Impedance Matching Utility

DesignGuide Utilities

Advanced Design System 2011

September 2011 DesignGuide Utilities

1 DesignGuide Utilities

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Acknowledgments Mentor Graphics is a trademark of Mentor Graphics Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. Mentor products and processes are registered trademarks of Mentor Graphics Corporation. * Calibre is a trademark of Mentor Graphics Corporation in the US and other countries. "Microsoft®, Windows®, MS Windows®, Windows NT®, Windows 2000® and Windows Internet Explorer® are U.S. registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Pentium® is a U.S. registered trademark of Intel Corporation. PostScript® and Acrobat® are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. UNIX® is a registered trademark of the Open Group. Oracle and Java and registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. SystemC® is a registered trademark of Open SystemC Initiative, Inc. in the United States and other countries and is used with permission. MATLAB® is a U.S. registered trademark of The Math Works, Inc.. HiSIM2 source code, and all copyrights, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights in and to the source code in its entirety, is owned by Hiroshima University and STARC. FLEXlm is a trademark of Globetrotter Software, Incorporated. Layout Boolean Engine by Klaas Holwerda, v1.7 http://www.xs4all.nl/~kholwerd/bool.html . FreeType Project, Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by David Turner, Robert Wilhelm, and Werner Lemberg. QuestAgent search engine (c) 2000-2002, JObjects. Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation. Netscape is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. Netscape Portable Runtime (NSPR), Copyright (c) 1998-2003 The Mozilla Organization. A copy of the Mozilla Public License is at http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/ . FFTW, The Fastest Fourier Transform in the West, Copyright (c) 1997-1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved.

The following third-party libraries are used by the NlogN Momentum solver:

Intel@ Math Kernel Library, http://www.intel.com/software/products/mkl

SuperLU_MT version 2.0 - Copyright © 2003, The Regents of the University of California, through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (subject to receipt of any required approvals from U.S. Dept. of Energy). All rights reserved. SuperLU Disclaimer: THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 2 DesignGuide Utilities ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

7-zip - 7-Zip Copyright: Copyright (C) 1999-2009 Igor Pavlov. Licenses for files are: 7z.dll: GNU LGPL + unRAR restriction, All other files: GNU LGPL. 7-zip License: This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA. unRAR copyright: The decompression engine for RAR archives was developed using source code of unRAR program.All copyrights to original unRAR code are owned by Alexander Roshal. unRAR License: The unRAR sources cannot be used to re-create the RAR compression algorithm, which is proprietary. Distribution of modified unRAR sources in separate form or as a part of other software is permitted, provided that it is clearly stated in the documentation and source comments that the code may not be used to develop a RAR (WinRAR) compatible archiver. 7-zip Availability: http://www.7-zip.org/

AMD Version 2.2 - AMD Notice: The AMD code was modified. Used by permission. AMD copyright: AMD Version 2.2, Copyright © 2007 by Timothy A. Davis, Patrick R. Amestoy, and Iain S. Duff. All Rights Reserved. AMD License: Your use or distribution of AMD or any modified version of AMD implies that you agree to this License. This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Permission is hereby granted to use or copy this program under the terms of the GNU LGPL, provided that the Copyright, this License, and the Availability of the original version is retained on all copies.User documentation of any code that uses this code or any modified version of this code must cite the Copyright, this License, the Availability note, and "Used by permission." Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted, provided the Copyright, this License, and the Availability note are retained, and a notice that the code was modified is included. AMD Availability: http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/sparse/amd

UMFPACK 5.0.2 - UMFPACK Notice: The UMFPACK code was modified. Used by permission. UMFPACK Copyright: UMFPACK Copyright © 1995-2006 by Timothy A. Davis. All Rights Reserved. UMFPACK License: Your use or distribution of UMFPACK or any modified version of UMFPACK implies that you agree to this License. This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License

3 DesignGuide Utilities along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Permission is hereby granted to use or copy this program under the terms of the GNU LGPL, provided that the Copyright, this License, and the Availability of the original version is retained on all copies. User documentation of any code that uses this code or any modified version of this code must cite the Copyright, this License, the Availability note, and "Used by permission." Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted, provided the Copyright, this License, and the Availability note are retained, and a notice that the code was modified is included. UMFPACK Availability: http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/sparse/umfpack UMFPACK (including versions 2.2.1 and earlier, in FORTRAN) is available at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/sparse . MA38 is available in the Harwell Subroutine Library. This version of UMFPACK includes a modified form of COLAMD Version 2.0, originally released on Jan. 31, 2000, also available at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/sparse . COLAMD V2.0 is also incorporated as a built-in function in MATLAB version 6.1, by The MathWorks, Inc. http://www.mathworks.com . COLAMD V1.0 appears as a column-preordering in SuperLU (SuperLU is available at http://www.netlib.org ). UMFPACK v4.0 is a built-in routine in MATLAB 6.5. UMFPACK v4.3 is a built-in routine in MATLAB 7.1.

Qt Version 4.6.3 - Qt Notice: The Qt code was modified. Used by permission. Qt copyright: Qt Version 4.6.3, Copyright (c) 2010 by Nokia Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Qt License: Your use or distribution of Qt or any modified version of Qt implies that you agree to this License. This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Permission is hereby granted to use or copy this program under the terms of the GNU LGPL, provided that the Copyright, this License, and the Availability of the original version is retained on all copies.User documentation of any code that uses this code or any modified version of this code must cite the Copyright, this License, the Availability note, and "Used by permission." Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted, provided the Copyright, this License, and the Availability note are retained, and a notice that the code was modified is included. Qt Availability: http://www.qtsoftware.com/downloads Patches Applied to Qt can be found in the installation at: $HPEESOF_DIR/prod/licenses/thirdparty/qt/patches. You may also contact Brian Buchanan at Agilent Inc. at [email protected] for more information.

The HiSIM_HV source code, and all copyrights, trade secrets or other intellectual property rights in and to the source code, is owned by Hiroshima University and/or STARC.

Errata The ADS product may contain references to "HP" or "HPEESOF" such as in file names and directory names. The business entity formerly known as "HP EEsof" is now part of Agilent Technologies and is known as "Agilent EEsof". To avoid broken functionality and to maintain backward compatibility for our customers, we did not change all the names and labels that contain "HP" or "HPEESOF" references.

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5 DesignGuide Utilities Load Pull Measurement Data Import Utility ...... 7 Transistor Bias Utility ...... 12 Impedance Matching Utility ...... 34 Introducing the Impedance Matching Utility ...... 35 SmartComponent Reference for Impedance Matching Utility ...... 47 Using Automated Assistants in Impedance Matching Utility ...... 65 Using SmartComponents in Impedance Matching Utility ...... 86 Smith Chart Utility ...... 91 Introducing the Smith Chart Utility ...... 92 Smith Chart Drawing Area ...... 104 Smith Chart Network Area ...... 113 Using SmartComponents in Smith Chart Utility ...... 116 Opening the Filter DesignGuide ...... 121

6 DesignGuide Utilities Load Pull Measurement Data Import Utility

The Load Pull Measurement Data Import utility is used to import Maury or Focus measured load pull data in ADS for interpolation and generation of load and source pull contours. It is assumed that the data is generated for a constant bias, fixed frequency, and constant input power.

The Load Pull Measurement Data Import utility can be selected and installed during installation process of ADS. After installation, the Load Pull utility can be accessed from the Schematic window.

The process includes:

Importing Loadpull Measurement Data Preparing Data for Interpolation Interpolating the Data and Displaying Results

Importing Load Pull Measurement Data

Before you use the Load Pull Measurement Data Import utility, you must measure the loadpull data available on your system. If you do not have measured loadpull data, you can access and copy sample measured data file for Maury and Focus microwave system to your workspace directory by selecting DesignGuides > Load Pull > Sample Load Pull Data File. To import load pull measurement data:

1. Choose DesignGuides > Load Pull > Load Pull Measurement Data Import Utility from the Schematic window. 2. Click OK to open the Load Pull Utility dialog box.

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3. Choose Maury or Focus option from the File Format frame. 4. Click Select LoadPull Data File... to open the Open Data File dialog box.

5. Click Browse to select a specific data file from the workspace directory. You can click Load Output File option to load a previously-prepared load pull data file. Use this option if you have successfully prepared load pull data earlier and you want to load it now. All the prepared load pull file have an extension .lp . When selecting the data file, all the Measurement Variable for contour plots loads directly. You can add a Measurement Variable to Trace and Generate Contours. 6. Enter the file name in Output File Name and click OK. During selection of load pull-measured data file, the format of the load pull impedance data is determined. If the impedance value is normalized to its characteristic impedance, the Data Format dialog box displayed during this process reflects these settings.

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In some cases, it is difficult to determine the data format correctly due to non- availability of measured data points across the entire Smith Chart region. In this case, you must make the changes manually.

If the impedance values are not normalized and appear in the load pull file as, for instance, 52+j×32, check the first checkbox under Impedance Normalization, and set the value of ZOhm to the applicable normalized impedance (for example, 50 ohms).

If the data needs to be treated as impedance rather than reflection coefficient, check the Treat data as impedance (not reflection coeff.) checkbox. (This box should not be checked if the data is in reflection coefficient (S11) format.)

Preparing Data for Interpolation

In this section, the tool reads the measurement points and prepares the data for interpolation. You also have an opportunity to select the measurement variables you want to plot.

To prepare data for interpolation:

1. Click Prepare Loadpull Data from the Load Pull Utility dialog box. The process takes all the measurement points and generates a triangular mesh to perform linear interpolation on scattered data. After the data is prepared for interpolation, the measurement variables for which the contours can be generated appear in the Measurement Variable field. The utility does not restrict the number of variables you can plot simultaneously. You can generate load pull contours for multiple variables at the same time, provided you have valid measurement data to generate load pull contours. 2. Select the variable from the Measurement Variable field. 3. Click <> to enter the minimum and maximum bounds for your contour plots and the number of contours you want to generate within defined bounds.

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4. Click OK to add the variable in the Trace field. Add all the Measurement Variables you want to plot to the Trace field.

5. Select Open New Data Display Page so you can plot load pull contours on Smith Chart or on Polar Chart. (Note: to view contours on a rectangular grid, select Plot real(Variable_Name) vs. imag(Variable_Name)). For details on using the data display, refer to Plots and Lists (data) in the Data Display documentation. 6. Select Output Mesh to export the triangular mesh generated during Prepare Loadpull Data to a data display page. The output mesh can be plotted by plotting the variable Zmesh on the Smith Chart or Polar Chart. You can use the output mesh to view the measurement points and for debugging purposes. 10 DesignGuide Utilities

Interpolating the Data and Displaying Results

The interpolation process generates load pull contours and displays the results.

To interpolate the data:

1. Click Generate Contours after preparing data for interpolation to start the interpolation process. This process interpolates the prepared data and generates load pull contours. At the end of the interpolation process, the Data Display window is opened. 2. Select the type of display from the list. During the translation process, the measurement variable name changes to remove all special character and a prefix "Z" is appended at the beginning. To view the new assigned name in the Data Display Variable Name, select the name in the Trace window.

11 DesignGuide Utilities Transistor Bias Utility

The Transistor Bias Utility documentation provides an introduction to the Transistor Bias Utility. The complexity of the Advanced Design System (ADS) is made easily accessible through the automated capability. A first-time or casual ADS user can begin using the capability of ADS quickly, while experienced ADS users can perform tasks faster than ever before. The Step-by-Step Example describes how a resistive bias network for a GaAs FET can be designed and verified in a few minutes.

The Transistor Bias Utility provides SmartComponents and automated-assistants for the design and simulation of common resistive and active transistor bias networks. The automated capabilities can determine the transistor DC parameters, design an appropriate network to achieve a given bias point, and simulate and display the achieved performance. All SmartComponents can be modified. You simply select a SmartComponent and, with little effort, redesign or verify their performance. Using SmartComponents provides details about using SmartComponents.

Step-by-Step Example

The step-by-step example takes you through the design and analysis for a resistive bias network for a GaAs FET. After completing this example, you should have a basic understanding of the Utility and be ready to begin using it. Follow these steps to begin:

Setting Up the Design Environment Designing and Analyzing a Network

Note You should already be familiar with the basic features of Advanced Design System. For help with ADS basic features, refer to the Schematic Capture and Layout (usrguide) documentation.

Setting Up the Design Environment

Before you can use the Transistor Bias Utility, you must set up the design environment by using these steps:

Setting DesignGuide Preferences Opening a Workspace Opening a Schematic Window Opening the Transistor Bias Utility Displaying the SmartComponent Palette.

Note Before beginning, you must have installed the DesignGuide with appropriate licensing codewords.

Setting DesignGuide Preferences

12 DesignGuide Utilities All DesignGuides can be accessed through either cascading menus or dialog boxes. You can configure your preferred method in the ADS Main window or from the Schematic window. To configure access through menus or dialog boxes:

1. Click DesignGuide > Preferences from the ADS Main or Schematic window. 2. In the DesignGuide Menu Style group box, choose either Use a selection dialog box or Use cascade menus.

3. Click OK. 4. Close and restart the program for your preference changes to take effect.

Note On PC systems, Windows resource issues might limit the use of cascading menus. When multiple windows are open, your system could become destabilized. Therefore, the dialog box menu style might be best for these situations. The ADS Main window DesignGuide menu contains the following choices: DesignGuide Developer Studio > Start DesignGuide Studio is only available on this menu if you have installed the DesignGuide Developer Studio to open the initial Developer Studio dialog box. DesignGuide Developer Studio > Developer Studio Documentation is only available on this menu if you have installed the DesignGuide Developer Studio to open the DesignGuide Developer Studio documentation.

13 DesignGuide Utilities Disable the DesignGuide menu commands (all except Preferences) in the Main window by unchecking this box. In the Schematic and Layout windows, the complete DesignGuide menu and all of its commands are removed if this box is unchecked. Select your preferred interface method, either cascading menus or dialog boxes.

Opening a Workspace

The ADS design environment is set up within a workspace. To create a new workspace:

1. Click File > New > Workspace from the ADS Main window, the New Workspace Wizard starts. 2. Follow the steps to enter the workspace location and assign a workspace name.

Opening a Schematic Window

A new schematic design is needed to contain the lowpass component for this example.

To open a Schematic window:

1. Click Window > New Schematic or click New Schematic Window on the toolbar from the ADS Main window. A new Schematic window appears.

