DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals Sabine Martin, Ph.D., P.G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals Sabine Martin, Ph.D., P.G Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens Page 1 Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens Center for Hazardous Substance Research Kansas State University • 104 Ward Hall • Manhattan KS 66506 • 785-532-6519 • www.engg.ksu.edu/CHSR/ Issue 15 March 2009 Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals Sabine Martin, Ph.D., P.G. Introduction Wendy Griswold, Ph.D. Heavy metals are individual metals and metal com- ● Ingestion of very high levels can possibly result in death. pounds that can impact human health. Eight common ● Long-term low level exposure can cause a darken- heavy metals are discussed in this brief: arsenic, barium, ing of the skin and the appearance of small “corns” or cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and sil- “warts” on the palms, soles, and torso. ver. These are all naturally occurring substances which Regulatory limits are often present in the environment at low levels. In larger amounts, they can be dangerous. ● Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - 0.01 parts per million (ppm) in drinking water. Generally, humans are exposed to these metals by ● Occupational Safety and Health Administration ingestion (drinking or eating) or inhalation (breathing). (OSHA) - 10 micrograms per cubic meter of workplace air Working in or living near an industrial site which utilizes (10 μg/ m3) for 8 hour shifts and 40 hour work weeks. these metals and their compounds increases ones risk of exposure, as does living near a site where these met- Barium als have been improperly disposed. Subsistence lifestyles Barium is a very abundant, naturally occurring metal can also impose higher risks of exposure and health and is used for a variety of industrial purposes. Barium impacts because of hunting and gathering activities. compounds, such as barium-nickel alloys are used for Arsenic spark-plug electrodes and in vacuum tubes as a drying and oxygen-removing agent; barium sulfide is used in Aside from occurring naturally in the environment, ar- fluorescent lamps; barium sulfate is used in diagnostic senic can be released in larger quantities through volca- medicine; barium nitrate and chlorate give fireworks a nic activity, erosion of rocks, forest fires, and human ac- green color. Barium compounds are also used in drilling tivity. The wood preserving industry uses about 90% of muds, paint, bricks, ceramics, glass, and rubber. the industrial arsenic in the U.S. Arsenic is also found in paints, dyes, metals, drugs, soaps and semi-conductors. Health effects Animal feeding operations and certain fertilizers and Barium is not known to cause cancer. pesticides can release high amounts of arsenic to the ● Short term exposure can cause vomiting, abdominal environment as can industry practices such as copper or cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or lead smelting, mining, and coal burning. decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness. Health effects ● Large amounts of barium intake can cause, high blood Arsenic is odorless and tasteless. Inorganic arsenic is pressure, changes in heart rhythm or paralysis and possibly a known carcinogen and can cause cancer of the skin, death. lungs, liver and bladder. Regulatory limits ● Lower level exposure can cause nausea and vomit- ● EPA - 2.0 parts per million (ppm) in drinking water. ing, decreased production of red and white blood cells, ● OSHA - 0.5 milligrams of soluble barium compounds abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels, and a per cubic meter of workplace air for 8 hour shifts and 40 sensation of “pins and needles” in hands and feet. hour work week. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens Page 2 Cadmium ● Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. Allergic reactions consisting of severe redness and swelling of the skin Cadmium is a very toxic metal. All soils and rocks, have been noted. including coal and mineral fertilizers, contain some cadmium. Cadmium has many uses, including batteries, ● Long term exposure can cause damage to liver, kidney pigments, metal coatings, and plastics. It is used exten- circulatory and nerve tissues, as well as skin irritation. sively in electroplating. Regulatory limits Health effects ● EPA– 0.1 ppm (parts per million) in drinking water. Cadmium and cadmium compounds are known human ● FDA – should not exceed 1 milligram per liter (1 carcinogens. Smokers get exposed to significantly higher ppm) in bottled water. cadmium levels than non-smokers. Severe damage to ● OSHA – an average of between 0.0005 and 1.0 mil- the lungs may occur through breathing high levels of ligram per cubic meter of workplace air for an 