Le Cas De La Pratique De La Méditation Vipassana

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Le Cas De La Pratique De La Méditation Vipassana UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL GUÉRIR DE SOI DANS LA MODERNITÉ: LE CAS DE LA PRATIQUE DE LA MÉDITATION VlPASSANA MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SOCIOLOGIE PAR BRUNO DEMERS DÉCEMBRE 2010 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.ü1-2üü6). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS À l'étranger, les Québécois francophones sont reconnus pour posséder une amabilité singulière, notamment l'habitude trop polie d'adresser des mercis aux moindres riens, au plus petit service rendu, même celui que pourtant l'on paie, remerciant par exemple le simple geste du portier, de la caissière ou du chauffeur de taxi. Quoi qu'on puisse penser de l'origine et de la valeur de ce curieux excès de politesse, dans le cas présent aucun r{;merciement ne sera superflu pour ceux et celles qui, d'une manière ou d'une autre, m'ont aidé, directement ou indirectement, dans la réalisation du présent mémoire. Je témoigne en premier lieu ma reconnaissance envers ma famille, qui m'a accordé un support moral inconditionnel et indéfectible. Je rcmercie mon père, Yvon, ct ma mèrc, Hélène, dont les attentions et les paroles ont su calmer les angoisses d'un fils conune seul l'amour parental en est capable. Je remercie également mon frère, Sébastien, sa compagne, Céline, et leur petit Clément, dont la conception et la venue au monde ont coïncidé avec celles de ce mémoire. Il ne saurait y avoir de plus beau symbole pour consacrer le rite de passage que fut ma traversée de la maîtrise en sociologie. Merci à ma directrice, Magali Uhl, qui dès le départ a manifesté un intérêt sincère envers ma recherche, l'a enrichie de conseils méthodologiques pertinents, m'a témoigné sa confiance et ses encouragements, m'a orienté avec juste ce qu'il fallait de lectures inspirantes et a su superviser la rédaction du mémoire en m'accordant la liberté dont j'avais besoin. Merci au Dr. José Adolfo Segura et sa petite équipe d'ethnothérapeutes pour m'avoir introduit à l'ethnopsychiatrie et à l'interface complexe entre psyché, culture et guérison. Nos discussions et mon travail bénévole à leur côté, à la clinique du Centre Ana Luisa Cabezas, furent une source d'inspiration constante dans la conduite de ma recherche. Merci à tous ceux et celles qui ont humanisé mon quotidien durant les quatre années sur lesquelles s'est échelonnée la rédaction. Merci à tous mes amis. Merci à Marie-Ève pour sa traduction des articles allemands. Merci à tous mes camarades du baccalauréat en sociologie et des dépaltements de sciences des religions de !'UQAM et de l'Université d'Ottawa. Merci en particulier à Julie Vig, Mariève Michon et Mathieu E. Courville pour leur III complicité intellectuelle et leurs conseils, à plusieurs moments-clefs durant les trois dernières années, dont je n'aurais pu faire l'économie. Merci à tous les méditants Vipassana croisés durant l'enquête, dont je salue et partage l'aspiration à devenir de meilleures personnes. Merci tout particulièrement à Nathalie, Bruno, Alexandra, Guy, Catherine, Peter, Stéphanie, Marie-Ève et Isabelle pour leur confiance et leur généreuse ouverture. Un merci plus spécial à Christian, qui fut un interlocuteur privilégié dans l'avancée de mes réflexions. Merci aussi à Yves Bourgeon, Mohammad Tamdgidi, Michael S. Drummond, Wolfang Lindner, Mathieu Boisvert, François Thibeault, Satrakshita et au Vénérable U Jagara pour avoir partagé leurs vues sur la tradition de Goenka, chacun à leur manière. Merci à Anne Quéniart pour ses encouragements et pour avoir contribué à ma réflexion méthodologique. Merci à Michèle Émond pour sa lecture du manuscrit. Merci à Silvia Mancini, à Antoine Faivre et aux autres membres de notre colloque du 53 c Congrès International des Américanistes de Mexico, portant sur les ({ techniques du corps et de l'esprit ». Leurs avis et nos échanges ont définitivement enrichi la complétion de cette étude. Merci à Sylvain Boucher pour ses conseils. Je tiens aussi à lui témoigner ma gratitude pour la qualité de son enseignement