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Horváth István dc_1101_15 Horváth István GAMMAKITÖRÉSEK értekezés az MTA Doktora cím elnyeréséhez 2016 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1101_15 Tartalomjegyzék ELŐSZÓ ........................................................................................................................... 4 1. TÖRTÉNETI BEVEZETŐ ........................................................................................... 5 1.1. A gammakitörések felfedezése ............................................................................... 5 1.2. Bolygóközi hálózat ................................................................................................. 7 2. LÁGY GAMMAISMÉTLŐK ...................................................................................... 9 3. MEGFIGYELŐ MŰHOLDAK .................................................................................. 11 3.1. A Compton Gamma Űrobszervatórium ................................................................ 12 3.2. Beppo-SAX ‒ a források optikai azonosítása ....................................................... 13 3.3. Swift, a gyorsan forduló műhold .......................................................................... 14 3.4. A Fermi Gammasugár Űrtávcső ........................................................................... 16 3.5. További nagyenergiás csillagászati eszközök ...................................................... 19 4. A FORRÁSOK ELOSZLÁSA ................................................................................... 20 5. A KITÖRÉSEK LEÍRÁSA ........................................................................................ 24 5.1. A gammakitörések spektrális megfigyelése ......................................................... 24 5.2. Lehetséges forrásmechanizmusok ........................................................................ 34 6. A GAMMAKITÖRÉSEK IDŐTARTAMELOSZLÁSÁNAK ELEMZÉSE ............. 37 6.1. A gammakitörések időtartama .............................................................................. 37 6.2. A 3B katalógus időtartamainak elemzése ............................................................. 43 6.3. A végleges BATSE katalógus adatainak elemzése .............................................. 50 6.4. A Swift BAT katalógus időtartamainak az elemzése ........................................... 55 6.5. A Beppo-SAX műhold adatainak elemzése ......................................................... 60 7. AZ IDŐTARTAM – SPEKTRÁLISKEMÉNYSÉG ELOSZLÁS ............................. 63 7.1. A végleges BATSE katalógus adatainak elemzése .............................................. 65 7.2. A BAT katalógus időtartam – keménység adatainak elemzése ............................ 71 7.3. A kitöréscsoportok fizikai jellemzői .................................................................... 75 8. GAMMAKITÖRÉS-CSOPORTOK, IRODALMI ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ ..................... 81 9. A GAMMAKITÖRÉSEK IRÁNY SZERINTI ÉS TÉRBELI ELOSZLÁSA ........... 88 9.1. A gammakitörések irány szerinti eloszlása .......................................................... 89 9.2. A gammakitörések térbeli eloszlása ..................................................................... 92 9.2.1. Kétdimenziós eloszlások gömbön .................................................................. 93 9.2.2. Legközelebbitárs-elemzések .......................................................................... 96 9.2.3. Monte-Carlo bootstrap vizsgálat .................................................................. 100 9.3. Vizsgálatok újabb adatokkal bővítve .................................................................. 102 10. ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS ÉS TÉZISEK ........................................................................ 106 A kutatások előzménye .............................................................................................. 107 Célkitűzések .............................................................................................................. 110 Új tudományos eredmények ...................................................................................... 112 A tézispontokhoz kapcsolódó tudományos közlemények ......................................... 115 KÖSZÖNETNYILVÁNÍTÁS ...................................................................................... 117 HIVATKOZÁSJEGYZÉK ........................................................................................... 118 FÜGGELÉK ................................................................................................................. 139 2 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1101_15 E művet ajánlom a magyar gammakitörés-csoport tagjainak, valamint David Band, Paál György és Horváth Lajos emlékének. 