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Sexual Assault Advocate Training Manual

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Sexual Assault Advocate Training Manual Sexual Assault Advocate Training Manual Revised November 2016 6200 La Calma Dr, Suite 110 | Austin, TX 78752 | 512-474-7190 | www.taasa.org 1 NOTES: HE VS SHE, HIM VS HER In this manual, you will find that that when pronouns or other gender-specific terms are used, victims of sexual assault are referred to as female and perpetrators as male. Are all victims of sexual assault women? Are all perpetrators of sexual assault men? Of course the answer to both these questions is ‘No.’ However, the majority of victims are female and the majority of perpetrators are men, so for the purpose of simplified language, this manual will utilize female pronouns when referring to victims and male pronouns when referring to men. VICTIM VS. SURVIVOR The terms “victim” and “survivor” are often used interchangeably to describe an individual who has experienced sexual assault. For the advocacy purposes of this curriculum, the term “survivor” will be utilized in recognition that every person who lives through a sexual assault is a survivor. The word ‘victim’ will be utilized at times, typically to refer to a survivor in the immediate aftermath of the assault. 2 CONTRIBUTORS The developers of this publication would like to acknowledge all those who have contributed to current and previous versions of this training manual This is the Seventh Revision of this manual. In earlier versions, contributors used varied compositional styles (e.g., the use of personal pronouns or the way they cited references). This version preserved some of those differences when they did not interfere with the most important goal clarity. TAASA Board – 1979 Allison Morrow Houston Area Women’s Center Michelle Nelson Austin Rape Crisis Center Tiffany Nunn Rachel Berry Steven Onken Torie Hilton Camp Holly Pitkin Annette Burrhus-Clay Zoila Rizzo Sandy Canfield Pam Rogers Sue Carve Marcie Robinson Morgan Curtis Ted Rutherford Grace Davis Lacey Sloan Oralia Diaz Allison Taylor Audra Diers Angela Taylor Tonya Edmond Cassandra Thomas Jamie Ferrell Jennifer Thompson Rick Gipprich, Jr. Helen Thueson Elizabeth Joblin Carol Townsend Chris Kaiser Sonia Wagner Tim Love Louise Warren Rose Luna Diane Williams Cecilia McKenzie Lyndel Williams Elaine Mejia Claudella Wright 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1 – DYNAMICS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT Forms of Sexual Assault/Abuse Prevalence – Sexual Assault Statistics Sexual Assault Realities Gender Socialization Substance Facilitated Sexual Abuse Effects of Sexual Assault on Survivors Survivor Profile Sex Offenders SECTION 2 – SYSTEM RESPONSE Texas Legal Definition of Sexual Assault Overview of the Criminal Justice System Defining Advocacy Legal Resources/Remedies SECTION 3 – PRIMARY PREVENTION Definition of Primary Prevention Risk Factors for Sexual Violence Perpetration Across the Ecological Model Introduction to Preventing Sexual Violence in Texas: A Primary Prevention Approach Rape Culture SECTION 4 – WORKING WITH SURVIVORS Confidentiality Ethics Communication/Active Listening Skills Trauma-Informed Care Culturally Competent Care Crisis Intervention Suicide Assessment Skills Safety Planning Barriers to Reporting Working with Secondary Victims Special Populations Vicarious Trauma and Self-Care Self-Protection Values, Beliefs, and Biases that may Impact Service Delivery 4 SECTION 5 – LOCAL PROGRAM INFORMATION Sexual Assault Response Team Sexual Assault Program Policies/Protocols for Providing Minimum Services Community Resources SECTION 6 – MEDICAL FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS FOR COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE Sexual Assault Medical Forensic Examination Emergency Room Protocol Role of a SANE or Sexual Assault Examiner Pregnancy Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections HIV/AIDS SECTION 7 – ROLE OF AN ADVOCATE DURING THE SEXUAL ASSAULT MEDICAL FORENSIC EXAMINATION Review of the Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 56.045 Confidential Communication, Government Code, Section 420.071 5 Section 1: DYNAMICS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT Sexual assault is any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient.1 Understanding the many different forms of sexual assault is important. Advocates, and survivors themselves, often have an incomplete understanding of what sexual assault encompasses which includes cultural inaccuracies about what is a ‘real’ sexual assault. Of course a ‘real’ sexual assault is far more than the stereotypical stranger climbing through a bedroom window or jumping out of the bushes. While ambush style stranger sexual assault occurs, it is far less common than the sexual assault committed by someone known to the victim whose trust is taken advantage of and betrayed. The ability to understand and acknowledge your own biases will strengthen your ability to provide non-judgmental support to survivors. Survivors also carry many of these same misunderstandings about sexual assault which may lead them to wonder if what happened to them was a ‘real’ sexual assault. This