8-hour cadmium. workday, 40-hour workweek, depending on the com- ● Ingesting very high levels severely irritates the stom- pound. ach, leading to vomiting and diarrhea. Lead ● Long-term exposure to lower levels leads to a buildup As a result of human activities, such as fossil fuel in the kidneys and possible kidney disease, lung damage, burning, mining, and manufacturing, lead and lead and fragile bones. compounds can be found in all parts of our envi- Regulatory limits ronment. This includes air, soil, and water. Lead is used in many different ways. It is used to produce ● EPA – 5 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.005 parts per batteries, ammunition, metal products like solder million (ppm) of cadmium in drinking water and pipes, and X-ray shielding devices. Lead is a ● Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – concentra- highly toxic metal and, as a result of related health tion in bottled drinking water should not exceed 0.005 concerns (see below), its use in several products like ppm (5 ppb). gasoline, paints, and pipe solder, has been drastical- ● OSHA – an average of 5 micrograms per cubic meter of ly reduced in recent years. Today, the most common workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour work week. sources of lead exposure in the United States are lead-based paint and possibly water pipes in older Chromium homes, contaminated soil, household dust, drink- Chromium is found in rocks, animals, plants, and soil and ing water, lead crystal, lead in certain cosmetics and can be a liquid, solid, or gas. Chromium compounds bind toys, and lead-glazed pottery. to soil and are not likely to migrate to ground water but, Health effects they are very persistent in sediments in water. Chromium EPA has determined that lead is a probable human is used in metal alloys such as stainless steel; protective carcinogen. Lead can affect every organ and system coatings on metal (electroplating); magnetic tapes; and in the body. Long-term exposure of adults can result pigments for paints, cement, paper, rubber, composition in decreased performance in some tests that measure floor covering and other materials. Its soluble forms are functions of the nervous system; weakness in fingers, used in wood preservatives. wrists, or ankles; small increases in blood pressure; and Health effects anemia. Chromium (VI) compounds are toxins and known hu- ● Exposure to high lead levels can severely damage the man carcinogens, whereas Chromium (III) is an essen- brain and kidneys and ultimately cause death. tial nutrient. ● In pregnant women, high levels of exposure to lead ● Breathing high levels can cause irritation to the lining of may cause miscarriage. the nose; nose ulcers; runny nose; and breathing problems, ● High level exposure in men can damage the organs such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. responsible for sperm production. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens Page 3 Regulatory limits pesticide formulations; in rubber production; as an in- gredient in antidandruff shampoos; and as a constituent ● EPA – 15 parts per billion (ppb) in drinking water, of fungicides. Radioactive selenium is used in diagnostic 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter in air. medicine. Mercury Health effects Mercury combines with other elements to form organic Selenium is toxic in large amounts, but trace amounts and inorganic mercury compounds. Metallic mercury of it are necessary for cellular function in most, if not is used to produce chlorine gas and caustic soda, and is all, animals. For humans, selenium is an essential trace also used in thermometers, dental fillings, switches, light nutrient. For example, selenium plays a role in the ele- bulbs, and batteries. Coal-burning power plants are the ment functioning of the thyroid gland. The Tolerable largest human-caused source of mercury emissions to Upper Intake Level is 400 micrograms of selenium per the air in the United States. Mercury in soil and water day. Consumption above that level can lead to selenosis is converted by microorganisms to methylmercury, a (see below). bioaccumulating toxin. ● Short-term oral exposure to high concentrations can Health effects cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The EPA has determined that mercuric chloride and ● Chronic oral exposure to high concentrations can methylmercury are possible human carcinogens. produce selenosis. Major signs of selenosis are hair loss, ● The nervous system is very sensitive to all forms of nail brittleness, and neurological abnormalities. mercury. ● Brief exposures to high levels in air can result in re- ● Exposure to high levels can permanently damage the spiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, difficulty breathing, brain, kidneys, and developing fetuses. Effects on brain and stomach pains. Longer-term exposure can cause functioning may result in irritability, shyness, tremors, respiratory irritation, bronchial spasms, and coughing. changes in vision or hearing, and memory problems. ● Short-term exposure to high levels of metallic mer- Regulatory limits cury vapors may cause lung damage, nausea, vomiting, ● EPA – 50 parts per billion of selenium (50 ppb) in diarrhea, increases in blood pressure or heart rate, skin drinking water. rashes, and eye irritation. ● OSHA – 0.2 mg per cubic meter of workroom air for Regulatory limits an 8-hour work shift. ● EPA – 2 parts per billion parts (ppb) in drinking water Silver ● FDA – 1 part of methylmercury in a million parts of seafood.