Hint Depending on how your ADS preferences are set, a Schematic window can appear automatically when you create or open a workspace. 2. Click File > New Design from the Schematic window, to create a design named Example.

Opening the Transistor Bias Utility

The Transistor Bias Utility is accessed from the DesignGuide menu. To open the Transistor Bias Utility:

1. In the Schematic window, choose one of these paths from the DesignGuide menu: DesignGuide > Amplifier > Tools > Transistor Bias Utility DesignGuide > Mixers > Tools > Transistor Bias Utility DesignGuide > Oscillator > Tools > Transistor Bias

Hint Expand the list under Tools by clicking the _ sign. 2. Select Transistor Bias Utility and click OK to open the tool. The Control window appears.

Using the Control Window

14 DesignGuide Utilities All Utility features are available from the Control window. The Control window houses menus, a toolbar, and SmartComponent manipulation controls. The menus and toolbar buttons perform the basic functions of design, delete, and display the SmartComponent palette. Full features are available from each of the tab pages on the window. The window can be placed anywhere on the screen. Explore each tab page by clicking on the tab at the top of each page. Explore the window menus as well to familiarize yourself with the basic Utility capabilities.

The pull down lists at the top of the control window are designed to help you navigate multiple schematic windows and SmartComponents. You can use the Current Schematic drop-down list box to select any of the currently opened schematic windows. This field is updated any time Bias Control Window is selected from the DesignGuide menu. From the SmartComponent drop-down list box, you can select any of the SmartComponents on the currently selected schematic window.

To close the Control window:

Click File > Exit DesignGuide from the Control window menubar. (You can also close the window by clicking the x at the top of the window.) Continue the step-by-step example by Designing and Analyzing a Network. 15 DesignGuide Utilities

Designing and Analyzing a Network

In this step-by-step example, you design and analyze a resistive bias network. A resistive bias network can be designed easily by using the default component parameter settings. Using the Utility follows a normal design flow procedure:

Select and place a component needed for your design from the component palette ( Displaying the SmartComponent Palette and Placing Example Component in the Design). Provide specifications (Changing SmartComponent Parameters). Design and analyze the component (Designing the SmartComponent).

Note Before starting this section of the step-by-step example, confirm your setup (Setting Up the Design Environment).

Displaying the SmartComponent Palette

The DesignGuide contains a SmartComponent palette, Transistor Bias Networks, that provides quick and easy access to the SmartComponents. A blue accent in the upper-left corner of a palette button indicates the component is a SmartComponent.

You can display the SmartComponent palettes in one of the following ways:

Click Component Palette on the Control window toolbar. Click View > Component Palette from the Control window menu. Select Transistor Bias palette from the Component Palette drop-down list box in the Schematic window toolbar (directly above the palette). Continue the example by selecting the Transistor Bias palette. The palette displays in the Schematic window.

Placing Example Component in the Design

16 DesignGuide Utilities To place a SmartComponent in the design:

1. Click FET Bias on the component palette to select the component.

2. Click within the schematic window to place the component. You can change the orientation of the SmartComponent before placement by selecting from the Insert > Component > Component Orientation commands or by selecting Rotate by -90 repeatedly from the schematic toolbar. The place component mode remains active until you choose End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Note When a SmartComponent is placed initially, a temporary component is used to place and specify the parameters for the SmartComponent. This component does not contain a subnetwork design. After the utility has been used to design the SmartComponent, the temporary component is replaced with a permanent component. The SmartComponent is renamed to DA_ComponentName_DesignName and an autogenerated design is placed inside the SmartComponent's subnetwork design file. Subsequently, if the SmartComponent parameters are edited, the utility must be used again to update the subnetwork design file.

Continue the example by placing and wiring the remaining components:

1. Display the Devices-GaAs palette. 2. Place a GaAsFET (GAASN) device and an Advanced Curtice 2 model (AdvCr2) into the design. 3. Wire the gate, drain, and source of the device to the appropriate SmartComponent pins, as shown in Wire the Gate, Drain, and Source in the Example. The Vdd pin does not need to be connected at this time.

17 DesignGuide Utilities Wire the Gate, Drain, and Source in the Example.

Changing SmartComponent Parameters

Parameters can be changed directly from the DesignGuide Control window. To edit the FETBias component parameters:

1. In the Control window, select the FETBias component from the SmartComponent drop-down list. This ensures all changes are referenced to this component. 2. Select the Resistive Networks tab. 3. Set Vds (drain to source voltage) to 3V and Id (drain current) to 1 mA on the control window Bias Settings edit boxes. Leave all other parameters at default.

Note See Placing and Editing SmartComponents for details on changing parameters in the design window or component dialog box.

Designing the SmartComponent

You can design and analyze the SmartComponent from the Control Window.

To start the simulation:

1. On the Resistive Networks tab, click Design to start a simulation. The simulation determines the DC parameters of the device at the selected bias point. When the simulation has finished, a Bias Network Selection dialog box appears. 2. Select one of the networks and click OK to start a second simulation. (Networks that appear in gray cannot be designed for the current parameter settings.) A second simulation takes place and a data display window summarizing the DC performance of the device appears.

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Closing the FETBias Analysis Results Window

Click File > Close Window to close the display window.

Examining the Component Design

You can look at the details of the autogenerated design inside the SmartComponent's subnetwork.

To examine the component's subnetwork:

1. Select the component FETBias. 2. Click Push Into Hierarchy on the schematic toolbar. 3. After examining the design, click Pop Out on the schematic toolbar to close the view.

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Deleting the SmartComponent

Click Tools > Delete SmartComponent from the DesignGuide control window to delete the FETBias SmartComponent.

Note The Delete button on the DesignGuide control window is different from the Delete button on the ADS Schematic window toolbar.

This completes the step-by-step example.

Using SmartComponents

This Utility provides several SmartComponents representing resistive and active bias networks. SmartComponents are smart sub-network designs that provide the container for specification parameters and a schematic representation of the design when placed into a design. The utility provides automated design and analysis for these SmartComponents. SmartComponents can be placed, copied, edited and deleted like other components in the Advanced Design System. The basics of placement, copying, editing and deleting are 20 DesignGuide Utilities described briefly in this section.

For help with ADS basic features, refer to the Schematic Capture and Layout (usrguide) documentation.

Placing and Editing SmartComponents

The components are placed in the schematic by selecting the SmartComponent from the palette and clicking at the point where you want to place the component in the schematic.

Placing SmartComponents

To place a SmartComponent in the design:

1. In the Schematic window, select the component from the SmartComponent palette. 2. Click within the design window at the location where you want to place the SmartComponent. You can change the orientation of the SmartComponent before placement by selecting from the Insert > Component > Component Orientation commands or by selecting Rotate by -90 repeatedly from the schematic toolbar. The place component mode remains active until you choose End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Changing Position and Orientation

A SmartComponent is moved by dragging it to any location in the Schematic window. To change the component's orientation:

1. Select Edit > Advanced Rotate > Rotate Around Reference from the Schematic window or select Rotate Items from the toolbar. 2. Click the SmartComponent you want to use. 3. Rotate the component. The rotate mode remains active until you select End Command from the toolbar.

Editing SmartComponents

Specifications of the SmartComponent are entered directly on the Resistive Networks or Active Networks tab on the Control window. You can also modify the specifications in one of these ways:

Click the SmartComponent parameters in the schematic window and change them (see The FET Bias Network Component.) Double-click the SmartComponent to open a dialog box containing all parameters

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The FET Bias Network Component

The SmartComponent design (schematic) can be viewed by pushing into the SmartComponent's subnetwork. See Examining the Component Design.

A SmartComponent subnetwork is empty until the design is generated (see the note in the section Placing and Editing SmartComponents).

Copying SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be copied within a design, to another design, or to another Schematic window.

Copying Within a Design

To copy a SmartComponent to the same design:

1. Click the SmartComponent to be copied. 2. Select Edit > Copy and then Edit > Paste from the schematic window. 3. Click where you want the copy placed.

Copying Between Designs or Schematic Windows

To copy a SmartComponent to another design:

1. Click the SmartComponent to be copied. 2. Select Edit > Copy from the Schematic window. 3. Display the design or schematic window you want to copy the SmartComponent to. 4. Select Edit > Paste to copy the SmartComponent to the design. 5. Click where you want the component placed. 22 DesignGuide Utilities

Copying a SmartComponent as a Unique Design

Initially, all copied SmartComponents refer to the same SmartComponent design. When the Design Assistant is used to perform a design operation, the Design Assistant transforms each copied SmartComponent into a unique SmartComponent design. A design operation is accomplished from the Utility Control Window.

Deleting SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be deleted from a design like other components, but completely removing a SmartComponent's files requires the actions described here.

Deleting from Current Design

A SmartComponent can be deleted from a design in one of these ways:

Select the component and click Delete, Click Delete from the toolbar, Click Edit > Delete from the schematic window.

Note This procedure does not remove the SmartComponent files from the workspace directory. To delete files from the workspace directory, see Deleting from Current Workspace.

Deleting from Current Workspace

To delete a SmartComponent and all associated files from your workspace:

1. From the DesignGuide Control window, click Tools > Delete SmartComponent or on the toolbar, click Delete SmartComponent. 2. Click the SmartComponent you want to delete. This deletes the SmartComponent from the current design and removes all of its files from your workspace. The SmartComponent delete mode remains active until you select End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Deleting Manually Using File System

You can use your computer's file system to delete a SmartComponent by deleting the appropriate files in the network subdirectory of a workspace. Delete files that start with DA_ or SA, contain the SmartComponent title, and end with _.ael, .atf, or .wrk.

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Using SmartComponents as Standalone Components

After SmartComponents are designed and tested, they can be used as standalone components. The Bias Utility is not needed to use them in new designs unless you wish to modify or analyze them. When using the SmartComponent in a design, however, the power supply pins (Vdd, Vcc, Vp, Vm) must be connected to a DC voltage source whose voltage level corresponds the parameter setting.

Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Workspace

To use an existing SmartComponent within the same workspace:

1. Open the Component Library window by selecting Insert > Component > Component Library from the Schematic window or Display Component Library List on the toolbar. 2. Select the Library name under All Libraries list at the left of the Component Library window. Available components are listed in the Components list at the right of the Component Library window. 3. Select the SmartComponent in the Components list. 4. Place the SmartComponent into your schematic by clicking in the Schematic window at the location you wish it placed. The insert mode remains active until you click End Command.

Using an Existing SmartComponent in Any Workspace

A library of predesigned reusable SmartComponents can be created by placing the reusable SmartComponents in a workspace. This workspace can be included in any workspace and its SmartComponents can be accessed using the Component Library. To use an existing SmartComponent in any workspace:

1. Open the Workspace where the SmartComponent needs to be inserted. 2. Open the Library in the Workspace by selecting File > Open > Library. 3. Open the Component Library window by selecting Insert > Component > Component Library from the Schematic window or Display Component Library List from the toolbar. 4. Select the Library name under All Libraries list at the left of the Component Library window. Available components are listed in the Components list at the right of the Component Library window. 5. Select the SmartComponent in the Components list. 6. Place the SmartComponent into your schematic by clicking in the Schematic window at the location you where you want to place the component. The insert mode remains active until you click End Command.

Automated Design and Analysis 24 DesignGuide Utilities

The Automated Assistants provide quick design and performance analysis for SmartComponents. Two Automated Assistants are available in this Utility for design:

Resistive Networks is used to design and simulate the performance of resistive bias networks for BJT and FET devices. Active Networks is used to design and simulate the performance of active bias networks for BJT and FET devices.

Explore each tab page by selecting the associated tab on the control window.

Resistive Networks

The Resistive Networks tab is used to generate and update the design contained within a resistive bias network SmartComponent from the given specifications. This tool is accessed using the Bias Utility control window. From the control window, full design control is enabled from the Resistive Networks tab. Component design operations can also be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar. Any parameter change made from the Resistive Networks tab is reflected on the SmartComponent in the schematic.

Resistive Bias Network SmartComponents

Resistive bias networks can be designed for NPN BJT, PNP BJT, NFET, or PFET devices. Two different SmartComponents are available on the Utility palette as shown.

25 DesignGuide Utilities

Before designing a network, the SmartComponent pins must be wired to the corresponding pins of the device for which the bias network is to be designed. If the device also has a model associated with it, then this model must be placed on the schematic as well. If the device has pins that should be grounded, this grounding must also be done before a design is attempted.

The SmartComponent supply pin (Vdd or Vcc) does not need to be connected at this time. However, when the SmartComponent is used in a design, this supply pin must be connected to a DC voltage source set at the appropriate supply voltage level. The following image is an example of an appropriate setup in preparation for design.

Appropriate Design Setup for Resistive Bias Network

26 DesignGuide Utilities BJT Networks

Resistive bias networks for BJT devices have the following options: Vcc - DC supply voltage value. This is the DC voltage that will be connected to the collected side of the bias network. Vce - Target bias point collector-to-emitter voltage. Ic - Target bias point collector current. Device Type - BJT device type. For NPN design, all voltages must be positive. For PNP design, all voltages must be negative. Include RF Chokes - If this option is set, the design incorporates RF choke (DC Feed) elements to isolate the bias network from the RF signal.

Automatically Extract Device Parameters - The DC operation of the device near the operating point is modeled as Ic = beta × Ib , where beta is a device parameter and Ib is the base current at the desired operating point. Furthermore, the device is characterized by a base-emitter voltage drop Vbe at the desired operating point. If the option Automatically Extract Device Parameters is set, the utility attempts to extract beta and Vbe parameters using a simulation. If the target bias point is inappropriate for the device, then this extraction can fail. Alternately, the parameters beta and Vbe can be manually specified.

After parameters have been specified and you have pressed Design , the utility starts the design process. If requested, the device parameters are extracted first. If this extraction is successful, then a dialog opens so you can select the bias network topology. Any networks appearing in gray cannot be designed for the current bias parameters. If all networks are gray, then the bias settings must be altered.

27 DesignGuide Utilities For 3 or 4 resistor topologies, additional specifications must be provided: Fraction of DC Power Consumed in Base Resistors - This parameter sets the current through the base bias network when two resistors are used. The specification is made in terms of the fraction of the total resistive power dissipated in the device that is due to the base resistors. Ratio of Emitter to Supply Voltage - For specifying the emitter resistance, the emitter voltage (specified relative to the supply voltage Vcc) must be specified.

After a suitable network topology has been selected (indicated by a box around the topology), pressing OK completes the design and simulation. A display window opens showing the achieved performance of the network.

