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Current Trends in Forest Research Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: Current Trends in Forest Research www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Agarwal SK and Mitra A. Curr Trends Forest Res: CTFR-114. Research Article DOI: 10.29011/ CTFR-114. 100014 Salinity: A Primary Growth Driver of Mangrove Flora Suresh Kumar Agarwal1, Abhijit Mitra2* 1Pragyan International University, City Office, Gariahat Road, Kolkata, W. B., India 2Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India *Corresponding author: Abhijit Mitra, University of Calcutta, Department of Marine Science, Kolkata, India. Tel: +919831269550; Email: [email protected] Citation: Agarwal SK, Mitra A (2018) Salinity: A Primary Growth Driver of Mangrove Flora. Curr Trends Forest Res: CTFR-114. DOI: 10.29011/ CTFR-114.1000014 Received Date: 08 June, 2018; Accepted Date: 18 June, 2018; Published Date: 25 June, 2018 Abstract The biomass of three dominant mangrove species (Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha) in the Indian Sundarbans, the designated World Heritage Site was evaluated to understand whether the biomass vary with spatial locations (western region vs. central region) and with seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon). The reasons for selecting these two regions and seasons are the contrasting variation in salinity. Although several other environmental variables do have impact on mangrove growth and survival, but their uniformity in these two sectors has lead us to nullify and ignore their regulatory roles. Among the three studied species, Sonneratia apetala showed the maximum biomass followed by Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha. We also observed that the biomass varied significantly with spatial locations (p<0.05), but not with seasons. The variation may be attributed to different environmental conditions to which these forest patches are exposed to. Keywords: Biomass; Indian Sundarbans; Mangroves; but interestingly these parameters exhibit almost uniform levels in Salinity different pockets of Indian Sundarbans [3-5]. unlike salinity, which has significant spatial variation [6]. On this background, salinity Introduction has been considered as the primary driver of mangrove growth in Salinity of the brackish water ecosystem is the consequence of the this deltaic complex at the apex of Bay of Bengal. interaction among the frequency of tidal inundation, evaporation Presence of salt is a critical factor for the development and supply of fresh water [1]. Other factors contributing towards of mangrove ecosystems. At lower intensities it favors the the development of salinity include soil type and topography, development of mangroves eliminating more vigorous terrestrial depth of impervious subsoil, amount and seasonality of rainfall, plants which otherwise could compete with. On the contrary at freshwater discharge in rivers, and run off from adjacent landmasses increased level it might cause overall degradation of mangroves. [2]. Increased temperature enhances evaporation and thereby Salinity affects plant growth in a variety of ways: 1) by limiting the causes increased salinity. Rainfall through adding freshwater availability of water against the osmotic gradient, 2) by reducing in the ecosystem reduces salinity and makes the environment nutrient availability, 3) by causing accumulation of Na+ and Cl- suitable for mangrove growth and survival. Humidity regulates in toxic concentration causing water stress conditions enhancing the evapo-transpiration in the mangrove and thus in turn regulates closure of stomata, reduced photosynthesis [7]. Salinity is also salt movement in the soil. High salinity accompanied with high a controlling factor for mangrove seedling recruitment and the temperature and wind causes accumulation of salt at the surface of relation is negatively proportional. [8] noted reduced recruitment the soil that makes the site unsuitable for mangroves. The extent of of Heritiera fomes and Excoecaria agallocha seedling in the plant cover also has a significant influence on evaporative losses Sundarbans mangrove forest with increased salinity. [9] observed from the mangrove community [2]. adverse impact of increased salinity on canopy development, In addition, several other environmental parameters like leaf initiation, and leaf area expansion in Sonneratia alba and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate), soil organic carbon Sonneratia lanceolata. In Indian coastal region, the adverse (SOC), soil texture (sand, silt and clay percentages) also exert impact of salinity on the growth of mangrove species has been considerable influence on the growth and survival of mangroves, documented [10]. Salinity, therefore, greatly influences the overall 1 Volume 2018; Issue 02 Citation: Lawson SS, Bhide KP, Thimmapuram J (2018) RNAseq Analysis of Figured and Non-Figured Acacia koa Wood. Curr Trends Forest Res: CTFR-113. DOI: 10.29011/ CTFR-108. 