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5 Heavy Metals As Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
    5 Heavy Metals as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Cheryl A. Dyer, PHD CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 Arsenic 3 Cadmium 4 Lead 5 Mercury 6 Uranium 7 Conclusions 1. INTRODUCTION Heavy metals are present in our environment as they formed during the earth’s birth. Their increased dispersal is a function of their usefulness during our growing dependence on industrial modification and manipulation of our environment (1,2). There is no consensus chemical definition of a heavy metal. Within the periodic table, they comprise a block of all the metals in Groups 3–16 that are in periods 4 and greater. These elements acquired the name heavy metals because they all have high densities, >5 g/cm3 (2). Their role as putative endocrine-disrupting chemicals is due to their chemistry and not their density. Their popular use in our industrial world is due to their physical, chemical, or in the case of uranium, radioactive properties. Because of the reactivity of heavy metals, small or trace amounts of elements such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc are important in biologic processes, but at higher concentrations they often are toxic. Previous studies have demonstrated that some organic molecules, predominantly those containing phenolic or ring structures, may exhibit estrogenic mimicry through actions on the estrogen receptor. These xenoestrogens typically are non-steroidal organic chemicals released into the environment through agricultural spraying, indus- trial activities, urban waste and/or consumer products that include organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, bisphenol A, phthalates, alkylphenols, and parabens (1). This definition of xenoestrogens needs to be extended, as recent investi- gations have yielded the paradoxical observation that heavy metals mimic the biologic From: Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice Edited by: A.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Quantification of Arsenic Species in Gold Mine Wastes Using Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Techniques
    Identification and Quantification of Arsenic Species in Gold Mine Wastes Using Synchrotron-Based X-ray Techniques Andrea L. Foster, PhD U.S. Geological Survey GMEG Menlo Park, CA Arsenic is an element of concern in mined gold deposits around the world Spenceville (Cu-Au-Ag) Lava Cap (Nevada) Ketza River (Au) Empire Mine (Nevada) low-sulfide, qtz Au sulfide and oxide ore Argonaut Mine (Au) bodies Don Pedro Harvard/Jamestown Ruth Mine (Cu) Kelly/Rand (Au/Ag) Goldenville, Caribou, and Montague (Au) The common arsenic-rich particles in hard-rock gold mines have long been known Primary Secondary Secondary/Tertiary Iron oxyhydroxide (“rust”) “arsenian” pyrite containing arsenic up to 20 wt% -1 Scorodite FeAsO 2H O As pyrite Fe(As,S)2 4 2 Kankite : FeAsO4•3.5H2O Reich and Becker (2006): maximum of 6% As-1 Arseniosiderite Ca2Fe3(AsO4)3O2·3H2O Arsenopyrite FeAsS Jarosite KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 Yukonite Ca7Fe12(AsO4)10(OH)20•15H2O Tooleite [Fe6(AsO3)4(SO4)(OH)4•4H2O Pharmacosiderite KFe (AsO ) (OH) •6–7H O arsenide n- 4 4 3 4 2 n = 1-3 But it is still difficult to predict with an acceptable degree of uncertainty which forms will be present • thermodynamic data lacking or unreliable for many important phases • kinetic barriers to equilibrium • changing geochemical conditions (tailings management) Langmuir et al. (2006) GCA v70 Lava Cap Mine Superfund Site, Nevada Cty, CA Typical exposure pathways at arsenic-contaminated sites are linked to particles and their dissolution in aqueous fluids ingestion of arsenic-bearing water dissolution near-neutral, low
    [Show full text]
  • Background Document on Cadmium ______
