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T.C. Ġnönü Ünġversġtesġ Fen Bġlġmlerġ Enstġtüsü T.C. ĠNÖNÜ ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ TÜRKĠYE‟DEKĠ Arabis alpina L. (Brassicaceae) POPULASYONLARI ÜZERĠNDE TAKSONOMĠK, MORFOLOJĠK VE MOLEKÜLER ÇALIġMALAR ERKAN DOĞAN YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ BĠYOLOJĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI MALATYA ġUBAT 2011 Tezin BaĢlığı: Türkiye‟deki Arabis alpina L. (Brassicaceae) Populasyonları Üzerinde Taksonomik, Morfolojik ve Moleküler ÇalıĢmalar Tezi Hazırlayan: ERKAN DOĞAN Sınav Tarihi: 24/02/2011 Yukarıda adı geçen tez jürimizce değerlendirilerek Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalında Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiĢtir. Sınav Jürisi Üyeleri: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Narin Sadıkoğlu (BaĢkan) ……………………. Yrd. Doç. Dr. Birol Mutlu (DanıĢman) ……………………. Yrd. Doç. Dr. Turan Arabacı (Üye) ……………………. Prof. Dr. Asım KÜNKÜL Enstitü Müdürü ONUR SÖZÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak sunduğum “Türkiye‟deki Arabis alpina L. (Brassicaceae) Populasyonları Üzerinde Taksonomik, Morfolojik ve Moleküler ÇalıĢmalar” baĢlıklı bu çalıĢmanın bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düĢecek bir yardıma baĢvurmaksızın tarafımdan yazıldığını ve yararlandığım bütün kaynakların, hem metin içinde hem de kaynakçada yöntemine uygun biçimde gösterilenlerden oluĢtuğunu belirtir, bunu onurumla doğrularım. ERKAN DOĞAN i ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi TÜRKĠYE‟DEKĠ Arabis alpina L. (Brassicaceae) POPULASYONLARI ÜZERĠNDE TAKSONOMĠK, MORFOLOJĠK VE MOLEKÜLER ÇALIġMALAR Erkan Doğan Ġnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı 134 + xiv sayfa 2011 DanıĢman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Birol Mutlu Bu çalıĢmada Arabis alpina L. s.l. türünün değiĢik populasyonlarından toplanmıĢ herbaryum örnekleri morfolojik ve moleküler teknikler kullanılarak incelenmiĢtir. Morfolojik çalıĢmalar sırasında toplam 56 karakter kullanılmıĢtır. Bu karakterlerden 3 tanesi gövdeye, 16 tanesi yaprağa, 17 tanesi çiçeğe, 8 tanesi meyveye, 2 tanesi tohuma ve 11 tanesi polene aittir. Morfolojik ölçüm ve gözlemler sonucu Arabis alpina türünün Türkiye‟de yayılıĢ gösteren populasyonları 7 farklı gruba ayrıldı. Bu gruplara ait bir ayırım anahtarı ve detaylı morfolojik özellikleri verildi. Polen çalıĢmalarında Asetoliz ve Wodehouse metodu olmak üzere iki farklı yöntem kullanılmıĢtır. Polen morfolojileri ıĢık ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile çalıĢılmıĢtır. Her iki alttürde de baĢlıca iki farklı polen Ģekli belirlenmiĢtir; asetoliz metodu uygulanan polenlerde prolate ve oblatae-sipheroidal. Toplam 185 tekrarlanabilir RAPD bandı 10 primer ile elde edildi. Bunlardan 40 fragment (%21.6) tüm bireylerde bulunmaktayken 145 RAPD bandı (78.3%) polimorfiktir. ÇalıĢma sonunda RAPD-PCR çalıĢmalardan elde edilen bulgular ile morfolojik çalıĢmalardan elde edilenlerin uyuĢmadığı belirlenmiĢtir. ANAHTAR KELĠMELER: Brassicaceae, Arabis alpina, Taksonomi, Morfoloji, RAPD ii ABSTRACT M.Sc. Thesis THE TAXONOMIC, MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES on Arabis alpina L. (Brassicaceae) POPULATIONS IN TURKEY Erkan Doğan Ġnönü University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology 134 + xiv pages 2011 Supervisor: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Birol Mutlu In this study, herbarium specimens of Arabis alpina L. s.l. collected from different populations have been examined using morphological and molecular techniques. A total of 56 characters were used in morphological studies, comprising stem (3), leaf (16), flower (17), fruit (8) seed (2) and pollen (11) characters. According to morphological measurements and examinations the populations of Arabis alpina L. species in Turkey have been divided into 7 different groups. Identification key and detailed descriptions to these groups are given. Methods of Asetoliz and Wodehouse have been used in pollen studies. The pollen morphology has been studied with light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mainly two pollen shapes were recognized in both subspecies as prolate in acetolysed pollen and oblatae-spheroidal in unacetolysed pollen. A total of 185 reproducible RAPD bands were obtained with 10 primers. Of those, 40 fragments (21.6%) were shared by all individuals, whereas 145 RAPD bands (78.3%) were polymorphic. In conclusion, it was found that the data obtained from RAPD-PCR studies are not correlated with the data from morphological studies. KEY WORDS: Brassicaceae, Arabis alpina, Taxonomy, Morphology, RAPD iii TEŞEKKÜR Bu çalıĢmanın her aĢamasında yardım, öneri ve desteğini esirgemeden beni yönlendiren danıĢman hocam Sayın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Birol MUTLU‟ya, ÇalıĢmaya maddi yönden kaynak sağlayan Ġnönü