FET Networks

Resistive bias networks for FET devices have the following options:

Vdd - DC supply voltage value. This is the DC voltage that will be connected to the drain side of the bias network. Vds - Target bias point drain-to-source voltage. Id - Target bias point drain current. Device Type - FET device type. For NFET design, Vdd and Vds must be positive. For PFET design, Vdd and Vds must be negative. Include RF Chokes - If this option is set, the design incorporates RF choke (DC Feed) elements to isolate the bias network from the RF signal.

Automatically Extract Device Parameters - The DC operation of the device near the operating point is modeled as Id = K × (Vgs - Vt)2, where K and Vt are device parameters and Vgs is the gate-to-source voltage at the desired operating point. If the option Automatically Extract Device Parameters is set, the utility attempts to extract these parameters using a simulation. If the target bias point is inappropriate for the device, then this extraction can fail. Alternately, either the parameters K and Vt or the bias point Vgs can be manually specified.

28 DesignGuide Utilities

For 3 or 4 resistor topologies, additional specifications must be provided: Fraction of DC Power Consumed in Gate Resistors - This parameter sets the current through the gate bias network when two resistors are used. The specification is made in terms of the fraction of the total resistive power dissipated in the device that is due to the gate resistors.

Ratio of Source to Supply Voltage - For specifying the source resistance, the source voltage (specified relative to the supply voltage Vdd) must be specified.

Bias Point Selection for Resistive Bias Networks

Typically, selection of the bias point is performed based upon specifications provided by device manufacturers. To assist in this selection process, simulation and display templates are provided. You can use these templates to choose the bias point based upon optimal Class A operation for power amplifiers, or to achieve target gain or noise figure specifications for small-signal amplifiers. The templates contain text on the schematic and display windows indicating the sequence of steps to follow to assess the device performance.

After a device bias point has been determined from these templates, the schematic

29 DesignGuide Utilities template must be closed and the design containing the original SmartComponent must be visible before the design can proceed.

Active Networks

The Active Networks tab is used to generate and update the design contained within an active bias network SmartComponent from the given specifications. This tool is accessed using the Bias Utility control window. From the control window, full design control is enabled from the Active Networks tab. Component design operations can also be accomplished using the control window menu and toolbar. Any parameter change made from the Active Networks tab is reflected on the SmartComponent in the schematic.

Active Bias Network SmartComponents

Active bias networks can be designed for NPN BJT or NFET devices. Eight different SmartComponents are available on the Utility palette as shown.

30 DesignGuide Utilities

Active bias networks use operational amplifiers to create a network that can offer the specified bias point independent of the device characteristics. The bias voltage and current are set independently. A non-regulating (OpAmp based) design provides a simple network with low parts count. However, the performance can vary as a function of the tolerances of the parts used to fabricate the network. The regulating designs use a zener diode to provide a more tolerant design at the expense of a more complicated network.

Before designing a network, the SmartComponent pins must be wired to the corresponding pins of the device for which the bias network is to be designed. If the device also has a model associated with it, then this model must be placed on the schematic as well. If the device has pins that should be grounded, then this grounding must also be done before a design is attempted. Since these bias networks can be used only for grounded source FET or grounded emitter BJT devices, these pins on the device must be grounded.

The SmartComponent supply pins (Vp and Vm) do not need to be connected at this time. However, when the SmartComponent is used in a design, these supply pins must be connected to DC voltage sources set at the appropriate supply voltage levels.

For each type of network (non-regulating and regulating), the four SmartComponents available can accommodate different numbers of devices (1 through 4 devices). All devices biased by a given SmartComponent must share the same bias voltage (Vce or Vds), but can have independent bias currents. Appropriate Design Setup for Active Bias Networks is an example of an appropriate setup in preparation for design.

31 DesignGuide Utilities

Appropriate Design Setup for Active Bias Networks

Network Design

Active bias networks for NPN BJT and NFET devices have the following options: Positive Supply (Vp) - DC positive supply voltage value. This DC voltage runs the operational amplifiers that are used to create the bias. Negative Supply (Vm) - DC negative supply voltage value. This DC voltage runs the operational amplifiers that are used to create the bias. Device Voltage (VBias) - Target bias point collector-to-emitter or drain-to-source voltage for all devices. Device Current (I) - Target bias point collector or drain current. Each device can have a unique bias current. Include RF Chokes - If this option is set, the design incorporates RF choke (DC Feed) elements to isolate the bias network from the RF signal.

After parameters have been specified and you have pressed Design, the utility starts the design process. A simulation is performed after the design is complete, and a display window opens showing the achieved performance.

Regulating Networks

The Regulating Bias Networks (RegBias) use a zener diode to regulate the actual bias voltage level achieved. This makes for a design that is more tolerant to variations in 32 DesignGuide Utilities component values. Furthermore, these networks use RC networks such that the drain voltage is applied before the gate voltage is applied. For many FET devices, this dramatically reduces device failure due to damaged gate oxide.

For these networks, the zener diode voltage ( Vzener ) and maximum power rating of the resistors used in the network ( Pmax ) must be specified. These parameters cannot be specified on the control window, and therefore must be specified directly on the SmartComponent on the schematic window or using the parameter dialog box that appears by double-clicking on the SmartComponent.

Bias Point Selection for Active Bias Networks

To use this capability for Active Bias networks, the number of the device (1-4) as well as the device type (BJT or FET) connected to the SmartComponent must be specified. Pressing Open Selection Template opens the appropriate schematic and display templates.

After a device bias point has been determined from these templates, the schematic template must be closed and the design containing the original SmartComponent must be visible before the design can proceed.

33 DesignGuide Utilities Impedance Matching Utility

Contents

Introducing the Impedance Matching Utility (dgutil) Using SmartComponents in Impedance Matching Utility (dgutil) Using Automated Assistants in Impedance Matching Utility (dgutil) SmartComponent Reference for Impedance Matching Utility (dgutil) LCBandpassMatch (Bandpass Match) (dgutil) LCBandpassTransformer (Bandpass Transformer) (dgutil) LCEllMatch (Two-Element Ell Narrowband Match) (dgutil) LCHighpassMatch (Highpass Match) (dgutil) LCLowpassMatch (Lowpass Match) (dgutil) QuarterWaveMatch (Quarter Wave Match) (dgutil) SingleStubMatch (Single-Stub Match) (dgutil) TaperedLineMatch (Tapered Line Match) (dgutil)

34 DesignGuide Utilities Introducing the Impedance Matching Utility

The Impedance Matching documentation provides an introduction to the Impedance Matching Utility. The complexity of the Advanced Design System (ADS) is made easily accessible through the automated capability. A first-time or casual ADS user can begin using the capability of ADS quickly, while experienced ADS users can perform tasks faster than ever before. The Step-by-Step Example describes how a singly terminated bandstop elliptical filter can be designed and verified, and a layout generated, in a few minutes.

The Impedance Matching Utility provides SmartComponents and automated-assistants for the design and simulation. All SmartComponents can be modified. You simply select a SmartComponent and, with little effort, redesign or verify their performance. The Using SmartComponents (dgfilter) section answers many common questions relating to Utility use and the SmartComponent Reference (dgfilter) describes each SmartComponent in detail. The section Automated Design and Analysis (dgfilter) introduces Automated Assistants.

Step-by-Step Example

The step-by-step example takes you through the design, analysis and sensitivity simulation of a bandpass lumped element matching network. After completing this example, you should have a basic understanding of the Utility and be ready to begin using the tool. Follow these steps to begin:

Setting Up the Design Environment

Designing and Analyzing a Network

Note You should already be familiar with the basic features of Advanced Design System. For help with ADS basic features, refer to the Schematic Capture and Layout (usrguide) documentation.

Setting Up the Design Environment

Before you can use the Impedance Matching Utility, you must set up the design environment by using these steps:

Setting DesignGuide Preferences

Opening a Workspace,

Opening a Schematic Window,

Opening the Impedance Matching Utility,

Displaying the SmartComponent Palette.

35 DesignGuide Utilities

Note Before beginning, you must install the DesignGuide with appropriate licensing codewords.

Setting DesignGuide Preferences

All DesignGuides can be accessed through either cascading menus or dialog boxes. You can configure your preferred method in the ADS Main window or from the Schematic window. To configure access through menus or dialog boxes:

1. From the Main or Schematic window, choose DesignGuide > Preferences . 2. In the DesignGuide Menu Style group box, choose either Use a selection dialog box or Use cascade menus .

3. Close and restart the program for your preference changes to take effect. Note On PC systems, Windows resource issues might limit the use of cascading menus. When multiple windows are open, your system could become destabilized. Therefore, the dialog box menu style might be best for these situations.

The ADS Main window DesignGuide menu contains these choices:

DesignGuide Developer Studio > Start DesignGuide Studio is only available on this menu if you have installed the DesignGuide Developer Studio to open the initial Developer Studio dialog box. DesignGuide Developer Studio > Developer Studio Documentation is only available on this menu if you have installed the DesignGuide Developer Studio to open the DesignGuide Developer Studio documentation.

Note Another way to access the DesignGuide Developer Studio documentation is by selecting Help > Topics and Index > DesignGuides > DesignGuide Developer Studio from any ADS program window. Add DesignGuide opens a directory browser in which you can add a DesignGuide to 36 DesignGuide Utilities your installation. This is primarily intended for use with DesignGuides that are custom-built through the Developer Studio. List/Remove DesignGuide opens a list of your installed DesignGuides. Select any that you would like to uninstall and choose the Remove button. Preferences opens a dialog box that enables you to: Disable the DesignGuide menu commands (all except Preferences) in the Main window by unchecking this box. In the Schematic and Layout windows, the complete DesignGuide menu and all of its commands are removed if this box is unchecked. Select your preferred interface method, either cascading menus or dialog boxes.

Opening a Workspace

The ADS design environment is set up within a workspace. To create a new workspace:

1. From the ADS Main window, choose File > New > Workspace or click Create a New Workspace on the toolbar. 2. In the dialog, define the location of the workspace and assign a workspace name.

Opening a Schematic Window

A new schematic design is needed to contain the lowpass component for this example.

To open a Schematic window:

1. From the ADS Main window, click Window > New Schematic or click New Schematic Window on the toolbar. A New Schematic window appears.

2. Select library from the Library drop-down box. 3. Enter cell name in the Cell field or Click Browse cells to browse and select the existing cells. 4. Click OK to open the new schematic window.

37 DesignGuide Utilities

Note Depending on how your ADS preferences are set, a Schematic window appears automatically when you create or open a workspace.

Opening the Impedance Matching Utility

The Impedance Matching Utility is accessed from the Tools menu or the DesignGuide menu in the Schematic window.

To open the Impedence Matching Utility window, you can select one of the following options:

DesignGuide > Amplifier > Tools > Matching Utility DesignGuide > Filter > Impedance Matching DesignGuide > Mixers > Tools > Matching Utility DesignGuide > Oscillator > Tools > Impedance Matching

Using the Impedence Matching Utility Window

All Utility features are available in the Impedence Matching Utility window that includes menus, a toolbar, and SmartComponent manipulation controls. The menus and toolbar performs the basic functions of design, delete, and display the SmartComponent palette. Each tab with in the window includes a specific Utility feature. Click on the tab to explore and understand the utility features. Explore the window menus as well to familiarize yourself with the basic Utility capabilities.

The drop-down lists at the top of the utility window are designed to help you navigate multiple schematic windows and SmartComponents. The Current Schematic drop-down list box is used to select any of the currently opened schematic windows. This field is updated any time Impedance Matching Utility Window is selected from the Tools menu. From the SmartComponent drop-down list box, you can select any of the SmartComponents on the currently selected schematic window.

38 DesignGuide Utilities

To close the Utility window:

Select File > Exit Utility from the utility window menubar. Continue the step-by-step example by Designing and Analyzing a Network.

Designing and Analyzing a Network

In this step-by-step example, you design and analyze a bandpass matching network. A bandpass matching network can be designed easily by using the default component parameter settings. Using the Utility follows a normal design flow procedure:

Select a component needed for your design from the component palette (Displaying the SmartComponent Palette) and placing the component in your design (Placing Example Component in the Design).

Provide specifications (Changing SmartComponent Parameters).

Design and analyze the component (Designing the Matching Component) and Analyzing Yield of the Matching Network).

39 DesignGuide Utilities

Note Before starting this section of the step-by-step example, confirm your setup (Setting Up the Design Environment).

Displaying the SmartComponent Palette

The program contains a SmartComponent palette, Impedance Matching Networks , that provides quick and easy access to the SmartComponents. A blue accent in the upper-left corner of a palette button indicates the component is a SmartComponent.

You can display the SmartComponent palettes in one of these ways:

Click Component Palette on the Utility window toolbar Choose View > Component Palette from the Utility window menu Select the Impedance Matching palette from the Component Palette drop-down list box in the Schematic window toolbar (directly above the palette). Continue the example by selecting the Impedance Matching palette. The palette displays in the Schematic window.

Placing Example Component in the Schematic Window

To place the SmartComponent in the Schematic window:

1. Click LCBandpassMatch on the component palette to select the component.

40 DesignGuide Utilities the schematic toolbar.

Changing SmartComponent Parameters

Parameters can be changed directly from the Control window.

To edit the LCBandpassMatch component parameters:

1. In the Control window, select the LCBandpassMatch component from the SmartComponent drop-down list. This ensures all changes are referenced to this component. 2. Select the Matching Assistant tab. Leave all parameters at default. Note See Placing and Editing SmartComponents (dgfilter) for details on changing parameters in the design window or component dialog box.

Designing the Matching Component

You can design and analyze the SmartComponent from the Control Window.

To start the simulation:

1. On the Matching Assistant tab, click Design to start a simulation and generate the design for the SmartComponent. When the simulation has finished, a Impedance Matching Utility dialog box appears. 2. Click Select to complete the process.

41 DesignGuide Utilities

To analyze (simulate) the network:

1. Select the Simulation Assistant tab on the Impedance Matching Utility window.

2. Click Automatically Set Frequencies followed by Simulate to start the Simulation Assistant and analyze the SmartComponent. Part of the analysis results are shown below.

42 DesignGuide Utilities

Closing the Matching Component Results Window

To close the display window, choose File > Close Window from the menu.