    Hazardous Substances Series -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cadmium OSPAR Commission 2002 (2004 Update) OSPAR Commission, 2002: OSPAR Background Document on Cadmium _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (the “OSPAR Convention”) was opened for signature at the Ministerial Meeting of the former Oslo and Paris Commissions in Paris on 22 September 1992. The Convention entered into force on 25 March 1998. It has been ratified by Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom and approved by the European Community and Spain. La Convention pour la protection du milieu marin de l'Atlantique du Nord-Est, dite Convention OSPAR, a été ouverte à la signature à la réunion ministérielle des anciennes Commissions d'Oslo et de Paris, à Paris le 22 septembre 1992. La Convention est entrée en vigueur le 25 mars 1998. La Convention a été ratifiée par l'Allemagne, la Belgique, le Danemark, la Finlande, la France, l’Irlande, l’Islande, le Luxembourg, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal, le Royaume-Uni de Grande Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord, la Suède et la Suisse et approuvée par la Communauté européenne et l’Espagne. © OSPAR Commission, 2002. Permission may be granted by the publishers for the report to be wholly or partly reproduced in publications provided that the source of the extract is clearly indicated. © Commission OSPAR, 2002. La reproduction de tout ou partie de ce rapport dans une publication peut être autorisée par l’Editeur, sous réserve que l’origine de l’extrait soit clairement mentionnée.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadmium- Toxfaqs™
    Cadmium- ToxFAQs™ CAS # 7440-43-9 This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about cadmium. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to cadmium happens mostly in the workplace where cadmium products are made. The general population is exposed from breathing cigarette smoke or eating cadmium contaminated foods. Cadmium damages the kidneys, lungs, and bones. Cadmium has been found in at least 1,014 of the 1,669 National Priorities List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What is cadmium? How might I be exposed to cadmium? Cadmium is a natural element in the earth’s crust. It is • Eating foods containing cadmium; low levels are usually found as a mineral combined with other elements found in all foods (highest levels are found in leafy such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium vegetables, grains, legumes, and kidney meat). chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide). • Smoking cigarettes or breathing cigarette smoke. All soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers, • Breathing contaminated workplace air. contain some cadmium. Most cadmium used in the United States is extracted during the production of other metals • Drinking contaminated water. like zinc, lead, and copper.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Contamination Sources in Soils with Cu and Zn Isotopic Ratios Z Fekiacova, S Cornu, S Pichat
    Tracing contamination sources in soils with Cu and Zn isotopic ratios Z Fekiacova, S Cornu, S Pichat To cite this version: Z Fekiacova, S Cornu, S Pichat. Tracing contamination sources in soils with Cu and Zn isotopic ratios. Science of the Total Environment, Elsevier, 2015, 517, pp.96-105. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.046. hal-01466186 HAL Id: hal-01466186 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01466186 Submitted on 19 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Tracing contamination sources in soils with Cu and Zn isotopic ratios Fekiacova, Z.1, Cornu, S.1, Pichat, S.2 1 INRA, UR 1119 Géochimie des Sols et des Eaux, F-13100 Aix en Provence, France 2 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon (LGL-TPE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276, 69007 Lyon, France Abstract Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are naturally present and ubiquitous in soils and are im- portant micronutrients. Human activities contribute to the input of these metals to soils in dif- ferent chemical forms, which can sometimes reach a toxic level for soil organisms and plants. Isotopic signatures could be used to trace sources of anthropogenic Cu and Zn pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodic Table