100013 growth and productivity of the mangroves [11]. In this section, which is recognized as one of the most diversified and productive the effect of salinity on the biomass of selected mangrove species ecosystems of the tropics and is referred to as Indian Sundarbans. (Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia marina and Excoecaria agallocha) The deltaic complex has a Biosphere Reserve area of 9630 sq. km has been analyzed considering the data of 10 stations of Indian and houses some 102 islands. The western sector of the deltaic lobe Sundarbans with variable salinity. receives the snowmelt water of mighty Himalayan glaciers after The present study is relevant from the point of adaptation of being regulated through several barrages on the way. The central the species to sea level rise and subsequent saline water intrusion sector on the other hand, is fully deprived from such supply due to (from the Bay of Bengal) into the islands of Indian Sundarbans. heavy siltation and clogging of the Bidyadhari channel in the late The delta is vulnerable to climate change related effects owing to 15th century [12]. Such variation causes sharp difference in salinity its location below the mean sea level and experiencing a sea level between the two sectors [13]. Ten sampling sites were selected rise of 3.14 mm/yr. in this geographical locale (Table 1). The stations in the western part (stations 1 to 5) lie at the confluence of the River Hooghly Materials and Methods (a continuation of Ganga-Bhagirathi system) and Bay of Bengal. Study Areas In the central sector, the sampling stations (stations 6 to 10) were selected adjacent to tide fed Matla River. Study was undertaken The mighty River Ganga emerges from the Himalayas in both these sectors during low tide period through three seasons and flows down to the Bay of Bengal covering a distance of (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) in 2017. 2525 km. At the apex of Bay of Bengal, a delta has been formed Longitude & Station Site Description Latitude Harinbari 88004/22.88// Situated in the western sector of Sundarbans almost in the middle of the Sagar Island; (Stn. 1) 21046/53.07// receives the water of the Hooghly River. Chemaguri 88008/49.01// Situated on the south-eastern side of Sagar Island and receives the water of the (Stn. 2) 21039/42.88// Mooriganga River. Situated on the south-western part of the Sagar Island at the confluence of the River 88004/ 0.51// Sagar South Hooghly and the Bay of Bengal. Anthropogenically stressed zone due to presence of 21037/49.90// (Stn. 3) passenger jetties, fishing activities and pilgrimage. Lothian island 88019/8.47// 21039/08.04// Situated east of Bakkhali island; a Wildlife sanctuary; faces the River Saptamukhi. (Stn. 4) Prentice island 88017/3.62// 21042/43.31// Situated north of Lothian island; receives the water of the Saptamukhi River. (Stn. 5) Situated in the central part of the Indian Sundarbans and faces the mighty River Matla, Canning 88041/04.43// 22019/03.20// a tide-fed river. Due to presence of fish landing stations, passenger jetties and busy (Stn. 6) market, the area is anthropogenically stressed. A Wildlife Sanctuary and a part of Sundarban Tiger Reserve; adjacent to River Bidhya Sajnekhali 88048/15.78// 22006/34.19// and Gomor. Tourism pressure is extremely high in this station particularly during post (Stn. 7) monsoon. Situated in the upper portion of Central Indian Sundarban adjacent to Jhila forest; Chotomollakhali 88054/42.81// receives the water of Rangabelia and Korankhali rivers. (stn. 8) 22010/18.45// 0 / // Satjelia 88 52 39.51 Situated adjacent to river Duttar in the upper region of Central Indian Sundarban facing (Stn. 9) 22005/27.77// western part of Jhilla forest block. Pakhiralaya 88049/11.09// (Stn. 10) 22008/29.89// Situated adjacent to river Gomor; opposite to Sajnekhali Forest Complex. Table 1: Stations selected for the present study; Stations 1-5 are in the western sector and Stations 6 to 10 are in the central sector of Indian Sundarbans. 2 Volume 2018; Issue 02 Citation: Lawson SS, Bhide KP, Thimmapuram J (2018) RNAseq Analysis of Figured and Non-Figured Acacia koa Wood. Curr Trends Forest Res: CTFR-113. DOI: 10.29011/ CTFR-108. 100013 In each sector, plot size of 10m × 10m was selected and the Salinity average readings were documented from 15 such plots. The mean The surface water salinity was recorded by means of an relative density of the selected species was evaluated for relative optical refractometer (Atago, Japan) in the field and cross-checked abundance of the species. in laboratory by employing Mohr- Knudsen method. The correction Above Ground
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