Examining the Matching Component Design

You can look at the details of the autogenerated design inside the SmartComponent's subnetwork. To examine the component's subnetwork:

1. Select the component LCBandpassMatch . 2. Click Push Into Hierarchy on the schematic toolbar. 3. After examining the design, click Pop Out on the schematic toolbar to close the view.

Analyzing Yield of the Matching Network

After the design process, the component sensitivities of the matching network can be checked using the Yield Assistant . To find components to analyze: 43 DesignGuide Utilities

1. Click the Yield Assistant tab on the Impedance Matching Utility window.

2. Click View Components > Modify Statistics/Optimization . The matching network displays in the schematic along with a dialog box.

To choose components:

1. Choose Enabled from the Statistics Status drop-down menu.

44 DesignGuide Utilities

2. Select Next to move on to the next component. Repeat this until all 3 components in the network are enabled, and then click Done . 3. Click Close in the Statistical Component Values dialog box.

To analyze yield sensitivity of the network:

1. In the Yield Assistant tab, select Automatically Set Frequencies . 2. Select by Simulate to start the Yield Assistant and analyze the yield sensitivity to the selected component values. The results display automatically. The sensitivity histogram for component C1 is shown here.

3. To close the display window, choose File > Close from the menu.

45 DesignGuide Utilities Deleting the Matching SmartComponent

To delete the LCBandpassMatch SmartComponent, choose Tools > Delete SmartComponent from the Control window.

Note The Delete button on the Control window is different from the Delete button on the ADS schematic window toolbar. This completes the step-by-step example.

46 DesignGuide Utilities SmartComponent Reference for Impedance Matching Utility

This section contains detailed information for each Impedance Matching Utility SmartComponents.

LCLowpassMatch (Lowpass Match) (dgutil)

LCHighpassMatch (Highpass Match) (dgutil)

LCBandpassMatch (Bandpass Match) (dgutil)

LCBandpassTransformer (Bandpass Transformer) (dgutil)

SingleStubMatch (Single-Stub Match) (dgutil)

QuarterWaveMatch (Quarter Wave Match) (dgutil)

TaperedLineMatch (Tapered Line Match) (dgutil)

LCEllMatch (Two-Element Ell Narrowband Match) (dgutil)

LCBandpassMatch (Bandpass Match)

Symbol

Summary

A bandpass matching network provides a bandpass frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can be specified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independent complex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file. Analytic and Real Frequency synthesis methods are both possible. The number of reactive components (N) is approximate due to potential component absorption.

Parameters

47 DesignGuide Utilities Name Description Unit Default Fp1 Frequency at lower passband edge GHz 1 Fp2 Frequency at upper passband edge GHz 2 SynthesisType Synthesis procedure, Analytic or Real Frequency (dgutil) None Analytic GainChange Linear gain change over passband (can be negative) dB 0 N Network order None 3 SourceType Type of source impedance None Resistive Rg Source resistance Ohms 50 Lg Source inductance nH 1 Cg Source capacitance pF 1 Zg Source impedance Ohms 50+j×50 SourceFile Source S-parameter file name None ZSource.s1p SourceFileSparm Source S-parameter None "S(1,1)" SourceImpType Complex source impedance interpretation None Source Impedance LoadType Type of load impedance None Series RLC RL Load resistance Ohms 50 LL Load inductance nH 1 CL Load capacitance pF 1 ZL Load impedance Ohms 100-j*100 LoadFile Load S-parameter file name None ZLoad.s1p LoadFileSparm Load S-parameter None "S(1,1)" LoadImpType Complex load impedance interpretation None Load Impedance

Palette

Filter DG - All Networks

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter).Network order results in approximately 2×N elements, although this varies due to component absorption as well as required network transformations.

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter).

48 DesignGuide Utilities Yield Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

A bandpass matching network (N=2) was designed for a passband between 1 GHz and 2 GHz with a complex source termination (Zg=20 + j×50 Ohms) and a Series RLC load termination (RL=50 Ohms, LL=1 nH, CL=1 pF). 20 choices are offered for the network. Choosing the first network results in a match realized using five reactive components. See Bandpass Matching Network.

Bandpass Matching Network

LCBandpassTransformer (Bandpass Transformer)

Symbol

49 DesignGuide Utilities

Summary

A bandpass transformer provides a bandpass (pseudo-lowpass) frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations must be real and unequal.

Parameters

Name Description Unit Default Fp1 Frequency at left passband edge GHz 1 Fp2 Frequency at right passband edge GHz 2 N Network order None 3 ResponseType Type of frequency response None Maximally Flat Rg Source resistance Ohms 50 RL Load resistance Ohms 25

Palette

Filter DG - All Networks

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter). The terminations must be unequal or no network is synthesized. For equal terminations, use a doubly-terminated filter topology. Network order results in 2×N components.

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter).

50 DesignGuide Utilities Yield Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

A bandpass transformer (N=3) was designed for a passband between 1 GHz and 2 GHz with a source resistance of Rg=50 Ohms and a load resistance of Rl=20 Ohms. See Bandpass Transformer.

Bandpass Transformer

LCEllMatch (Two-Element "Ell" Narrowband Match)

Symbol

51 DesignGuide Utilities Summary

An Ell matching network provides a narrowband bandpass frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can be specified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independent complex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file.

Parameters

Name Description Unit Default F Frequency at center GHz 1 SourceType Type of source impedance None Resistive Rg Source resistance Ohms 50 Lg Source inductance nH 1 Cg Source capacitance pF 1 Zg Source impedance Ohms 50+j×50 SourceFile Source S-parameter file name None ZSource.s1p SourceFileSparm Source S-parameter None "S(1,1)" SourceImpType Complex source impedance interpretation None Source Impedance LoadType Type of load impedance None Series RL RL Load resistance Ohms 100 LL Load inductance nH 1 CL Load capacitance pF 1 ZL Load impedance Ohms 100-j*100 LoadFile Load S-parameter file name None ZLoad.s1p LoadFileSparm Load S-parameter None "S(1,1)" LoadImpType Complex load impedance interpretation None Load Impedance

Palette

Impedance Matching

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant, Transformation Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter).

Simulation Assistant Usage 52 DesignGuide Utilities

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter).

Yield Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

An Ell matching network was designed for a center frequency of 1 GHz with a 50 Ohm source resistance and a Series RLC load termination (RL=50 Ohms, LL=1 nH, C =1 pF).

Ell Matching Network

LCHighpassMatch (Highpass Match)

Symbol

53 DesignGuide Utilities

Summary

A highpass matching network provides a highpass frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can be specified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independent complex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file. Analytic and Real Frequency synthesis methods are both possible. The network order (N) is approximate due to potential component absorption.

Parameters

Name Description Unit Default Fp Frequency at passband edge GHz 1 SynthesisType Synthesis procedure, Analytic or Real Frequency (dgutil) None Analytic GainChange Linear gain change over passband (can be negative) dB 0 N Network order None 3 SourceType Type of source impedance None Resistive Rg Source resistance Ohms 50 Lg Source inductance nH 1 Cg Source capacitance pF 1 Zg Source impedance Ohms 50+j×50 SourceFile Source S-parameter file name None ZSource.s1p SourceFileSparm Source S-parameter None "S(1,1)" SourceImpType Complex source impedance interpretation None Source Impedance LoadType Type of load impedance None Series RC RL Load resistance Ohms 50 LL Load inductance nH 1 CL Load capacitance pF 2 ZL Load impedance Ohms 100-j*100 LoadFile Load S-parameter file name None ZLoad.s1p LoadFileSparm Load S-parameter None "S(1,1)" LoadImpType Load impedance None Load Impedance

Palette

Filter DG - All Networks

54 DesignGuide Utilities

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter). When representing the source and/or load using lumped components, only lowpass type networks are allowed. Arbitrary terminations can be implemented using S-parameter files. However, if the specified termination impedance is not of lowpass form, the resulting matching network response approximates a lowpass form but typically rolls off at the low end of the band.

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter).

Yield Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

A highpass matching network (N=4) was designed for 1 GHz with a Parallel RL source termination (Rg=20 Ohms, Lg=8 nH) and a Series RC load termination (RL= 50 Ohms, CL=1 pF). The match is realized using three reactive components, since the load capacitance is absorbed by the designed network.

55 DesignGuide Utilities

Highpass Matching Network

LCLowpassMatch (Lowpass Match)

Symbol

Summary

A lowpass matching network provides a lowpass frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can be specified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independent complex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file. Analytic and Real Frequency synthesis methods are both possible. The network order (N) is approximate due to potential component absorption.

Parameters

56 DesignGuide Utilities Name Description Unit Default Fp Frequency at passband edge GHz 1 SynthesisType Synthesis procedure, Analytic or Real Frequency (dgutil) None Analytic GainChange Linear gain change over passband (can be negative) dB 0 N Network order None 3 SourceType Type of source impedance None Resistive Rg Source resistance Ohms 50 Lg Source inductance nH 1 Cg Source capacitance pF 1 Zg Source impedance Ohms 50+j×50 SourceFile Source S-parameter file name None ZSource.s1p SourceFileSparm Source S-parameter None "S(1,1)" SourceImpType Complex source impedance interpretation None Source Impedance LoadType Type of load impedance None Series RL RL Load resistance Ohms 50 LL Load inductance nH 1 CL Load capacitance pF 1 ZL Load impedance Ohms 100-j*100 LoadFile Load S-parameter file name None ZLoad.s1p LoadFileSparm Load S-parameter None "S(1,1)" LoadImpType Complex load impedance interpretation None Load Impedance

Palette

Filter DG - All Networks

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter). When representing the source and/or load using lumped components only lowpass type networks are allowed. Arbitrary terminations can be implemented using S-parameter files. However, if the specified termination impedance is not of lowpass form, the resulting matching network response approximates a lowpass form but typically rolls off at the low end of the band.

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter).

57 DesignGuide Utilities

Yield Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

A lowpass matching network (N=3) was designed for 1 GHz with a resistive source termination (Rg=50 Ohms) and a Series RL load termination (RL=50 Ohms, LL=1 nH). The match is realized using two reactive components, since the load inductance is absorbed by the designed network.

Lowpass Matching Network

QuarterWaveMatch (Quarter Wave Match)

Symbol

58 DesignGuide Utilities

Summary

A quarter wave transformer network provides a broadband bandpass frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations must be unequal resistances. The matching network consists of multiple quarter wavelength transmission line elements with carefully computed characteristic impedances to provide the specified frequency response.

Parameters

Name Description Unit Default Fp1 Frequency at lower passband edge GHz 1 Fp2 Frequency at upper passband edge GHz 2 Rg Input impedance Ohms 50 RL Load impedance Ohms 100 ResponseType Type of frequency response None Uniform N Number of Quarter-Wave Sections (set N=0 to compute N) None 0 Rmax Maximum voltage reflection coefficient dB 20

Palette

Impedance Matching

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant, Transformation Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter).

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter).

Yield Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

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Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

A quarter wave transformer was designed to match a 100 Ohm load impedance to a 50 ohm source impedance from 1GHz to 2 GHz. The maximum reflection coefficient was -20 dB, with a uniform distribution of the section reflection coefficients. The design resulted in N=3 sections.

Quarter Wave Transformer

SingleStubMatch (Single-Stub Match)

Symbol

Summary

A single-stub matching network provides a narrowband bandpass frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations can be

60 DesignGuide Utilities specified using either a lumped component approximation, a frequency independent complex impedance, or a Touchstone format S-parameter file.

Parameters

Name Description Unit Default F Frequency at center GHz 1 Zstub Characteristic Impedance of stub line Ohm 50 Zline Characteristic Impedance of line between load and stub Ohm 50 SourceType Type of source impedance None Resistive Rg Source resistance Ohms 50 Lg Source inductance nH 1 Cg Source capacitance pF 1 Zg Source impedance Ohms 50+j×50 SourceFile Source S-parameter file name None ZSource.s1p SourceFileSparm Source S-parameter None "S(1,1)" SourceImpType Complex source impedance interpretation None Source Impedance LoadType Type of load impedance None Series RL RL Load resistance Ohms 100 LL Load inductance nH 1 CL Load capacitance pF 1 ZL Load impedance Ohms 100-j*100 LoadFile Load S-parameter file name None ZLoad.s1p LoadFileSparm Load S-parameter None "S(1,1)" LoadImpType Complex load impedance interpretation None Load Impedance

Palette

Impedance Matching

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant, Transformation Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter).

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter). 61 DesignGuide Utilities

Yield Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

A single-stub matching network was designed to match a Series RL (R=100 Ohms, L =1 nH) load impedance to a 50 ohm source impedance at a center frequency of 1 GHz. Choosing the configuration with an open-circuit stub yielded a design offering the results shown in the illustration below, Single-stub Matching Network.

Single-stub Matching Network

TaperedLineMatch (Tapered Line Match)

Symbol

62 DesignGuide Utilities

Summary

A tapered line transformer network provides a broadband highpass frequency response between the input (pin 1) and output (pin 2) ports. The source or load terminations must be unequal resistances. The network consists of multiple transmission line sections to approximate a tapered line.

Parameters

Name Description Unit Default Fp Frequency at lower passband edge (Response is Highpass) GHz 1 Rg Input impedance Ohms 50 RL Load impedance Ohms 100 ResponseType Type of frequency response None Exponential Taper Rmax Maximum voltage reflection coefficient dB -20 N Number of TLine Sections per wavelength None 0

Palette

Impedance Matching

Available Automated-Assistants

Matching Assistant, Simulation Assistant, Yield Assistant, Display Assistant, Transformation Assistant

Matching Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Matching Assistant (dgfilter).

Simulation Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter).

Yield Assistant Usage

63 DesignGuide Utilities For general information, refer to Yield Assistant (dgfilter).

Display Assistant Usage

For general information, refer to Display Assistant (dgfilter).

Example

A tapered transformer was designed to match a 100 Ohm load impedance to a 50 ohm source impedance with a lower passband edge of 1GHz. The maximum reflection coefficient was -20 dB, with an exponential taper. The design used N=20 sections per wavelength.

Tapered Transformer

References

1. Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., Circuit Design Using Personal Computers , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. 2. R. Levy, "Explicit formulas for Chebyshev impedance-matching networks," Proc. IEEE , pp. 1099-1106, June 1964. 3. R. M. Cottee and W. T. Joines, "Synthesis of lumped and distributed networks for impedance matching of complex loads," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. , pp. 316-329, May 1979.

64 DesignGuide Utilities Using Automated Assistants in Impedance Matching Utility

This section describes the Automated Assistants available in this Utility.