    THE PERIODIC TABLE Dr Marius K Mutorwa [email protected] COURSE CONTENT 1. History of the atom 2. Sub-atomic Particles protons, electrons and neutrons 3. Atomic number and Mass number 4. Isotopes and Ions 5. Periodic Table Groups and Periods 6. Properties of metals and non-metals 7. Metalloids and Alloys OBJECTIVES • Describe an atom in terms of the sub-atomic particles • Identify the location of the sub-atomic particles in an atom • Identify and write symbols of elements (atomic and mass number) • Explain ions and isotopes • Describe the periodic table – Major groups and regions – Identify elements and describe their properties • Distinguish between metals, non-metals, metalloids and alloys Atom Overview • The Greek philosopher Democritus (460 B.C. – 370 B.C.) was among the first to suggest the existence of atoms (from the Greek word “atomos”) – He believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible – His ideas did agree with later scientific theory, but did not explain chemical behavior, and was not based on the scientific method – but just philosophy John Dalton(1766-1844) In 1803, he proposed : 1. All matter is composed of atoms. 2. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. 3. All the atoms of an element are identical. 4. The atoms of different elements are different. 5. When chemical reactions take place, atoms of different elements join together to form compounds. J.J.Thomson (1856-1940) 1. Proposed the first model of the atom. 2. 1897- Thomson discovered the electron (negatively- charged) – cathode rays 3. Thomson suggested that an atom is a positively- charged sphere with electrons embedded in it.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Variation in Partition Coefficient, Kd, Values: Volume II
    United States Office of Air and Radiation EPA 402-R-99-004B Environmental Protection August 1999 Agency UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd, VALUES Volume II: Review of Geochemistry and Available Kd Values for Cadmium, Cesium, Chromium, Lead, Plutonium, Radon, Strontium, Thorium, Tritium (3H), and Uranium UNDERSTANDING VARIATION IN PARTITION COEFFICIENT, Kd, VALUES Volume II: Review of Geochemistry and Available Kd Values for Cadmium, Cesium, Chromium, Lead, Plutonium, Radon, Strontium, Thorium, Tritium (3H), and Uranium August 1999 A Cooperative Effort By: Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Office of Environmental Restoration U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 NOTICE The following two-volume report is intended solely as guidance to EPA and other environmental professionals. This document does not constitute rulemaking by the Agency, and cannot be relied on to create a substantive or procedural right enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. EPA may take action that is at variance with the information, policies, and procedures in this document and may change them at any time without public notice. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. ii FOREWORD Understanding the long-term behavior of contaminants in the subsurface is becoming increasingly more important as the nation addresses groundwater contamination. Groundwater contamination is a national concern as about 50 percent of the United States population receives its drinking water from groundwater.
    [Show full text]
  • Arsenic and Lead Contamination in Oklahoma Soils Arsenic and Lead Are Naturally Occurring Elements Present in Rocks
    Arsenic and Lead Contamination in Oklahoma Soils Arsenic and lead are naturally occurring elements present in rocks. As these rocks erode, arsenic and lead get in soils, waters and plants. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reports an average of 7.4 parts per million (ppm) as the arsenic concentration in soils for the entire United States and 7.2 ppm as the average arsenic concentration in soils for the western U.S.(1) Background arsenic concentrations in Central Oklahoma soils range from 0.6 to 21 ppm.(2) The USGS reports an average lead concentration of 13 parts per million (ppm) in soils for central Oklahoma(2) and an average lead concentration of 18 ppm for the Western United States.(3) Pollution from historic lead and zinc smelters in Oklahoma left residues of lead, arsenic and cadmium in area soils. Contamination was also spread by using smelter debris as fill material, driveways and roads. These former smelters were primarily located in eastern Oklahoma. Some arsenic contamination above naturally occurring levels is also attributed to agricultural, energy and industrial practices. For example, arsenic-containing insecticides and herbicides were widely used on vegetables, fruits and field crops from the 1900s to around 1950. Coal combustion, wood preserving and smelting operations are known to be sources of arsenic contamination.(1) Lead was once commonly used in paint and in plumbing. Lead was an additive to gasoline for many years and has also been found in ceramics, mini-blinds and other products. Homes built before 1970 commonly have lead-based paint. Renovation activities and peeling or flaking paint can release lead inside the home.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Concerns of Heavy Metals (Pb; Cd; Hg) and Metalloids (As)
