude Shannon Early Chess-Playing Programs • In 1948, Turing and David Champernowne wrote “Turochamp”, a paper design of a chess-playing computer program. No computer of that era was powerful enough to host Turochamp. • In 1950, Shannon published a paper on computer chess entitled “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess”*. The same algorithm has also been used to play blackjack and the stock market (with considerable success). *Programming a Computer for Playing Chess Philosophical Magazine, Ser.7, Vol. 41, No. 314 - March 1950. OXO – Noughts and Crosses • PhD work of A.S. Douglas in 1952, University of Cambridge, UK • Tic-Tac-Toe game on EDSAC computer • Player used dial -
Tennis for Two by Angel De La Cruz and John Ryan Abstract Tennis for Two Was One of First Video Games Ever Created
Tennis For Two By Angel De La Cruz and John Ryan Abstract Tennis for Two was one of first video games ever created. It was built in 1958 by William Higinbotham in Brookhaven National Laboratory using an oscilloscope, vacuum tubes and transistors. Based on military computers designed to calculate the ballistic path of missiles, it used integrating circuitry to calculate the flight path of a ball as it was hit back and forth between two sides of a court by a pair of simple controllers. For our 6.101 project recreated this game using modern analog components. The two major design problems in this project were working within component tolerances while designing circuits that needed to be stable over the course of several seconds and in the precise synchronization needed for an oscilloscope display. Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction 1. 2. System Overview 2. 3. Analog Computer 3.1. Calculating Y Position 3. 3.2. Calculating X Position 6. 3.3. Creating a Ball 8. 3.4. Hitting the Net 9. 3.5. Bringing It All Together 10. 4. Audiovisuals 4.1. The Tennis Court 10. 4.2. Integrating the Display 14. 4.3. Sound Effects 15. 5. Results 18. 6. Acknowledgements 18. 7. Works Cited 18. 1Introduction Before the advent of digital technology, computers were massive devices made from large arrays of vacuum tube amplifiers. By arranging discrete components around these amplifiers then stringing them together, they were able to quickly perform a wide variety of complex mathematical operations. These analog computers were used to 1 solve complicated differential equations; they were commonly used by the military to calculate ballistic trajectories, taking into account variables like distance, air resistance, and even the coriolis effect.