can influence their willingness to seek assistance at a rape crisis center or report the assault to law enforcement. This is reflected in the low reporting rates among sexual assault victims. Many survivors are concerned that they won’t be believed, are embarrassed or ashamed about their actions or role in the assault, or think that it is a private matter. Survivors who take the step of seeking outside assistance should be praised for their courage. One of the most critical factors to remember and emphasize is that sexual assault is always the responsibility of the offender/perpetrator. Sexual assault is an abuse of power against someone who is vulnerable. The survivor did not cause the assault to happen. It does not matter what the victim was wearing, where they were, what they were doing or who they were with. No matter what type of sexual assault, it is the perpetrator who made a decision to commit a sexual act without the victim’s consent and the perpetrator is the one who should be held responsible. 1 Definition used by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women. Available here: http://www.justice.gov/ovw/sexual-assault 6 Note: The term ‘sexual assault’ has specific legal definitions in Texas statute which are more closely aligned with the word ‘rape’ and includes penetration. This manual and this section, specifically, use sexual assault as a broader umbrella term for sexual violence in its many forms. FORMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT/ABUSE Non-Stranger Rape (acquaintance rape) is sexual assault by someone known to the victim. Most sexual assault survivors are victims of acquaintance rape. The offender can be anyone from a casual acquaintance to a relative or boyfriend. Acquaintance rape occurs between persons who may or may not have had a previous sexual history and who may or may not have expectations of a sexual interaction.2 In one of the first studies of its kind, Mary Koss3 found that more than 3/4 of the rapes reported in this country are committed by someone known to the victim: current or former spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend, relative, friend, friend of a friend, brief acquaintance, date, neighbor or fellow worker. The 2010 Summary Report on the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, the most recent report on the prevalence of sexual violence issued by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), found that just over half (51.1%) of women reported being raped by an intimate partner and 40.8% reported being raped by an acquaintance. In the case of male victims, greater than half (52.4%) Most research, including the Wegner et al, 2014 study reported being raped by an noted here, regarding perpetrators of sexual assault do acquaintance. The most recent data for not ask men to admit if they have committed ‘rape’ or the state of Texas found 70% of sexual ‘sexual assault.’ Instead, researchers have developed a assault victims knew or were related to, variety of questions detailing specific behaviors which their perpetrator (Busch-Armendariz et describe rape and sexual assault, but without using al., 2015). The common factors which those words. For example, participants in a study may lead to an acquaintance rape might be asked to indicate if they have ever: “had oral (social gender norms/roles/ sex with someone or had someone perform oral sex on expectations, male entitlement, consent me without their consent by showing displeasure, etc.) can occur within numerous types criticizing their sexuality or attractiveness, getting of relationships, even among those who angry but not using physical force after they said they are well-known most trusted. didn’t want to.” Date rape is, by definition, sexual assault that occurs while on a date or Not only are these types of questions more likely to illicit between persons who expect to have positive responses from participants, but they provide (or already have had) an intimate the opportunity to learn about the different types of relationship (Wegner et al., 2014). In one rape and sexual assault. study of 204 men from a large urban community, 63% of men reported obtaining unwanted sex (committing rape) at least once with a steady dating partner, spouse, or 2 Wegner R., Pierce, J., and Abbey, A. (2014). Relationship type and sexual precedence: Their associations with characteristics of sexual assault perpetrators and incidents. Violence Against Women, 20(11), 1360-1382. 3 Koss, M.P. (1988). Hidden Rape: Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample in Higher Education. ln A.W. Burgess (Ed.), Rape and Sexual Assault II (pp 3-26). New York: Garland. 7 former spouse (Wegner et al., 2014). The date rapist frequently uses the least amount of physical force necessary and rarely use lethal weapons4 relying instead on verbal coercion, guilt tactics, emotional manipulation, and intoxicating substances. Wegner et al. (2014) found perpetrators in committed or long-term relationships that included prior sexual contact with the victim were more likely to use displeasure, pressure, made their partner feel guilty, continually argued, and/or threatened to end the relationship as their primary tactics in the rape.
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