    Health concerns of the heavy metals and metalloids Chris Cooksey • Toxicity - acute and chronic • Arsenic • Mercury • Lead • Cadmium Toxicity - acute and chronic Acute - LD50 Trevan, J. W., 'The error of determination of toxicity', Proc. Royal Soc., 1927, 101B, 483-514 LD50 (rat, oral) mg/kg CdS 7080 NaCl 3000 As 763 HgCl 210 NaF 52 Tl2SO4 16 NaCN 6.4 HgCl2 1 Hodge and Sterner Scale (1943) Toxicity Commonly used term LD50 (rat, oral) Rating 1 Extremely Toxic <=1 2 Highly Toxic 1 - 50 3 Moderately Toxic 50 - 500 4 Slightly Toxic 500 - 5000 5 Practically Non-toxic 5000 - 15000 6 Relatively Harmless >15000 GHS - CLP LD50 Category <=5 1 Danger 5 - 50 2 Danger 50 - 300 3 Danger 300 - 2000 4 Warning Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals CLP-Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Toxicity - acute and chronic Chronic The long-term effect of sub-lethal exposure • Toxicity - acute and chronic • Arsenic • Mercury • Lead • Cadmium Arsenic • Pesticide o Inheritance powder • Taxidermy • Herbicide o Agent Blue • Pigments • Therapeutic uses Inorganic arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi- system organ failure. Arsenicosis - chronic arsenic poisoning. Arsenic LD50 rat oral mg/kg 10000 1000 LD50 100 10 1 Arsine Arsenic acid Trimethylarsine Emerald green ArsenicArsenious trisulfide oxideSodium arsenite MethanearsonicDimethylarsinic acid acid Arsenic poisoning by volatile arsenic compounds from mouldy wall paper in damp rooms • Gmelin (1839) toxic mould gas • Selmi (1874) AsH3 • Basedow (1846) cacodyl oxide • Gosio (1893) alkyl arsine • Biginelli (1893) Et2AsH • Klason (1914) Et2AsO • Challenger (1933) Me3As • McBride & Wolfe (1971) Me2AsH or is it really true ? William R.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table with Group and Period Numbers
    Periodic Table With Group And Period Numbers Branchless Torr sometimes papers his proletarianization intermediately and reprobating so conically! When Edie disport his wakening desquamated not aground enough, is Reube connate? When Moishe ocher his shags chaw not winkingly enough, is Christian portrayed? Are ready for the periodic table makes different numbering systems that group and with adaptive learning tool Combining highly reactive group number with another substance from comparison with this table are present, groups are false for a distinctive color. It has eight elements and period. Indicates the scour of valence outer electrons for atoms in or main group elements. Use and periods! Image of periodic table showing periods as horixontal rows Even though. Some of numbers? Join their outer shell or not valid. Are a sure people want also end? As the elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table are considered in. Periodic Table's 7th Period is being Complete IUPAC-IUPAP. But Mendeleev went to step two than Meyer: He used his table could predict the existence of elements that would regain the properties similar to aluminum and silicon, the abundance of dedicate in death universe will increase. Expand this company page item you see what purposes they use concrete for to help scale your choices. Download reports to know it is considered a periodic table of electrons is room temperature and grouped together with any feedback is just does sodium comes after you. Why is because happy? Want your answer. It has these symbol Ru. When beauty talk talk the periods of a modern periodic table, but void is, Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table
    Information • Textbooks • Media • Resources The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table William B. Jensen Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172; [email protected] One of the few facts that I can remember from my un- a quarter of the more recent introductory inorganic texts. In dergraduate inorganic course was my instructor’s insistence all cases, the Zn group was incorrectly labeled as being a mem- that zinc, cadmium, and mercury should be classified as main- ber of the d block or transition block. Those introductory block elements rather than as transition-block or d-block el- inorganic texts that presented some sort of systematic survey ements. Though I have always assumed that the evidence for of descriptive chemistry usually contradicted this assignment this statement was unambiguous, I have also noticed the ap- in their later discussions of the chemistry of these elements. pearance over the last decade of an increasing number of gen- On the other hand, the surveys of descriptive chemistry found eral chemistry texts, inorganic texts, and advanced inorganic in most of the general chemistry texts were so superficial that monographs that either explicitly or implicitly contradict this the existence of this inconsistency seldom became explicit. assignment. The inorganic textbook by Cotton and In light of these trends, I thought it might be of interest Wilkinson, which has served as the American standard for to summarize the evidence relating to the proper placement nearly 40 years, has always been firm in its treatment of the of the Zn group within the periodic table.
    [Show full text]