Automated Design and Analysis

The Automated Assistants provide quick design, simulation, yield analysis, and performance display for SmartComponents and enable transformation of lumped elements to transmission line elements. Five Automated Assistants are available in this Utility:

Matching Assistant (dgfilter) is used to generate and update the design contained within a matching or transformer SmartComponent from the given specifications.

Simulation Assistant (dgfilter) is used to analyze the design contained within a SmartComponent.

Yield Assistant (dgfilter) is used to analyze the design sensitivities contained within a SmartComponent.

Display Assistant (dgfilter) is used to easily and quickly display the performance of a SmartComponent.

Transformation Assistant (dgfilter) is used to transform an ideal filter topology to a form that is realizable for high-frequency systems.

Explore each tab page by selecting the associated tab on the control window.

Matching Assistant

The Matching Assistant is used to generate and update the design contained within a matching or transformer SmartComponent from the given specifications. This tool is accessed using the Matching Utility window. From the utility window, full design control is enabled from the Matching Assistant tab. Component design operations can also be accomplished using the utility window menu and toolbar. Any parameter change made from the Matching Assistant tab is reflected on the SmartComponent in the schematic.

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To view a SmartComponent, select the SmartComponent from the SmartComponent drop- down list box in the upper right corner of the utility window. The SmartComponent parameters are shown inside the Matching Assistant tab.

Matching Assistant SmartComponents

The Matching Assistant SmartComponents include lumped and distributed element matching networks and transformers.

Matching Networks

Matching networks provide a match between two real or complex impedances over a given frequency range. The response can be lowpass, highpass, or bandpass if allowed by the specified impedance termination.

Transformers

Transformers provide a bandpass match between two unequal but real impedances using a special transform of a lowpass filter network.

Specifications

ResponseType - frequency response type for transformer networks. Choices consist of Maximally Flat , Chebyshev , Bessel-Thompson , and Gaussian . This menu is used for transformers only. Synthesis Technique - Method used to synthesize the matching network - Analytic or Real Frequency . This menu is used for matching networks only.

66 DesignGuide Utilities Order - The network order. This is approximately the number of reactive components for lowpass and highpass matching networks. For bandpass matching networks or transformers, the number of reactive components is approximately twice the order (exactly twice for transformers). For matching networks, absorption of source and load reactances as well as component transformations can change this number. Gain Change - Gain Change in dB over the band for matching networks. During synthesis, this parameter is ignored. However, if optimization is selected, this slope will be applied as part of the optimization goal. This parameter must be positive. The target gain will start at the left passband edge at -(Gain Change) and ramp linearly (in dB) to 0. This field is used for matching networks only. Fp1, Fp2 - Lower and upper passband edge frequencies in Hertz. For lowpass and highpass networks, Fp2 is not used and Fp1 is changed to Fp to represent the passband edge frequency. Frequency values are changed by entering new values in the edit box. Units are changed by selecting a new unit identifier from the drop-down menu. Line Impedance, Stub Impedance - Characteristic impedance of transmission lines and stubs used in distributed element matching networks. Max Reflection Coeff - Maximum reflection coefficient in the passband for certain distributed element matching networks. # Sections/Wavelength - Number of transmission line segments per wavelength to use to approximate linear taper with transmission line elements.

Terminations

For transformers, the terminations must be resistive with unequal values. As such, only the R input boxes are available for transformers. For other matching networks, the terminations can be input using lumped components networks, complex impedances, and S-parameter files. Usage for these different types is:

Lumped Component - Choices include Resistive, Series RL, Series RC, Parallel RL, Parallel RC, Series RLC, Parallel RLC, where R = resistance, L = inductance, and C = capacitance. Component values must be specified by the user. For lowpass networks, choices are limited to Resistive, Series RL, and Parallel RC. For highpass networks, choices are limited to Resistive, Series RC, and Parallel RL. Complex Impedance - The impedance is interpreted as frequency independent, expressed in the form 50 + j×10 Ohms. This input approach is useful for narrowband matching. If the true impedance varies significantly with frequency, better accuracy is obtained by specifying the termination using an S-parameter file or manually entering the data using the spreadsheet data entry capability. S-Parameter File - Any termination can be represented using a file in Touchstone format representing 1-port parameters ( *.s1p ). The impedance can be specified in S, Z, or Y parameters. For details on data file format, refer to the Circuit Simulation manual under SnP format . The Browse button launches a window to enable selection of the file. Manual Data Entry - The complex impedance - specified as an impedance, admittance, or reflection coefficient - can be entered as a function of frequency manually. When the source or load impedance is specified as Manual Entry, the Edit button can be used to open a spreadsheet useful for entering frequency/impedance pairs.

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Interpret as Input/Output Impedance - These options are available for three cases of source and load impedance; complex load, S-parameter file, and Manual entry. Use the Interpret as Input Impedance option to specify that the value you have entered is of impedance looking into the device (S-parameters of the measured device, for instance). Use the Interpret as Output Impedance option to specify that the value you have entered is of impedance looking out from the device (impedance you want to see). For more information, see Designing with an S2P File (dgfilter).

Design

The design is accomplished using one of the these methods.

Click Design on the Matching Assistant tab. Click Design on the utility window toolbar. Choose Tools > Auto-Design from the utility window menu. After completion of the synthesis, a dialog box appears.

Optimization range

All networks can be viewed using the spin box. Each network can be viewed in two places: 68 DesignGuide Utilities

Dialog Box - Shows a text based description of the current network. Schematic Window - Shows the actual drawing of the current network.

For each network, the maximum error in the passband response in dB (taken with respect to the ideal flat or sloped response) appears in the dialog box. The response over the specified passband is also shown in an interactive graph. The scale on this graph can be changed manually using the spin box immediately below the graph. Checking the Autoscale box will automatically choose the scale to fit the response within the graph area.

The response of the matching network can be optimized from this dialog by clicking the Optimize button. The vertical lines on the graph, which by default lie at the edges of the band, are markers used for specification of the optimization frequencies. These markers can be moved by clicking and dragging them with the mouse, with the marker frequency being displayed in the corresponding text box to the right of the plot (the markers and labels for the text boxes are color coordinated). If the radio box for Frequency Range is selected, the optimization will be performed to minimize the Maximum Error over the range of frequencies between the two markers. If the radio box for Discrete Frequencies is selected, initially only a single marker is present. Up to three additional markers can be added by clicking the appropriate Activate button. Each added marker can also be removed by clicking the corresponding Deactivate button. Under this option, the optimization will be performed to minimize the Maximum Error at the frequencies indicated by the markers. Clicking the Optimize All button sequentially optimizes all networks found using the optimization parameters displayed. This optimization process can be canceled from the progress indicator that appears after the optimizer is launched. After the optimization is complete, the updated network appears in the dialog box and on the schematic.

Discrete optimization points

Synthesis Technique

Two different techniques are available for lumped element matching network synthesis: Analytic and Real Frequency. 69 DesignGuide Utilities Analytic - For this method, a Chebyshev filter is chosen that can completely or partially absorb the source and load reactances, as outlined in [1], [2]. If the specified network order generates reactance topologies at the ends of the network that cannot absorb the specified terminations, the Utility informs the user that the network order is increased by one. This synthesis procedure is very robust, particularly for terminations that are modeled as lumped components. For terminations specified as a complex impedance, the Utility computes the simplest lumped component topology that produces this impedance at the band edge or center frequency. For terminations specified using an S-parameter file or manual entry, the Utility generates a lumped component model for the specified impedance variation with frequency. Real Frequency - This method uses the basic Chebyshev matching capability of the Analytic approach. However, application of the technique is modified by breaking the frequency band into small pieces, performing the match over this small band by finding a lumped component fit to the impedance given, and retaining the networks with the lowest insertion loss. Typically, optimization is required to obtain a good match over the entire passband. This approach is useful for loads that are not well modeled using the simple lumped component network choices given. For lowpass or highpass networks with N = 2 or bandpass networks with N = 1, this method synthesizes narrowband 2 component matching networks (L networks), retaining those that provide the best match over the band. Transformers - Lumped element transformers provide a pseudo-bandpass response to match two real and unequal resistances over a specified frequency band. The approach uses a transformation of a lowpass filter network to achieve the match [1], [3]. The quality of the match in terms of passband error depends upon the frequency bandwidth chosen as well as the ratio of the terminating impedances. Distributed element transformers create a true bandpass response over the band. Narrow Band Matching Networks - The lumped two element (Ell) matching network as well as the single stub matching network provide exact matching at a single frequency.

Designing with an S2P File

Use these steps for designing with an S2P file:

1. For input match, start with a resistive source of 50 Ohms, load pointing to S11 of the S2P file. Design optimize "input match." You need to optimize repeatedly to improve the performance, until you see not much change. 2. For output match, start with S22 of the S2P file as source, load set to 50 Ohms. Design and optimize.

Note You do not have to set the interpret as input/output, so DO NOT choose those buttons at all while designing with S2P files. This button essentially toggles whether the program takes the conjugate of the data you enter or not. Sometimes you collect impedance data for the device you have, or sometimes it is for the impedance you want. So, effectively, it changes the perspective of whether you are looking into the DUT or looking into the matching circuit. This is used mostly while using the Manual entry mode for Impedances. 3. You can try using analytical or higher order to see whether you can improve the performance further.

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Simulation Assistant

The Simulation Assistant is used to analyze the design contained within a SmartComponent. The Assistant creates a simulation circuit around the SmartComponent, then automatically performs the appropriate simulation. If set, the Assistant automatically displays the simulation results.

The Simulation Assistant is accessed using the Matching Utility window, where full simulation control is enabled from the Simulation Assistant tab. Basic simulation can also be accomplished using the utility window menu and toolbar.

For all simulation operations, the selected SmartComponent is designed if necessary, a simulation schematic is created, the simulation is performed, and the results are displayed. The simulation frequency sweep must be specified on the Simulation Assistant tab in the utility window as described in detail below.

Simulation Frequency Sweep

The simulation frequency sweep is specified on the Matching Utility window. While performing the simulation from the utility window, select the Simulation Assistant tab and specify the sweep by entering the start frequency, stop frequency, and either frequency step size or number of points. The values entered are stored in the selected SmartComponent (as displayed in the SmartComponent drop-down list box) and are recalled each time this SmartComponent is selected.

Displaying Results Automatically

If you click the Automatically Display Results button on the utility window Simulation Assistant tab, the simulation results are displayed automatically after completion of the analysis.

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Starting the Simulation

The simulation can accomplished using one of these methods.

Click Simulate on the Simulation Assistant tab. Click Simulate on the utility window toolbar. Choose Tools > Auto-Simulate from the utility window menu.

Simulation Templates

In some cases, you can simulate the SmartComponent manually. To generate a simulation schematic around the selected SmartComponent:

1. Click Create Template on the Simulation Assistant tab. 2. You can examine or modify the simulation schematic, then manually start the simulation by choosing Simulate > Simulate from the Schematic window. 3. When you are finished, click Update from Template on the Simulation Assistant tab to transfer any changes you have made to the SmartComponent on the simulation schematic to the original SmartComponent and redesign if necessary. 4. Close the simulation schematic by choosing File > Close Design from the Schematic window menu, although this results in loss of any changes you have made to the SmartComponent.

Yield Assistant

The Yield Assistant is used to analyze the design sensitivities contained within a SmartComponent. The Assistant creates a yield analysis circuit containing the SmartComponent, then performs a simulation. By sweeping the component values for a selected set of components in the network, this analysis generates a probability density function of the performance given statistical variations of the component values. The probability that the performance remains within the specified bounds is the yield of the network.

The Yield Assistant is accessed using the Matching Utility window, where full control is enabled from the Yield Assistant tab. Basic yield analysis can also be accomplished using the utility window menu and toolbar.

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The selected SmartComponent must be designed before yield analysis can be performed. The analysis proceeds by statistically sweeping the value of each selected component and analyzing the impact of this component value variation on the frequency response of the network.

Simulation Frequency Sweep

The simulation frequency sweep is specified on the Yield Assistant tab of the Matching Utility window. From this tab, specify the sweep by entering the start frequency, stop frequency, and either frequency step size or number of points. The values entered are stored in the selected SmartComponent (as displayed in the SmartComponent drop-down list box) and are recalled each time this SmartComponent is selected.

Statistical Components

The Statistical Components list-box displays all components that are statistically varied during simulation. Clicking Update opens the dialog box (shown below) to simplify the process of selecting components.

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The matching network is shown in the schematic with the currently selected component highlighted. If you want this component value to be swept statistically during the analysis, select Enabled in the Statistics Status box. You can then specify the parameters of the statistical sweep. After you have specified all parameters for a component, clicking Next takes you to the next component in the network. The analysis allows for a maximum of 4 components to be selected at one time. After you have finished specification, you can click Done from the dialog box to return to the Yield Assistant tab. Clicking View under the Statistical Components box opens a dialog box from which you can view a summary of the statistical parameters for each selected component. There are also buttons to take you directly to the Modify Component Parameters dialog from this summary dialog to facilitate editing of the statistical sweep parameters.

The # Simulations parameter specifies the number of Monte Carlo simulations that are used to estimate the statistical behavior of the network. Increasing the number of simulations increases the statistical sample size and therefore provide a better estimate of the performance at the expense of increased computational time.

Yield Optimization

The network component values can also be optimized so that the performance is less sensitive to component value variations. This can be accomplished by selecting the Yield Optimization check box. In this case, the optimization requires that a set of performance goals be specified for the network. The yield is defined as the probability that the network frequency response satisfies these performance specifications given the statistical properties of the individual components. Each component has a default set of goals depending on the type of response (lowpass, bandpass, etc.). Each goal specifies the insertion loss performance of the network in dB and can represent a specification that the value stay above or below the stated level. The specification can be at a single point, or over a given frequency band. For a single frequency point, set the pulldown to "at", and set the frequency parameter. For a range of frequencies, set the pulldown to "from", which will activate both frequency parameters in order to specify the frequency range. To modify the default goals:

74 DesignGuide Utilities 1. Press Set Yield Spec/Goals button on the Yield Assistant tab to open the dialog. 2. Add or delete goals:

Use the Add Goal button to add new goals. Use the Del button to the right of the goal to delete individual goals Use the Delete All Goals button to delete all goals. The goals can be reset to their default values using the Default button. A goal is used in the analysis only if the Active box at the left of the goal line is checked. The # Iterations parameter available for Yield Optimization specifies the maximum number of optimization iterations that the simulation performs to try to find the appropriate network component values.

