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Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 Introduction Division high 3. 2. L Research Principal Scientist Study altitudes . conducted done Indigenous manufacturers fa~ricated blacksmiths 50 from and and compared discarded one in discarded manufactured tools machine slasher, operated of The Manipur Agric. Agricultural ([email protected])· blacksmith/manufacturing Associate Scientist puddling implements workshop two manually and state on and Engg., sickle, agricultural to and and vehicle to leaf ([email protected]) to using implements Manufacturing using is different five plough, mostly find other ICAR Head in characterized arc R.K.P. was using spring by"the thangjou, fabricate mechanization the and in MS a mit ([email protected]) axle, Research welding proforma. parts the found use valley are animal cultivation Singh!, the angle implements traditional of hill etc. local anvils, from as of status Complex automobiles, engaged different power land, as Animal-drawn the of set K.K. per by drawn The nearby well artisans ABSTRACT Manipur units small various of country. for difficult in where practices. the tools for Satapath of agricultural operated survey using Manipur Agricultural as in NEH 15 their knives who cultivators, size local Agricultural area valley fabrication and tractors sizes. and Reg,ion, mild advanced Most hilly bench y revealed are work. or , 2 implements; Rice 3-tyne and demand are blacksmiths. is improved Engineering lands. from fabricating Manpower steel implements terrain, Ugtroi agricultural still P.P. and the drilling is Raw spade, of or the within the Sharma and at These commonly power angle, Road, 5:..tyne improved and major a Today, existence materials wide larger machine, very implements. Implements except hand Umiam indigenous available the use. implements 3 tillers flat A manufacturing operations cultivators Vol. crop variation low family. machinery. survey fork, - and used and,/ ploughing Only 28 of 793103, are used in grinding level, (5-6): around varied power the sheet, used. grass Only tools farm The was few in are are are are 15-23, Meghalaya.' valley as slopes, in 2004 as www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 potato, productivity 501 as about in 2002). manual rotavator and of overall crop, operated due different operatiol.1s drawn cultivators implements the knife), maintenance non well tillage ploughing paddy, 8241 sources slasher, tillage spade, lhan the compared power use Ngachan, electric availability to the as animal-drawn weeding, state 5.06 cultivators difficulty Other and sickle but operations, thangjou, fruits of According Cultivation Due knives, in threshers, and share tillage farm self and tillers indigenous are the it of is was other thousand-hectares motorized rest of to cost is to important of and increasing and soil propelled labour 200 operations of animal hilly operations, not low the the estimated sickle, making of 2382 16.5% and in of vegetables. are operations other animal sickle, under 1). 35,635 to national proper yet state. whereas use usage animals. practices areas cultivators, intensive commonly Total tractors 1997 tools kg/ha. drawn etc. very pumps. cutting major of from bunds gradually vertical upland Spade axe are as: levelers power repair, of draft covering Bullock-drawn census, all farm average and popular Due puddling improved increasing. 937 are Maize, mechanical in and other crops on implements. and tools. and with Whereas, animals implements is power the condition, 375 used conveyor carried to maintenance tractors, custom is hand the and time by the ch~nels need agricultural and grown hills about among productivity gradually disc Use which agricultural the most improved 9852 is availability tools consuming. 84.5 fork on of In out are at of mainly farmers harrows, sources. 16 hiring 560 3-tyne 162.57 in timeliness reaper some preparation present sloppy Use the important sprayers wet % is relatively like manually and.uprooting and the are power arid of another farmers decreasing operations of machinery land basis, state thangjou of machinery, implements done the the and of having can thousand-hectare servicing (l.27hp/ha) 2024 land nearly the animal-drawn Power about is farm tillers, common in puddlers 5-tyne are agricultural also different common areas, using use with important of due operation and sprayers animal pulses, 45407 power raised tiller (a are 2154 due be of and of to 898 smaller cultivators, facility the long most use spade, in performed lack mechanical tuber seen are in agricultural rotavators implements the irrigation than to in kg/ha resources. oil help indigenous comes beds, of and the and cereal handle in 3-tyne handtool valley of of high valley small seeds, for terraces. crops, in hand with use state the easy the knowledge duster, of earthing rural (Anonymous, harvesting from local (Lokeshwar upkeep crop valley power as mostly agricultural agricultural power and an for and pumps availability is sugarcane, fork, power etc. However, tools available well areas. ploughs, very