3 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1101_15 ELŐSZÓ Az 1960-as években korszakalkotó felfedezések történtek a csillagászatban, többek között a kvazárok, a röntgencsillagok, a kozmikus háttérsugárzás, a pulzárok, valamint a gammafelvillanások felfedezése. Az összes között ez utóbbiak a legrejtélye- sebbek, melyek eredetét a mai napig nem sikerült minden kétséget kizáróan megmagya- rázni a csillagászoknak. Ellentétben a kvazárokkal, a röntgencsillagokkal és a pulzárokkal, melyek ter- mészetét nagy vonalakban már a felfedezésük utáni évben sikerült megérteni, a gamma- kitörések (angolul gamma-ray burst, magyarul is általánosan használt rövidítéssel GRB) mibenléte több mint 40 év elteltével sem pontosan tisztázott. Ez már önmagában fontossá teszi ezen objektumok tanulmányozását, de már közel két évtizede tudjuk azt is, hogy a gammafelvillanások nemcsak a Világegyetem legrejtélyesebb objektumai, hanem a legtávolabbiak közül valók, és így a Világegyetem korai szakaszának hírnökei. Dolgozatomban e rejtélyes jelenségekkel kapcsolatos ered- ményeimet foglalom össze. Az első fejezet történeti bevezetője után a második fejezetben tárgyalom a lágy gammaismétlőket. A harmadik fejezetben azon műholdakat és a rajtuk található műsze- reket mutatom be, melyek megfigyelési adatait felhasználtam a dolgozatomban ismerte- tett eredmények publikálása során. A negyedik fejezetben a források eloszlásával foglalkozom, míg az ötödik fejezetben a gammakitörések megfigyelt jellemzőit és le- hetséges forrásmechanizmusait tárgyalom. A hatodik fejezetben ismertetem a gammakitörések időtartameloszlásának elemzése során elért eredményeimet. Ez alapján felfedeztem egy harmadik típusú gam- makitörést. A hetedik fejezetben e harmadik csoport azonosítását végzem az időtar- tam ‒ keménység síkon. A nyolcadik fejezetben összefoglalom a kitörések csoportosításával kapcsolatos irodalmat. A Világegyetem nagy skálán homogén és izotróp. Mivel a gammakitörések át- lagos távolsága több ezer megaparszek, ezért a térbeli eloszlásukat homogénnek és izotrópnak kell, hogy észleljük. Az égbolton levő eloszlásukat véletlenszerűnek várjuk. Dolgozatom kilencedik fejezetében ezzel, és az ezzel kapcsolatban felmerülő problé- mákkal foglalkozom. 4 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) dc_1101_15 1. TÖRTÉNETI BEVEZETŐ 1.1. A gammakitörések felfedezése Hosszas tárgyalások után, 1963. augusztus 5-én, a Szovjetunió, az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és Nagy-Britannia képviselői Moszkvában aláírták a Nemzetközi Atomcsend Egyezményt (Nuclear Test Ban Treaty1), amely megtiltotta az atombomba- kísérleteket a légkörben, a világűrben és a víz alatt2. Az egyezményhez azóta több mint száz ország csatlakozott, viszont Kína és Franciaország máig sem. Az egyezmény betartásának ellenőrzésére hozta létre még a tárgyalások során az Egyesült Államok a Vela projektet, és lőtték fel a Vela műholdakat. Az elnevezés spanyol eredetű (velar), jelentése őr, vagy felügyel. A programot 1959-ben indították el, viszonylag csekély költségvetéssel. Összesen tizenkét műholdat állítottak pályára, hatot a Vela Hotel, hatot az Advanced Vela alsorozatban [Klebesadel, R. W., 2012]. A hat Vela Hotel műhold űrbéli nukleáris robbanások után kutatott, míg az Advanced Vela hagyományos robbanásokat is megfigyelt. A műholdakat a TRW (Thompson Ramo Wooldridge) cég gyártotta. A hidegháború javában dúlt, az amerikaiak biztosra akartak menni, így a leg- vadabb elképzeléseket is ellenőrizni akarták. Ma már talán hihetetlennek tűnik, de attól is tartottak, hogy a Szovjetunió a Hold túlsó oldalán robbant kísérleti atomtölteteket [Vedrenne, G. and Atteia, J.-L., 2009]. Mint 2000-ben nyilvánosságra hozták, maga az amerikai légierő is rendelkezett hasonló tervekkel 1958-ban. A megfigyeléshez több, magas pályán keringő műholdra volt szükség. Végül a műholdakat a Van Allen sugár- zási övezet fölé, négyszeres geoszinkron magasságú (120 ezer kilométer magas) pályák- ra állították [Klebesadel, R. W., 2012]. A műholdakat párosával indították. Az első Vela Hotel párt (Vela-1A és Vela- 1B) 1963 augusztusában, a másodikat (Vela-2A és Vela-2B) 1964-ben, a harmadikat (Vela-3A és Vela-3B) 1965-ben állították pályára, tervezett élettartamuk 6 hónap volt, aminek végül több mint tízszeresét szolgálták ki. A műholdakat 12 külső röntgendetek- torral, illetve 18 belső neutron- és gammasugár-detektorral szerelték fel [Klebesadel, R. W., Strong, I. B. and Olson, R. A., 1973]. A légköri atom- vagy hidrogénbomba-robbanás a másodperc ezredrészéig tartó gammavillanást produkál, amit egy kialakuló tűzgolyó fénysugárzása követ. A műhol- dak milliszekundumos skálán figyelték a jelenségeket, így több műhold együttes megfi- gyelése esetén a forrás térbeli helyzete, egyszerű háromszögeléses módszerrel, nagyjából 5000 kilométeres pontossággal meghatározható volt a Föld felszínén. Távoli források esetén ez nyilvánvalóan csak iránybeli
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