Displaying Results Automatically

If the Automatically Display Results box on the utility window Yield Assistant tab is selected, the simulation results is displayed automatically after completion of the analysis.

Starting the Simulation

The yield analysis can accomplished using one of these methods.

Click the Simulate button on the Yield Assistant tab. Click the Simulate Yield button on the utility window toolbar. Choose Tools > Auto-Simulate Yield from the utility window menu.

Yield Results

For each component (up to a maximum of 4) chosen for yield analysis, a yield sensitivity histogram is displayed. The yield definition can be changed on the first page of the display by setting passband frequencies Fp_1 and Fp_2 as well as the maximum insertion loss at these frequencies, and stopband frequencies Fs_1 and Fs_2 as well as the minimum insertion loss at these frequencies. Other pages in the display show the overall statistics of the yield as well as the frequency response for each of the Monte Carlo simulations.

Yield Templates

In some cases, you can simulate the SmartComponent manually. 75 DesignGuide Utilities To generate a simulation schematic around the selected SmartComponent:

1. Click Create Template on the Yield Assistant tab. 2. After examining or modifying the simulation schematic, manually start the simulation by choosing Simulate > Simulate from the Schematic window. 3. When you are finished, click the Close Template button on the Yield Assistant tab to return to the original design. You can also manually close the simulation schematic by choosing File > Close Design from the Schematic window menu.

Display Assistant

The Display Assistant is used to easily and quickly display the performance of a SmartComponent. The display templates are preconfigured display files that provide a comprehensive look at the performance of the component. You can create your own displays or modify the included display templates using the built in features of Advanced Design System, but in most situations, the included display templates provides all the information you need. The Display Assistant is accessed using the Matching Utility window, where full display control is enabled from the Display Assistant tab. Basic display selection can also be accomplished using the utility window menu and toolbar

Before using the Display Assistant, a valid dataset from a simulation of the selected SmartComponent must exist in the current workspace data directory. This simulation can be conveniently accomplished using the Simulation Assistant. Refer to Simulation Assistant (dgfilter) for details on this step.

Opening a Display

To display results from a SmartComponent simulation using the utility window, select the SmartComponent from the SmartComponent drop-down list box in the upper right corner of the utility window. The display is then launched using one of the these methods.

76 DesignGuide Utilities Click Display on the Display Assistant tab. Click Automatically Display Simulation Results on the utility window toolbar. Choose Tools > Auto-Display from the utility window menu. If no valid dataset exists for the selected SmartComponent, the Display button on the Display Assistant tab is de-activated. If the toolbar or menu are used to try to display the results, a message appears indicating that no dataset exists.

Display Template Features

The display templates opened by the Display Assistant have common features that are discussed here. For features unique to the display templates of some SmartComponents, refer to SmartComponent Reference (dgfilter).

Basic Layout

Basic Layout of Display Templates (dgfilter) shows the basic layout of the display templates. Area one of the display template contains a graph of the most important parameters of the SmartComponent. Area two contains several graphs that give a comprehensive look at the component's performance. Area three contains a table listing the basic specifications and performance of the component.

Basic Layout of Display Templates

Typical Area One Graph

The following figure shows a typical graph from area one of a display template.

77 DesignGuide Utilities

Basic Layout

Basic Layout of Display Templates

The frequency range of the graph is determined by the Simulation Assistant. As you change the frequency range in the Simulation Assistant, this graph updates automatically. The markers A and B are used to define the frequency range of the graphs in area two. This feature is used to zero in on the region of interest and obtain a comprehensive look at the component's performance. The marker M1 can be moved by dragging the marker with the mouse. The performance at the frequency given by M1 is shown in the table in area three.

Typical Area Two Graphs

78 DesignGuide Utilities Typical Graphs from Area Two (dgfilter) shows typical graphs from area 2 of a display template.

Typical Graphs from Area Two

These graphs provide a quick, comprehensive look at the component's performance. Their frequency range is determined by the location of the "A" and "B" markers found in the main graph. Any markers such as M2 shown here can be moved by dragging them with the mouse. Performance criteria at the marker frequency displays in the table in area three.

Typical Area Three Templates

Typical Table from Area Three (dgfilter) shows a typical table from area three of a display template.

Typical Table from Area Three

The white rows show the specifications and important performance criteria for the component. The gray rows show the performance criteria at the user defined marker frequencies. The box below the table provides explanatory information for the table.

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Using Display Templates in Other Applications

In some cases, you can use one of the display templates provided with the Impedance Matching Utility for other applications. To gain access to one of the templates:

1. Select the template from the Available Templates field and click the Open Display Template button on the utility window Display Assistant tab. 2. Insert a dataset of your choice using the dataset pull-down list box in the upper left corner of the display. If some parameters in the display template are not defined in the selected dataset, you can make appropriate modifications to the display. These changes can be saved using the commands in the display File menu.

Transformation Assistant After a Matching Utility SmartComponent has been designed, the lumped inductors and capacitors can be transformed into equivalent distributed element counterparts using the Transformation Assistant . This feature enables you to quickly and easily transform an ideal filter topology to a form that is realizable for high-frequency systems.

Opening the Transformation Assistant

The Transformation Assistant dialog box is accessed from the Matching Utility window, either by selecting Tools > Distributed Element Transformations from the Tools menu or from the Toolbar.

When the Transformation Assistant is opened, the SmartComponent subnetwork appears in the schematic window and a dialog box is opened. The transformations are accomplished using the controls on the dialog.

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Selecting a Transformation Type

The type of transformation to be applied is selected from three options:

LC to TLine - Transforms lumped inductors and capacitors to ideal transmission line elements. Eight different inductor/capacitor combinations can be transformed to different series lines, series stubs, or shunt stubs. TLine to TLine (Kuroda) - Apply Kuroda's identities in order to transform series short circuited stubs to shunt stubs that are realizable in microstrip and other printed transmission line technologies. LC, TLine to Microstrip - Transforms lumped inductors and capacitors as well as ideal transmission line structures to microstrip equivalent components. Application of this transformation requires a valid license for the Passive Circuit DesignGuide. After a transform has been selected, the graphical area displays the components that can be transformed using the current selection. Black components represent elements included in the original circuit available for transformation, while gray components represent elements not included in the original circuit. From this graphical area, use the left mouse button to select one of the available component types. The graphical area changes to reveal the different distributed element equivalents available for substitution. Transformations Available for Series Inductor Circuit (dgfilter) shows the transformations available when a series inductor circuit has been selected.

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Transformations Available for Series Inductor Circuit

From this point, the type of equivalent network can be selected using the left mouse button from the available structures at the right of the graphics area. A box highlights the currently selected structure. Text at the bottom of the window changes as different selections are made, providing some help concerning the particular transform selected.

Component Selection

After the type of circuit component to be transformed is selected, the actual circuit elements to apply the transform to can be selected using the Component Selection tools. As the left and right arrows within this area are clicked, valid components within the original circuit are highlighted, and their instance names (i.e., L1, C4) appears in the text box on the Transformation Assistant dialog. The three buttons are used to select which specific components should be subject to the current transformation:

Add - Add the currently selected component(s) to the transformation list. Add All - Add all circuit components of the appropriate type to the transformation list. Cut - Remove the currently selected (highlighted) item in the transformation list from the list.

Transformation Buttons 82 DesignGuide Utilities

The buttons across the bottom of the dialog box are used to accomplish the transformation on the selected components.

Transform - Apply the selected transform to the component in the transformation list. Undo - Undo the last performed transform. This button can be used repeatedly to undo all previous transformations. OK - Accept the current transformed circuit and close the dialog box. After the transformed circuit has been accepted, transformations cannot be undone. Cancel - Close the dialog box and revert to the original, untransformed circuit.

Changing Component Type

After all transformations have been made on a specific component type (such as series inductor), use the left mouse button to click the red return arrow in the upper left hand corner of the graphic area (or use the right mouse button to click anywhere on the graphic area) to return to the main component selection page. Then you can select another component type and repeat the transformation steps for this new selection.

Transmission Line Types

Five basic transmission line elements can be produced using the Transformation Assistant are:

Additional Transformation Functions

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Unit Element

For certain transformations, either the electrical length or characteristic impedance of the resulting transmission line must be specified by the user. If the Unit Element box is checked, the resulting transmission line has an electrical length of 45 degrees and the characteristic impedance is computed appropriately. If the Unit Element box is unchecked, then the Characteristic Impedance (Z0) box becomes active and the computation uses this characteristic impedance to compute the appropriate length.

Characteristic Impedance

The Characteristic Impedance (Z0) box is used to specify the transmission line characteristic impedance for certain transformations. In cases where either the electrical length or the characteristic impedance can be specified, this box works in conjunction with the Unit Element box as discussed above. In certain other cases, this Characteristic Impedance (Z0) box is used alone. For example, when adding lines to the front or end of a network as part of Kuroda's identities, the characteristic impedance of the transformation can be specified using this box.

Adding Transmission Lines

As part of the TLine to TLine transformation, unit element (45 degree electrical length) transmission lines can be added to the front or end of the network. The characteristic impedance of these lines is specified using the Characteristic Impedance (Z0) box. Such lines can be added as needed during the transformation process. Addition of these lines changes the phase response and, if the characteristic impedance is not equal to the network terminal impedance, the magnitude response of the network.

Microstrip Substrate

When performing LC, TLine to MLine transformations, the microstrip substrate thickness (h) and relative permittivity (Er) must be specified. All microstrip elements within a design must share the same substrate parameters. The substrate parameters used in the final design are the values that appear in the boxes after the final transformation step.

TLine to TLine Transforms (Kuroda Identities)

The TLine to TLine transforms are typically used to transform series short circuited stubs to parallel open circuited stubs in preparation for implementation in planar transmission line technologies. However, these operations only work on Unit Element lines with electrical lengths of 45 degrees. Therefore, when performing lumped to ideal distributed transformations, you must perform substitutions that conform to this Unit Element specification. Preferred stubs (highlighted in blue on the graphical area) as well as series 84 DesignGuide Utilities transmission lines (transformed with the Unit Element box checked) can be transformed in this way. When adding transmission line elements before or after the network, the electrical length is 45 degrees and only the characteristic impedance must be specified.

Microstrip Transforms

The LC, TLine to MLine transformations form a somewhat unique class of operations. This set of transformations takes lumped inductor/capacitor combinations as well as ideal series transmission lines and shunt transmission line stubs (obtained from the LC to TLine transformations), and converts them to microstrip. Note that series stubs cannot be used in this transformation since these cannot be realized in microstrip.

Note This set of transforms is only available if a valid license for the Passive Circuit DesignGuide exists. In addition to the standard transmission line topologies, certain lumped elements can be replaced with SmartComponents from the Passive Circuit DesignGuide. The available SmartComponents are:

When making such substitutions, the design capabilities of the Passive Circuit DesignGuide are used to realize the topologies. In this case, however, the design procedure is approximate, and some tuning of the elements is required before the substituted device offers the correct performance. In such cases, after completion of the transformation, push into the SmartComponent on the schematic window and open the Passive Circuit DesignGuide control window. The Simulation and Optimization Assistants in the Passive Circuit DesignGuide SmartComponent can then be used to quickly and efficiently tune the performance of each individual element.

85 DesignGuide Utilities Using SmartComponents in Impedance Matching Utility

This Utility provides several SmartComponents representing matching networks. SmartComponents are smart sub-network designs that provide the container for specification parameters and a schematic representation of the design when placed into a design. The utility provides automated design and analysis for these SmartComponents.

Placing and Editing SmartComponents

SmartComponents are placed, copied, edited, and deleted like other components in ADS. The basics of placement, copying, editing, and deleting are described briefly in this section.

Note For more information on ADS basic features see Schematic Capture and Layout (usrguide). The components are placed in the schematic window by selecting the SmartComponent from the palette and clicking at the point where you want to place the component in the schematic. You can display the SmartComponent palette in one of these ways:

Select Tools > Impedance Matching to open the Impedance Matching Utility. Display the SmartComponent palette by selecting the Component Palette - All button from the utility window toolbar or click View > Component Palette - All from the utility window menu. All contains all of the SmartComponents. Select the Impedance Matching palette from the Component Palette drop-down list box in the Schematic window toolbar (directly above the palette).

Placing SmartComponents

To place a SmartComponent in the Schematic window:

1. In the Schematic window, select the component from the SmartComponent palette. 2. Click within the schematic window at the location where you want to place the SmartComponent. You can change the orientation of the SmartComponent before placement by selecting from the Insert > Component > Component Orientation commands or by selecting Rotate by -90 repeatedly from the schematic toolbar. The place component mode remains active until you choose End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Changing Position and Orientation

A SmartComponent is moved by dragging it to any location in the Schematic window. 86 DesignGuide Utilities To change the component's orientation:

Editing SmartComponents

Specifications of the SmartComponent are entered directly on the Matching Assistant tab on the Control window. You can also modify the specifications in one of these ways:

Click the SmartComponent parameters in the schematic window and change them (see The LC Bandpass Matching Network Component (dgfilter).)

Double-click the SmartComponent to open a dialog box containing all parameters

The LC Bandpass Matching Network Component

The SmartComponent design (schematic) can be viewed by pushing into the SmartComponent's subnetwork. See Examining the Matching Component Design (dgutil).

A SmartComponent subnetwork is empty until schematic is generated (see the note in the section Placing and Editing SmartComponents (dgfilter)).

Copying SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be copied within a Schematic or to another Schematic window.

87 DesignGuide Utilities

Copying Within a Schematic

To copy a SmartComponent to the same schematic:

1. Click the SmartComponent to be copied. 2. Select Edit > Copy and then Edit > Paste from the schematic window. 3. Click where you want the copy placed.

Copying Between Schematic Windows

To copy a SmartComponent to another Schematic:

1. Click the SmartComponent to be copied. 2. Select Edit > Copy from the Schematic window. 3. Display the schematic window you want to copy the SmartComponent to. 4. Select Edit > Paste to copy the SmartComponent to the schematic. 5. Click where you want the component placed.

Copying a SmartComponent as a Unique Design

Deleting SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be deleted from a design like other components, but completely removing a SmartComponent's files requires the actions described here.

Deleting from Current Schematic Window

Following are the ways to delete a SmartComponent from the schematic window:

Select the component and press the Delete key. Select Delete from the toolbar. Click Edit > Delete from the schematic window.