used average animate primary In plough, 110761· tractor­ covers 5-tyne Other lands grass up hills, tiller tiller as with low and and and and for for of of in www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 concentration production amenities, establishment, constraints details, district country. i.e. district, implements. Material very namely by using schedule. availability of like tractor, the maintenance workshops the General its in Results hills existing ores of tools fabrication common use the 13 steel state portable for and poor. age-old blacksmith local is were power In The Centuries and marketing Sagolband general applying and cultivation There used fabrication Very pattern department, and Three Manipur, ,Only investment details, of in fabricating implements, tools present artisans, covered Infrastructure drilling Discussion of sales workforce, of forging them high tiller of availability Methods is agricultural a information, major agricultural needed manufacturing units, chemicals few no ago and financial Thangjam and (Singh fabrication and for practices, study workshops machine, blac~smiths fabrication in training of techniques on the finance, animal locations marketing, 9 fabrication their the season-wise for them educational small plant oflabour, blacksmiths was et.al., facilities study. requirements, and implements. domestic attachments tools Leirak plant but and are of scale need, portable conducted and etc. pesticides. are units. namely 2001). the unit for The their equipped and and tractor skill of machinery, and Detail weekly manufacturers in agricultural involved status production available etc. fabrication weaponsJor and of small-scale implements schedule Imphal Information of output of machinery grinding the Wangkhei The 17 are Information drawn agricultural the Manipur sales in of data Though, consumption with improved three generally the workers, improved in West capacity with raw and were was details, tools cultivators. owner fabrication of machine small manufacturers. districts and the were details, materials marketing most district learnt Thangjam was most these divided collected and operations. king. was future 1 ogtfrom bought electric and machinery availability are agricultural improved contacted collected of of implements of implements extraction and and raw the also very of raw as the The as the irito used, need, pattern, the well welding workers, Leirak on Moirang operated well agricultural material materials, collected blacksmith low blacksmiths different Gradually, ownership state However, workshop using for except 'liS process of etc. other machineries as and of are credit manufacturing liaisoning in the suit sets, Total repairing having infrastructure iron in machineries Imphal and a done drudgery availability parts study. on few subgroups Bishnupur well structured followed, facilities, tools units etc. engaged from some 23 some product pattern, are year mostly of larger of to units with East -and like still and the the the are its of of of in www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 Imphal the machine, under of improved Majority therefore, meet the practice Sagolband started small-scale Ownership of reasons a or on Fig.! the to smiths 6% reference nearby income the the 5 • D their improved state units the Occupational Blacksmith Only proprietorship Blacksmith domestic'and skill production It No East for cultivation skill demands (77%) are areas. was equippe4 pillar agricultural purely (Fig.I). blacksmith book Tera, poor staff and workshops and district and concentrated workshops observed experience Wages of drilling was on quality & & Imphal workforce the depend pattern of from others the cultivation design n about and agricultural themselves and andSagolband available few work implements. workshop paid in of the that, rest machine, West of 1ioirang improved do of on ...-;: the for in of black- to retailers agricultural 10% all more 17% fabrication tools two the the district who which hand kinds with owners are workers owner/skilled of owner occupation members masters hired works workers sometimes standard r doing are a~d localities welding These power of ol read could and than and Thangjam owned them they tools Bishnupur are bigger holding of implements implements. on· 90% farmers. do like 18 machining work blacksmith also varies rvnagricultural driven Workshops varies are r doing are and used engaged contractual machine, degree. by not some namely and engaged operation power of were engaged. manufacturing found tongs, the some Leirak have for in the workers from district from Majority other family children the their educated produced fabrication Quality it The of in operated works Wangkhei engaged any units etc. power Rs.20-130/- owners in state of as two uiesfor business them basis the of .and the members livelihood. other and a Imphal Semi/unskilled labours blower, fabricate of . part workshop such blacksmith to of control one tools also rotary from up in drawing that the are in machinery source five. the Thangjam the time units to fabrication bigger have as