qui, tôt dans mon parcours académique, m'aida à mettre en ordre ma pensée. Enfin, j'exprime ma reconnaissance envers Stéphane Chalifour, qui m'initia à la sociologie il y a déjà dix ans de cela. Je lui serai toujours redevable de m'avoir transmis sa passion pour une discipline qui ne m'ajamais quitté depuis. Je salue finalement le Fonds québécois de recherche sur la société et la culture, le Conseil canadien de recherche en sciences humaines et la Faculté des sciences humaines de l'UQAM, sans le soutien financier desquels je n'aurais pu me consacrer pleinement à la réalisation de cette recherche. PROLOGUE À méditer: TABLE DES MATIÈRES PROLOGUE iv RÉSUMÉ x CHAPITREI INTRODUCTION , 1 I.l Modernité, souffrance et guérison 1 1.2 Un cas d'étude: la pratique de la méditation Vipassana 8 1.3 Note sur l'utilisation des termes palis 9 CHAPITRE II PROBLÉMATIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIE 11 2.1 Le cas d'étude 12 2.1.1 La méditation Vipassana 12 2.1.2 La tradition Vipassana de S. N. Goenka J5 2.1.3 Le mouvement Vipassana : origine et diversité 19 2.2 Le problème de recherche 24 2.3 La revue de la littérature 28 2.3.1 La littérature interne 29 2.3.2 La littérature critique 30 2.3.3 La littérature psychologique 32 2.3.4 La littérature sociologique 33 2.3.5 Les autres littératures 36 2.4 Les méthodes d'enquête 36 2.4.1 L'observation directe 37 2.4.2 Le questionnaire et J'entrevue 38 2.4.3 La participation expérientielle .40 Vi CHAPITRE III LA MÉDITATION VIPASSANA .45 3.1 Un matin dans la vie d'un méditant Vipassana .46 3.1.1 Anapana 48 3.1.2 Vipassana 50 3.1.3 Metta 52 3.2 Une retraite dans un centre de méditation Vipassana 54 3.2.1 Un processus rituel 55 A. L'arrivée: consentir.. 56 B. Le séjour: apprendre 61 C. Le départ: adhérer 69 3.2.2 Un processus rhétorique 72 A. Étiologie psychosomatique et sotériologie individualiste 74 B. Primat de l'expérience sur l'intellect 75 C. Universalité du Dhamma 78 D. Métaphores thérapeutiques 82 E. Éthique altruiste et nécessité du dona 87 F. Karma, renaissance, rétribution et responsabilité 89 G. Résonnance électromagnétique et intercession d'entités invisibles 91 H. Mythologie bouddhique et prophétie auto-hagiographique 94 1. Supériorité et infaillibilité de la technique 96 J. Conception apolitique du changement social 99 K. Possibilité d'une pratique agnostique du Dhamma 101 3.3 Conclusion: une culture mentale, somatique et religieuse 105 CHAPITRE IV LES MÉDITANTS VIPASSANA: DIVERSITÉ ET UNITÉ 113 4.1 Trajectoires méditographiques 114 4.1.1 Anne: la dévotion 114 4.1.2 Natasha: la pratique 116 4.1.3 Christophe: le doute 118 4.1.4 Jean-Marie: la dissidence 120 Vll 4.2 Diversité des méditants 123 4.3 Unité du discours des méditants 128 4.3.1 Souffrance et rapport au thérapeutique 128 4.3.2 Spiritualité et rapport au religieux 132 4.3.3 Éthique et rapport à l'autre 136 4.3.4 Identité et rapport à soi 139 4.3.5 Société et rapport au politique 148 4.3.6 Conclusion: l'invocation d'une efficacité 151 CHAPITRE V GUÉRlR DE SOI DANS LA MODERNITÉ: ENTRE TRANSPARENCE ET OPACITÉ ...... 155 5.1 Une efficacité thérapeutique au-delà de la méditation 158 5.2 Une tradition ancienne aux rhétoriques modernistes 164 5.2.1 Une rhétorique de la sécularité 164 5.2.2 Une rhétorique de la technicité 171 5.2.3 Une rhétorique de l'académicité 184 5.2.4 Une rhétorique de la clarté 18 6 5.2.5 Une rhétorique de l'authenticité 201 5.3 Conclusion: l'efficacité invoquée ou l'efficacité d'une invocation? 203 CHAPITRE VI CONCLUSION 213 6.1 La portée de l'étude de cas 213 6.2 Neutralitéoupartialitédel'étude? 217 6.3 Méthodologie de la participation expérientielle 221 6.3.1 Le choix de la méthode 221 6.3.2 Difficultés et solutions méthodologiques 223 A. L'autodestruction de l'objet.. 223 B. La divulgation du statut de chercheur.. 225 C. La gestion du contre-transfert 229 6.3.3 Connaître l'objet entre distance et proximité 234 VIII ANNEXE A SATYA NARA YAN GOENKA 242 ANNEXEB LES CENTRES DHAMMA GIRl ET DHAMMA SUTTAMA 243 ANNEXE C QUESTIONNAIRE 245 ANNEXED LISTE DES MÉDITANTS INTERROGÉS 247 ANNEXE E FORMULAIRE DE CONSENTEMENT 249 ANNEXEF PUBLICITÉ DE LA CONFÉRENCE DE S.
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