Note This procedure does not remove the SmartComponent files from the workspace directory. To delete files from the workspace directory, see Deleting from Current Workspace (dgfilter).

88 DesignGuide Utilities

Deleting from Current Workspace

To delete a SmartComponent and all associated files from your workspace:

1. In the Schematic window, select the SmartComponent. 2. In the utility window, select Tools > Delete SmartComponent. or on the toolbar, click Delete . This deletes the SmartComponent from the current schematic and removes all of its files from your workspace. The SmartComponent delete mode remains active until you select End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Deleting Manually Using File System

You can use your computer's file system to delete a SmartComponent by deleting the appropriate files in the network subdirectory of a workspace. Delete files that start with DA_ or SA_ , contain the SmartComponent title, and end with . ael, .atf, or .wrk.

Using SmartComponents as Standalone Components

After SmartComponents are designed and tested, they can be used as standalone components. The Matching Utility is not needed to use them in new schematic unless you wish to modify or analyze them. When using the SmartComponent in a schematic, however, the power supply pins (Vdd, Vcc, Vp, Vm) must be connected to a DC voltage source whose voltage level corresponds the parameter setting.

Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Workspace

To use an existing SmartComponent within the same workspace:

1. Open the Component Library window by selecting Insert > Component > Component Library from the Schematic window or Display Component Library List on the toolbar. 2. Select the Library name under All Libraries list at the left of the Component Library window. Available components are listed in the Components list at the right of the Component Library window. 3. Select the SmartComponent in the Components list. 4. Place the SmartComponent into your schematic by clicking in the Schematic window at the location you wish to place. The insert mode remains active until you click End Command.

Using an Existing SmartComponent in Any Workspace

A library of predesigned reusable SmartComponents can be created by placing the 89 DesignGuide Utilities reusable SmartComponents in a workspace. This workspace can be included in any workspace and its SmartComponents can be accessed using the Component Library.

To use an existing SmartComponent in any workspace:

1. Open the Workspace where the SmartComponent needs to be inserted. 2. Open the Library in the Workspace by selecting File > Open > Library. 3. Open the Component Library window by selecting Insert > Component > Component Library from the Schematic window or Display Component Library List from the toolbar. 4. Select the Library name under All Libraries list at the left of the Component Library window. Available components are listed in the Components list at the right of the Component Library window. 5. Select the SmartComponent in the Components list. 6. Place the SmartComponent into your schematic by clicking in the Schematic window at the location where you wish to place the component. The insert mode remains active until you click End Command.

90 DesignGuide Utilities Smith Chart Utility

Contents

Introducing the Smith Chart Utility (dgutil) Using SmartComponents in Smith Chart Utility (dgutil) Smith Chart Drawing Area (dgutil) Smith Chart Network Area (dgutil)

91 DesignGuide Utilities Introducing the Smith Chart Utility

The Smith Chart Utility provides full Smith Chart capabilities, synthesis of matching networks, enabling impedance matching and plotting of constant Gain / Q / VSWR / Noise circles. The Smith Chart Utility is accessed from the Schematic window Tools menu.

The Smith Chart Utility documentation includes these sections:

Step-by-Step Example describes how to design the single frequency impedance matching network.

Using SmartComponents (dgutil) answers many common questions relating to Utility use.

Smith Chart Drawing Area (dgutil) explains how to manipulate the Smith Chart.

Smith Chart Network Area (dgutil) explains how to analyze network data.

Step-by-Step Example

The step-by-step example takes you through the through the design and analysis of a single frequency impedance matching network. After completing this example, you should have a basic understanding of the Utility and be ready to begin using the tool. Follow these steps to begin:

Setting Up the Design Environment

Designing and Analyzing a Network

Note You should already be familiar with the basic features of Advanced Design System. For help with ADS basic features, refer to the Schematic Capture and Layout (usrguide) documentation.

Setting Up the Design Environment

Before you can use the Smith Chart Utility, you must set up the design environment by using these steps:

Setting DesignGuide Preferences

Opening a Workspace

Opening a Schematic Window

Opening the Smith Chart Utility

Displaying the SmartComponent Palette

92 DesignGuide Utilities

Setting DesignGuide Preferences

All DesignGuides can be accessed through either cascading menus or dialog boxes. You can configure your preferred method in the ADS Main window or from the Schematic window.

To configure access through menus or dialog boxes:

1. From the Schematic window, choose DesignGuide > Preferences. 2. In the DesignGuide Menu Style group box, choose either Use a selection dialog box or Use cascade menus.

3. Close and restart the program for your preference changes to take effect.

DesignGuide Developer Studio > Start DesignGuide Studio is only available on this menu if you have installed the DesignGuide Developer Studio to open the initial Developer Studio dialog box.

DesignGuide Developer Studio > Developer Studio Documentation is only available on this menu if you have installed the DesignGuide Developer Studio to open the DesignGuide Developer Studio documentation.

Note Another way to access the DesignGuide Developer Studio documentation is by selecting Help > Topics and Index > DesignGuides > DesignGuide Developer Studio from any ADS program window.

93 DesignGuide Utilities Add DesignGuide opens a directory browser in which you can add a DesignGuide to your installation. This is primarily intended for use with DesignGuides that are custom-built through the Developer Studio.

List/Remove DesignGuide opens a list of your installed DesignGuides. Select any that you would like to uninstall and choose the Remove button.

Preferences opens a dialog box that enables you to:

Disable the DesignGuide menu commands (all except Preferences) in the Main window by unchecking this box. In the Schematic and Layout windows, the complete DesignGuide menu and all of its commands are removed if this box is unchecked. Select your preferred interface method, either cascading menus or dialog boxes.

Opening a Workspace

The ADS design environment is set up within a Workspace.

To create a new Workspace:

1. From the ADS Main window, choose File > New Workspace or click Create a New Workspace icon on the toolbar.

2. In the dialog, define the location of the Workspace and assign a Workspace name.

For more details on creating a new space, refer to Using Workspace (adstour).

Opening a Schematic Window

A new schematic is needed to contain the lowpass component for this example.

To open a Schematic window:

1. From the ADS Main window, choose Window > New Schematic or click New Schematic Window icon on the toolbar. The New Schematic window appears.

94 DesignGuide Utilities

Note Depending on how your ADS preferences are set, a Schematic window can appear automatically when you create or open a Workspace. 2. In the New Schematic window, provide Library and Cell details to create a cell named SmithChartExample.

For more details on creating a new schematic, refer Using Designs (adstour).

Opening the Smith Chart Utility

The Smith Chart Utility is accessed from the Tools menu or the DesignGuide menu in the Schematic window.

To open the Smith Chart Utility:

1. In the Schematic window, choose Tools > Smith Chart . The Smith Chart Utility window opens. Or, you can choose one of these paths from the DesignGuide menu: DesignGuide > Amplifier > Tools > Smith Chart Utility DesignGuide > Filter > Smith Chart DesignGuide > Mixers > Tools > Smith Chart Utility DesignGuide > Oscillator > Tools > Smith Chart

Note Expand the list under Tools by clicking the _ sign.

Using the Control Window

All Utility features are available from the Smith Chart Utility window. The Smith Chart Utility window houses menus, a toolbar, and SmartComponent manipulation controls. The menus and toolbar buttons perform the basic functions of design, delete, and display the SmartComponent palette. The window can be placed anywhere on the screen. Explore the window menus as well to familiarize yourself with the basic Utility capabilities.

The pull down lists at the top of the utility window are designed to help you navigate multiple schematic windows and SmartComponents. You can use the Current Schematic drop-down list to select any of the currently opened schematic windows. This field is updated any time Smith Chart Utility window is selected. You can use the SmartComponent drop-down list box to select any of the SmartComponents on the currently selected schematic window.

95 DesignGuide Utilities

When you choose the DA_SmithChartMatch1 SmartComponent from the SmartComponent drop-down list box, the following dialog is displayed:

This dialog allows you to update the selected SmartComponent with the changes made using the Smith Chart utility, or conversely, update the Smith Chart Utility with the parameters of the SmartComponent. Selecting another component from the drop-down list will update the Smith Chart with the parameters of that component.

To close the Control window:

96 DesignGuide Utilities Choose File > Exit Utility from the Control window menubar. (You can also close the window by clicking the x at the top of the window.) Continue the step-by-step example by Designing and Analyzing a Network.

Designing and Analyzing a Network

Load and source matching networks for amplifiers can be designed easily using the Smith Chart. Using the Utility follows a normal design flow procedure:

Select a component needed for your Schematic from the component palette ( Displaying the SmartComponent Palette) and place the component in your Schematic (Placing Example Component in the Schematic).

Provide specifications (Changing SmartComponent Parameters).

Design and analyze the component (Designing the Amplifier Using the Smith Chart).

Note Before starting this section of the step-by-step example, confirm your setup (Setting Up the Design Environment).

Displaying the SmartComponent Palette

The program contains a SmartComponent palette, Smith Chart Matching Networks , that provides quick and easy access to the SmartComponents. A blue accent in the upper-left corner of a palette button indicates the component is a SmartComponent.

You can display the SmartComponent palettes in one of these ways:

By clicking Component Palette on the Control window toolbar. By choosing View > Palette from the Control window menu. By selecting the Smith Chart Matching palette from the Component Palette drop- down list box in the Schematic window toolbar (directly above the palette). Continue the example by selecting the Smith Chart Matching palette. The palette displays in the Schematic window.

Placing Example Component in the Schematic 97 DesignGuide Utilities

To place a SmartComponent in the Schematic:

1. Click DA_SmithChartMatch on the component palette to select the component.

2. Click within the schematic window to place the component. You can change the orientation of the SmartComponent before placement by choosing from the Insert > Component > Component Orientation commands or by selecting Rotate by -90 repeatedly from the schematic toolbar. The place component mode remains active until you choose End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Note When a SmartComponent is placed initially, a temporary component is used to place and specify the parameters for the SmartComponent. This component does not contain a subnetwork design. After the utility has been used to design the SmartComponent, the temporary component is replaced with a permanent component. The SmartComponent is renamed to DA_ComponentName_Library_CellName and an autogenerated schematic is placed inside the SmartComponent's subnetwork design file. Subsequently, if the SmartComponent parameters are edited, the utility must be used again to update the subnetwork design file.

Designing the Amplifier Using the Smith Chart

During this example, you design the load matching network for this specific amplifier design problem: Design a microwave transistor amplifier, operating at 3 GHz, to have an operating power gain of 9 dB. The transistor S-parameters are:

S11 = .641 - -171.3 S12 = .057 - 16.3 S21 = 2.058 - 28.5 S22 = .572 - -95.7

Changing SmartComponent Parameters

Parameters can be changed directly from the Control window.

To edit the DA_SmithChartMatch component parameters:

98 DesignGuide Utilities 1. In the Control window, select the DA_SmithChartMatch component from the SmartComponent drop-down list. This ensures all changes are referenced to this component. 2. From the Smith Chart window menu, choose View > S-Parameters . In the dialog box, enter the S-parameters (magnitude and angle) for this amplifier and click Done.

Displaying the Operating Power Gain Circle

To display the Operating Power Gain circle and its corresponding control box:

From the Smith Chart utility window menu, choose Circles > Bilateral > Gp to open the Operating Power Gain dialog. Either use the slider or text box to choose a 9 dB circle and click OK to display the chart.

Set Frequency

To set operating frequency:

99 DesignGuide Utilities 1. Return to the Smith Chart utility main window. 2. In the Frequency/GHz field, enter 3 and click OK to continue.

Finding Source and Load Points

For this example, we use a 50 Ohm load. The source lies on the power gain circle. First, place the terminations onto their correct locations in the Smith Chart using the Smith Chart Drawing Palette.

To place the source and load on the chart:

1. Place the source termination by clicking the drawing palette button Source Termination Conjugate and then moving the crosshairs until gamma on the status panel at the bottom of the Smith Chart shows approximately .36 - 47.5. 2. Highlight the source termination marker by clicking in the middle of the marker until a pink box highlights the marker. The load termination does not need to be moved since the load termination defaults to 50 Ohm.

Fixing Termination Accuracy

If the source termination is not exactly .36 - 47.5 the source termination can be changed by entering the correct values into the Gamma section of the status panel.

Make sure the source marker is highlighted before changing values. Next, use the status panel again to conjugate the source marker (by negating the imaginary part of the impedance) for matching purposes. 100 DesignGuide Utilities

Drawing the Matching Network

To draw the matching network:

1. Select the Shorted Stub component from the drawing palette and click the end point in the vicinity of Gamma .45 - 117. 2. Select the Line Length component from the drawing palette and select its end point to be near the source marker. Fine tuning can be done by dragging both green node markers until the end is exactly on the source marker.

Analyzing Frequency Response

To analyze the frequency response:

101 DesignGuide Utilities 1. Click the Reset button next to the Network Response plot to re-normalize the start and stop frequencies. 2. For Type select Mag and for S-Parm select S11. Notice that at 3 GHz the magnitude of S11 is zero, implying a good matching network.

Previewing Matching Network

After building, the network is displayed in the Network Schematic box.

To edit the network from the display:

Click either the shorted stub or the length of line. Notice that parameter values can be changed here. Also, you can delete the selected component here.

Building the Circuit

To build a circuit into the Smith Chart SmartComponent:

102 DesignGuide Utilities Click Build ADS Circuit at the bottom left of the utility window. The result displays in the Schematic window.

Examining the Matching Component Design

You can look at the details of the autogenerated design inside the SmartComponent's subnetwork.

To examine the component's subnetwork:

1. Select the component DA_SmithChartMatch. 2. Click Push Into Hierarchy on the schematic toolbar to reveal the subnetwork.

3. After examining the Schematic, click Pop Out on the schematic toolbar to close the view. This completes the step-by-step example.

103 DesignGuide Utilities Smith Chart Drawing Area

The Smith Chart Drawing Area is the central focus of the Smith Chart Utility. In this area the full functionality of a Smith Chart can be utilized. Gain, VSWR, Q, and Stability circles can be plotted easily by simply entering S-parameters and then choosing the corresponding menu items. Noise circles can also be plotted in a similar manner. Complex impedance matching is also done in this area by using any of the available passive elements.

To view a SmartComponent, select the SmartComponent from the SmartComponent drop-down list box in the upper right corner of the utility window. Changes made in the Smith Chart Utility affect the selected SmartComponent.