Üniversitesi Bilimsel AraĢtırma Projeleri Birimine (BAP-Proje no: 21 / 2010), Tezimin yürütülmesi sırasında bölümümüzün tüm olanaklarından faydalanmamı sağlayan Bölüm BaĢkanlığına, SEM mikrofotoğraflarının çekilmesinde gösterdiği ilgi ve hassasiyetten dolayı Uzman Murat ÖZABACI‟ya, Tez çalıĢmam boyunca büyük desteğini gördüğüm arkadaĢlarım baĢta AraĢ. Grv. Miraç UÇKUN ve Aysel UÇKUN olmak üzere aynı zamanda Serkan KÖSTEKCĠ, Duygu ÖZCAN, Aslı GĠRAY KURT, Emel AYTAN ve Sinem ERCAN‟a, Ayrıca her zaman yanımda olan ve her konuda desteğini esirgemeyen aileme, özellikle de anneme sonsuz teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. iv İÇİNDEKİLER ONUR SÖZÜ .......................................................................................................................... i ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... iii TEġEKKÜR ......................................................................................................................... iv ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ...................................................................................................................... v ġEKĠLLER DĠZĠNĠ .............................................................................................................. vi ÇĠZELGELER DĠZĠNĠ .......................................................................................................... x SĠMGELER VE KISALTMALAR .................................................................................... xiv 1 GĠRĠġ ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Temel Bilgiler .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.1 Arabis tür anahtarı ................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Arabis alpina türünün taksonomisi .......................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Arabis alpina türünün sinonimleri ........................................................................... 9 1.1.4 Arabis alpina türünün dünya‟daki yayılıĢı ............................................................ 10 1.1.5 Arabis alpina L. subsp. alpina‟ nın Türkiye‟deki yayılıĢı..................................... 12 1.1.6 Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Cullen „nın Türkiye‟deki yayılıĢı: ........ 15 2 KAYNAK ÖZETĠ ................................................................................................. 21 3 MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ................................................................................. 25 3.1 Herbaryum çalıĢmaları .......................................................................................... 25 3.2 Laboratuvar çalıĢmaları ......................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Morfolojik incelemeler .......................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Moleküler çalıĢmalar ............................................................................................. 33 3.3 Taksonomik çalıĢmalar .......................................................................................... 36 4 BULGULAR ......................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Herbaryum çalıĢmaları .......................................................................................... 37 4.2 Laboratuvar çalıĢmaları ......................................................................................... 50 4.2.1 Yaprak ve Gövde Özellikleri ................................................................................. 50 4.2.2 Çiçek Özellikleri .................................................................................................... 65 4.2.3 Meyve Özellikleri .................................................................................................. 76 4.2.4 Polen Özellikleri .................................................................................................... 84 4.2.5 Moleküler çalıĢmalar ........................................................................................... 110 5 SONUÇLAR VE TARTIġMA ............................................................................ 112 5.1 Arabis alpina gruplarının morfolojik özellikleri ................................................. 113 5.2 Arabis alpina gruplarının üzerinde yapılan moleküler çalıĢmalar ...................... 123 5.3 Arabis alpina L. subsp. alpina‟nın betimi (1-5. grup): ....................................... 126 5.4 Arabis alpina L. subsp. brevifolia (DC.) Culen‟ nın betimi (6-7. grup): ............ 127 5.5 Arabis alpina L. polen özellikleri ........................................................................ 128 5.5.1 Arabis alpina L. subsp. alpina‟nın polen özellikleri (Asetoliz metodu, 1-5. grup) ....................................................................................................................
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