fabrication West educated and is per under material within class engaged state. additional is blower, owner and cutting, one About job. Female in done day of implements Itl or including district. units workshop the supply X partnership. income of Foremen can Number labours the certificate/ depending like Leirak and according up handling the are state 6% etc. of drilling, for units consult in family village source to other ,Four some lathe most main light also also this and and XII are the are of of of in to at www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 . welding of drawings Infrastructure hence '------' electrical different operated Production Fig. size are It The Hammer the motor. rotary rotary blacksmiths finishing. working They Sagolband o o is improved used ground 2 blacksmiths of done Electric Non-electric Use occupy there air air The the Most Usually Process machinery and by tools shapes of and is wiring, Forging blower blowers by workshop. Tera anvils electric another many is with had fitting, agricultural operated process other of need hammering like around facilities of the the had bench and have the operated fire improved used but operated isthe air aspects and fabrication to etc. most blacksmiths blacksmiths sizes more help fighting train about blower, machinery Each 3 vices, 20-50sq.m. are forging Since to oldest implements important varying and of of machinery conical than 6 the these unit workshops 29% hammers; manufacturing considered iron, non-electric most ordinary devices known heated in anvils. 150sq.m. also manufacturers in of also blacksmith shaped from stone of wotking Manipur working Manipur has required them method use matal and Though, 3 bearth, and 0.3 an to drilling operated and manufacturers made West Although shaper, advanced slip or one 19 floor hardened rotary other 6 important do - blacksmith techniques wooden tool one with chisels have 5 area. have roller or shops of not in district hammers, of kg area. in two majority pillar safety Nearly machine, shaping workshop the air for metal readingtunderstanding are have a different workshop only machines machinery Only steel, machines, involves suitable and state. blower tempering forging frames. working used drilling, is in provisions. units, fonnal or one in 37% punches order well metal tongs, which one (71 arc plastic. for the in power fitted or operations. hammer none %) Only forging, facilities Sagolband of welqing like manufacturing equipped tool the such to training universal state (Ghadge two gas or chisels, is the of adopt depending forging rigidly quenching with for of operated portable about them welding ordinary as total also them manufacturing. by set, tempering lathe, manufacturing onthe with small punches, with shearing et,al., Tera, Hammers engineering fixed use use 22% one small operations. etc. has machines very upon grinder, slotting, set, hearths, subject, troughs manual electric various power­ Imphal unit (Fig.2) or proper 2002). inside of scale two few and and etc. etc the the of at . www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 persons fuel and different However. heat madlining shaping fabricated. axles abrupt cutting is controlled consuming. consumption Product MS Raw the making rake hence (charu (Table 70% and animal-drawn weeding, the welding, safety sickle. also products most hammering rod, used types treatment (napikot), of materials or the provision cooling 1). More The Most used thangol), Both the tools the up together old 3-5 details etc. sizes in common loosening raw of auatrn in manufacturing Sometimes, by operations blacksmith to surfaces the For common vehicle mainly kg for products of than of ordinary the are cultivators 40 material to of blacksmith by the agricultural cutting the different of used maintain against operation units/day owner openings over axe also 60% water. MS and products surfaces of to . depends spring agricultural (singjang), the be fabricated soil, an like and sharpened of consumption units flat important of himself. hand (langol raw joined, This metal, worn anvil. the the units or are improved and cutting of cutting, steels together knife are fabricate the on materials quality 5-15 blacksmith injury. some is used out fabricated the for hot This charot the removing improved mainly The per hand agricultural available tools (thangjou), by files and kg heating rest chisel turning, skill for at also of of day process filing finished Some serrated long of higher varies manalkotha), harvesting are fork fabricated the punching the 9% done 20 of old varies vary· is units of scales also handle product. the workshops as the small used or making of (yotkhot) facing, mild vehicle about temperature. is hand grass by products scrap. sickles raw according the used rubbing worker. fabricate accordingly. a and whereas the holes. steel machinery. agricultural in of highly units materials, After tool 10-15 for slasher more shaping, selJ"ated Manipur tuber Wood impurities axle experienced are and angles, are fabrication Quality are it Joining used also serrated hardening, punches to labour