Circle Options

104 DesignGuide Utilities The Smith Chart itself consists of four sets of circles of constant value: resistance (R), reactance (X), conductance (G), and susceptance (B). Using the check boxes at the top of the dialog, these circles can be toggled on and off.

The actual circles plotted are controlled using the bottom portion of the dialog. Selecting View > Chart Options in the Smith Chart utility window opens the dialog box.

Circle Colors

Circle colors can be changed on the Smith Chart by choosing View > Colors in the Smith Chart utility window.

105 DesignGuide Utilities

Components

Twelve components are available to be used on the Smith Chart for matching purposes.

Source Conjugate Termination - Complex point to match to.

Load Conjugate - Complex point to match from.

Series Inductor - Snaps to constant resistance circles.

Shunt Inductor - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Series Capacitor - Snaps to constant resistance circles. 106 DesignGuide Utilities

Shunt Capacitor - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Series Resistor - Snaps to constant reactance circles.

Shunt Resistor - Snaps to constant susceptance circles.

Transformer - Snaps to constant Q circles.

Line Length - Snaps to circles of constant reflection coefficient magnitude.

Shorted Stub - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Open Stub - Snaps to constant conductance circles.

Network Termination Definitions

The source and load terminations can be defined as equivalent circuits. To access the Network Terminations dialog box, select Define Source/Load Network Terminations in the Smith Chart Utility window.

107 DesignGuide Utilities

Network terminations can be input using lumped components networks, complex impedances, and S-parameter files. Usage for these input types is:

Lumped Component - Choices include Resistive, Series RL, Series RC, Parallel RL, Parallel RC, Series RLC, Parallel RLC, where R = resistance, L = inductance, and C = capacitance. Component values must be specified by the user. Complex Impedance - The impedance is interpreted as frequency independent, expressed in the form 50 + j × 10 ohms. This input approach is useful for narrowband matching. If the true impedance varies significantly with frequency, better accuracy can be obtained by specifying the termination using an S-parameter file or manually entering the data using the spreadsheet data entry capability. S-Parameter File - Any termination can be represented using a file in Touchstone, Citifile or ADS .ds format representing S-parameter data. The impedance can be specified in S, Z, or Y parameters. For details on data file format and creating these files from simulation datasets, refer to Working with Data Files (cktsim) in the Circuit Simulation documentation. You can click the Browse button to launch a window to select the file. Manual Data Entry - The complex impedance (specified as an impedance, admittance, or reflection coefficient) can be entered as a function of frequency manually. When the source or load impedance is specified as Manual Entry, the Edit button can be used to open a spreadsheet that is useful for entering frequency/impedance pairs.

108 DesignGuide Utilities

Interpret as Input/Output Impedance - These options are available for three cases of source and load impedance: complex load, S-parameter file, and Manual entry. Use the Interpret as Input Impedance option to specify that the value you have entered is of impedance looking into the device (S-parameters of the measured device, for instance). Use the Interpret as Output Impedance option to specify that the value you've entered is of impedance looking out from the device (impedance you want to see).

Scattering and Noise Parameters

Scattering and noise parameters are an easy way to describe the characteristics of amplifiers and other devices. For a given set of parameters, constant parameter circles can be plotted on the Smith Chart. These constant parameter circles can be used to create matching networks that solve specific design problems.

The Scattering Parameters dialog box can be opened by choosing View > S-Parameters from the Smith Chart utility window menu. S-parameters are entered as a magnitude and phase (in degrees).

109 DesignGuide Utilities The Noise Parameters dialog box can be opened by choosing View > Noise Parameters from the Smith Chart utility window menu.

Four noise parameters are entered here: magnitude and phase of the optimal source reflection coefficient (GammaOpt), the minimum noise figure (FMin), and the normalized effective noise resistance (Rn).

Constant Circles

Constant circles are a locus of points on the Smith Chart that refer to a certain value. For example, a constant gain circle would be all the points that refer to a certain gain. Nine circles can be plotted on the Smith Chart. These circles can be divided into three dependencies.

No Dependence. Circles of constant Q can be manipulated on the Smith Chart without entering any external data. Scattering Parameters Dependence. Stability (input and output), VSWR, unilateral (Gs and Gl), and bilateral (Ga and Gp) circles all require valid S-parameter data. Noise Parameters Dependence. Constant noise circles require a valid input of noise data.

All circles are either manipulated by entering in a value or by using the slider. Clicking OK closes the dialog box but keeps the circle plotted while Hide/Show toggles, displaying the circle on the Smith Chart.

Status Panel

The status panel shows point data for the Smith Chart. You can view Z, Y, and Gamma 110 DesignGuide Utilities (reflection coefficient) values for any point clicked on the Smith Chart. More exact values can also be entered by selecting the appropriate edit text box and changing the values. Only the current highlighted node is affected by changes made in the status panel.

The Lock Source Impedance and Lock Load Impedance check boxes are located above the status panel. Checking either box makes the corresponding node uneditable.

Importing External Data

The Smith Chart Utility supports three data types for importation: ADS datasets, Touchstone, and Citifiles.

To open the data import dialog box, choose File > Import Data File from the utility window. Imported data can only be applied to S-parameter data for the device.

111 DesignGuide Utilities

Browse - Choose a file from one of the available file types to import (Dataset, Touchstone, Citifile). Frequency - After importing, the S-parameters can be viewed by scrolling through their frequencies. OK - Closes the dialog box after applying the selected S-parameters. Cancel - Closes the dialog box without applying the selected S-parameters.

112 DesignGuide Utilities Smith Chart Network Area

The Smith Chart Network Area is a quick and easy reference for viewing your matching network and seeing its performance with the given data. A real-time frequency response is plotted for each change made on the Smith Chart. A network schematic is displayed, showing a preview before the SmartComponent is built.

Network Response

The Network Response (frequency response) area can plot both the magnitude and phase of the S-parameters of the drawn network from the Smith Chart.

Start Freq - Starting frequency point (in Hz) from the left edge of the graph. Default is 0 Hz. Stop Freq - Stopping frequency point (in Hz) at the right edge of the graph. Default is twice the Smith Chart frequency. Max - Maximum value at the top edge of the graph. Default is 1 for magnitude response and 180 for phase response. Min - Minimum value at bottom edge of the graph. Default is 0 for magnitude response and -180 for phase response. 113 DesignGuide Utilities Type - Chooses plot type, either magnitude or phase. Trace1 - Chooses which S-parameter to plot in blue. Trace2 - Chooses which S-parameter to plot in red. Reset - Resets the graph to default values.

The view in the frequency response can be changed by either replacing the edge values with values you want or by clicking and dragging a box inside the graph area.

Network Schematic

The Network Schematic area displays a preview of what the SmartComponent looks like after building the circuit. Also, in this area component parameter values can be changed or components can be deleted from the network.

Delete Selected Component - Deletes the selected component from the schematic and removes its corresponding trail from the Smith Chart area. Set Defaults - Choose default values for Q, loss, and characteristic impedance. Zo - The characteristic impedance of the microstrip elements (shorted stub, series stub, and length of line). Value - The component's value (for example, Ohms, Farads, etc.). Loss - Displays either a component's loss in dB/m or in Q.

Any changes made to the schematic area are reflected on the drawing in the Smith Chart area (see Changes in Component Parameters Reflect on Chart).

Changes in Component Parameters Reflect on Chart

114 DesignGuide Utilities

115 DesignGuide Utilities Using SmartComponents in Smith Chart Utility

This Utility provides a single SmartComponent representing a matching network. SmartComponents are smart sub-network designs that provide the container for specification parameters and a schematic representation of the design when placed into a design. The utility provides automated design and analysis for these SmartComponents.

SmartComponents can be placed, copied, edited and deleted like other components in the Advanced Design System. The basics of placement, copying, editing and deleting are described briefly in this section.

Note For help with ADS basic features, refer to the Schematic Capture and Layout (usrguide) documentation.

Placing and Editing SmartComponents

The components are placed in the schematic by selecting the SmartComponent from the palette and clicking at the point where you want to place the component in the schematic.

You can display the SmartComponent palette in two ways:

Open the Smith Chart Matching Utility by selecting Tools > Smith Chart . Display the SmartComponent palette by selecting the Palette button from the utility window toolbar or by selecting View > Palette from the utility window menu. Select the Smith Chart Matching palette from the Component Palette drop-down list box in the Schematic window toolbar (directly above the palette).

Placing SmartComponents

To place a SmartComponent in the Schematic:

1. In the Schematic window, select the component from the SmartComponent palette. 2. Click within the Schematic window at the location where you want to place the SmartComponent.

You can change the orientation of the SmartComponent before placement by choosing from the Insert > Component > Component Orientation commands or by selecting Rotate by -90 repeatedly from the schematic toolbar. The place component mode remains active until you choose End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Changing Position and Orientation

A SmartComponent is moved by dragging it to any location in the Schematic window.

116 DesignGuide Utilities To change the component's orientation:

Editing SmartComponents

Specifications of the SmartComponent are entered directly on the Smith Chart Utility Control window. You can also modify the specifications in one of these ways:

1. Click the SmartComponent parameters in the schematic window and change them (see The DA_SmithChartMatch Component (dgfilter)). 2. Double-click the SmartComponent to open a dialog box containing all parameters.

The DA_SmithChartMatch Component

The SmartComponent schematic can be viewed by pushing into the SmartComponent's subnetwork. See Examining the Matching Component Design (dgutil).

A SmartComponent subnetwork is empty until the schematic is generated (see the note in the section Placing and Editing SmartComponents (dgfilter)).

Copying SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be copied within a schematic or to another Schematic window.

Copying Within a schematic

117 DesignGuide Utilities To copy a SmartComponent to the same schematic:

1. Click the SmartComponent to be copied. 2. Select Edit > Copy and then Edit > Paste from the schematic window. 3. Click where you want the copy placed.

Copying Between Schematic Windows

To copy a SmartComponent to another schematic:

1. Click the SmartComponent to be copied. 2. Select Edit > Copy from the Schematic window. 3. Display the schematic window you want to copy the SmartComponent to. 4. Select Edit > Paste to copy the SmartComponent to the Schematic. 5. Click where you want the component placed.

Copying a SmartComponent as a Unique Design

Initially, all copied SmartComponents refer to the same SmartComponent design. When the Smith Chart Utility is used to perform a design operation, the Utility transforms each copied SmartComponent into a unique SmartComponent design. A design operation is accomplished from the Utility Control Window.

Deleting SmartComponents

SmartComponents can be deleted from a schematic like other components, but completely removing a SmartComponent's files requires the actions described here.

Deleting from Current schematic

A SmartComponent can be deleted from a schematic in one of these ways:

By selecting the component and pressing the Delete key. By selecting Delete from the toolbar. By selecting Edit > Delete from the schematic window.

Note This procedure does not remove the SmartComponent files from the Workspace. To delete files from the Workspace, see Deleting from Current Workspace (dgfilter).

Deleting from Current Workspace

118 DesignGuide Utilities To delete a SmartComponent and all associated files from your Workspace:

1. In the Schematic window, select the SmartComponent. 2. In the utility window, select Edit > Delete SmartComponent. or on the toolbar, click Delete. This deletes the SmartComponent from the current schematic and removes all of its files from your Workspace. The SmartComponent delete mode remains active until you select End Command from the schematic toolbar.

Deleting Manually Using File System

You can use your computer's file system to delete a SmartComponent by deleting the appropriate files in the respective library of a Workspace. Delete files that start with DA_ or SA_ , containing the SmartComponent title, and end with . ael, .atf, or .wrk .

Using SmartComponents as Standalone Components

After SmartComponents are designed and tested, they can be used as standalone components. The Matching Utility is not needed to use them in new designs unless you wish to modify or analyze them. When using the SmartComponent in a design, however, the power supply pins (Vdd, Vcc, Vp, Vm) must be connected to a DC voltage source whose voltage level corresponds the parameter setting.

Using an Existing SmartComponent Within the Same Workspace

To use an existing SmartComponent within the same Workspace:

1. Open the Component Library window by selecting Insert > Component > Component Library from the Schematic window or Display Component Library List on the toolbar. 2. Select the Library name under All Libraries list at the left of the Component Library window. Available components are listed in the Components list at the right of the Component Library window. 3. Select the SmartComponent in the Components list. 4. Place the SmartComponent into your schematic by clicking in the Schematic window at the location you wish to place. The insert mode remains active until you click End Command.

Using an Existing SmartComponent in Any Workspace

A library of predesigned reusable SmartComponents can be created by placing the reusable SmartComponents in a Workspace. This Workspace can be included in any Workspace and its SmartComponents can be accessed using the Component Library.

To use an existing SmartComponent in any Workspace: 119 DesignGuide Utilities

1. Open the Workspace where the SmartComponent needs to be inserted. 2. Open the Library in the Workspace by selecting File > Open > Library. 3. Open the Component Library window by selecting Insert > Component > Component Library from the Schematic window or Display Component Library List from the toolbar. 4. Select the Library name under All Libraries list at the left of the Component Library window. Available components are listed in the Components list at the right of the Component Library window. 5. Select the SmartComponent in the Components list. 6. Place the SmartComponent into your schematic by clicking in the Schematic window at the location where you wish to place the component. The insert mode remains active until you click End Command.

120 DesignGuide Utilities Opening the Filter DesignGuide

The Filter DesignGuide is accessed from the Tools menu or the DesignGuide menu in the Schematic window.

To open the Filter DesignGuide:

1. In the Schematic window, choose DesignGuide > Filter > Filter Control Window to open the Control window.

Using the Control Window

All DesignGuide features are available from the Control window. The Control window houses menus, a toolbar, and SmartComponent manipulation controls. The menus and toolbar buttons perform the basic functions of design, delete, and display the SmartComponent palette. Full features are available from each of the tab pages on the window. The window can be placed anywhere on the screen. Explore each tab page by clicking on the tab at the top of each page. Explore the window menus as well to familiarize yourself with the basic DesignGuide capabilities.

The pull down lists at the top of the Control window are designed to help you navigate multiple schematic windows and SmartComponents. You can use the Current Schematic drop-down list box to select any of the currently opened schematic windows. This field is updated any time the Filter Control window is selected from the Tools menu. From the SmartComponent drop-down list box, you can select any of the SmartComponents on the currently selected schematic window.

To close the Control window:

Select File > Exit DesignGuide from the Control window menubar. (You can also close the window by clicking the x at the top of the window.) Continue the step-by-step example by Designing and Analyzing a Network.

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