depending kg fabricated. than against Final crops; done different hardened charcoal (thanghai), the sickle of whereas fabricate for drilling, flats, On are knife, 40 leaf between of season shape of following intensive dibbling, and sickles, of 3-tyne person and the an stone/iron units/day. (thangol), edges rods, spring, knives. the sizes which is upon by most average, The electric implements blocks and grinding straw the and edges straw heating the old and is for with quality of latter the and (60%) planting, 3-8 common different is surfaces done Number demand vehicle cutting having Nearly garden proper knives 5-tyne block. power one cutter of items kg daily 91 time and and has the by of of of. of % is www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 Table fabricate implements, them big extraction wheat unit demand Finance 10 borrowing 6 5 2 4 7 3 9 8 10 No. SI. cultivators size fabricates 1. fabricate Serrated Grass thresher, Name Garden Important Straw Big/medium Though Almost Agricultural knife, implement Hand and cultivator cultivator forging and 3-tyne 5-tyne knife knife machine, Axe from slasher of sickle order but fork sickle rake marketing which tool/ different about per all agricultural vertical only friends animal-drawn forks. from day.during the Maring Langol Langol Thang mana/ mana/ rice is 11-15 Local about . Thangol, Thanghai Thangjou Thangol thangol Yotkhot Napikot Singjang akonbi used blacksmith Charu power kakpi farmers, and conveyor sheller, maton charot kotha kotha charot thang, name tools units 6% for relatives. and peak units cutting and 3 per government rice manually and 30x30x6mm reaper, 40x40x6mm 40x40x6mm units 30x30x6mm construction Vehicle implements Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Material season. MS MS MS day. fabricate MS MS MS MS MSflat MSflat MS MSflat polisher The and 5-tyne spring/ angle angle angle spring spring spring spring pipe pipe rod rod rod About are 21 axle pedal of felling present operated Only self-financed. and of it. and cultivators 34% Manipur These 400-500 800-900 operated 70-120 80-170 60-200 40-50 35-55 25-35 25-40 15-30 non-governmental Price of (Rs.) one bamboo value trees of machineries private workshops the grasses, tuber feeding ploughing dropping etc. Primary making loosening Cutting Cleaning Harvesting Jungle Felling Cleaning, Cutting of and blacksmiths rice are Capital shoot a nearly crops, blacksmith owned trees, cutting, the straw mill, pieces. to of tillage weeds; seeds, garden, like and soil, weeding, wooden cattles. slicer fabricate of is etc. commonly cutting into - 27% Uses paddy, organizations. -do- pineapple puddling. operations making paddy do- cleaning manufacturing raised harvesting etc. also channels, according pieces etc. of and branches, cutting nearly fabricate holes thresher, the logs through weeds, for small- like units fiber of used and etc. for 7­ to www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 fabrication by are cultivators. Infrastructure training technology poor support are the the essential due local main In for from to Manipur reading/preparing of less and artisans Only reasons government, for facilities other quality profit the one state, and agricultural for workforce and are workshop of poor blacksmiths. agricultural very the low ignorance engineering products. mechanization poor annual engaged implements is Net and fabricating of tools turnover. Few Profit/day lack Financial farmers 22 drawings in and steel of manufacturing status like trained implements Majority about fabrication improved status 3-tyne and of 265.00 and improved the different of of skilled and state. the agricultural the are units units manufaCturing 5-tyne units mostly fabrication tools Emphasis manpower, are for need also and bullock-drawn improving manufactured equipnients. engaged renovation machinery on processes financial units proper the in is www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 14.139.224.90 on dated 24-Dec-2020 Lokeshwar, References Anonymous. their financial and quality Ghadge, Singh, up-gradation skill indigenous Present Northeast Statistics: 33-39. generation. Himalayan mechanization farm R.K.P., S.Y., institutions up-gradation K. implements 2002. status K.K. and Government India, K.K. Region, farm of In: Statistical their S.Y. Satapathy, and Proc. in as ICAR Satapathy, through tools achieving well future Ngachan. by workshop ICIMOD, Interni;ltional and the as of Research handbook training Manipur. from and need. local implements food and 2001. R.K.P. to Kathmandu, the Workshop farmers. security, meet Complex, and N.D Symp. 23 of state Agricultural Singh. Manipur. demonstration. out .. in Verma. and Mountain However, nutritional Meghalaya. the on Umiam, Nepal, central 2002. demand Agricultural Directorate 2001. mechanization May Agriculture Manufacturing it government Meghalaya, security needs of J. Role 21-24. Agric. improved of Mechanization support and of Economics in Engg. Nov. institutes employment agricultural in Hindu process and Manipur: from 19-20. 39 better Kush and (1): .. the for of in