The Mahatma and the High Court Judge
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The Role of Negative Implications in the Interpretation of Commonwealth Legislative Powers
THE ROLE OF NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF COMMONWEALTH LEGISLATIVE POWERS MICHAEL STOKES* One of the bases for the view that Commonwealth powers should be interpreted broadly is the idea that it is wrong to draw negative implications from positive grants of power. The paper argues that far from being wrong to draw negative implications from positive grants of power it is necessary to do so in that it is impossible to interpret such grants sensibly without drawing negative implications from them. This paper considers Isaacs J’s argument in Huddart Parker that it is wrong to draw negative implications from positive grants of power, as it is the most detailed defence of that position, and the adoption of similar arguments in Work Choices. It then considers the merits of Isaacs J’s argument, rejecting it because it is impossible to interpret positive grants of power without drawing negative implications from them in any context and in the Australian constitutional context in particular. This paper looks at how the scope of such implications is to be determined and how constitutional grants of power ought to be interpreted in the light of negative implications. It concludes that it is possible to determine the scope of the negative implications implicit in the s 51 grants of power and to interpret those powers in the light of the implications while accepting that state powers are residual and that their content cannot be determined until the content of all Commonwealth powers is known. CONTENTS I Introduction .............................................................................................................. 176 II The Origin of the Argument That It Is Wrong to Draw Negative Implications from Positive Grants of Power ....................................................... -
Inaugural Speeches in the NSW Parliament Briefing Paper No 4/2013 by Gareth Griffith
Inaugural speeches in the NSW Parliament Briefing Paper No 4/2013 by Gareth Griffith ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to thank officers from both Houses for their comments on a draft of this paper, in particular Stephanie Hesford and Jonathan Elliott from the Legislative Assembly and Stephen Frappell and Samuel Griffith from the Legislative Council. Thanks, too, to Lenny Roth and Greig Tillotson for their comments and advice. Any errors are the author’s responsibility. ISSN 1325-5142 ISBN 978 0 7313 1900 8 May 2013 © 2013 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior consent from the Manager, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, other than by Members of the New South Wales Parliament in the course of their official duties. Inaugural speeches in the NSW Parliament by Gareth Griffith NSW PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY RESEARCH SERVICE Gareth Griffith (BSc (Econ) (Hons), LLB (Hons), PhD), Manager, Politics & Government/Law .......................................... (02) 9230 2356 Lenny Roth (BCom, LLB), Acting Senior Research Officer, Law ............................................ (02) 9230 3085 Lynsey Blayden (BA, LLB (Hons)), Research Officer, Law ................................................................. (02) 9230 3085 Talina Drabsch (BA, LLB (Hons)), Research Officer, Social Issues/Law ........................................... (02) 9230 2484 Jack Finegan (BA (Hons), MSc), Research Officer, Environment/Planning..................................... (02) 9230 2906 Daniel Montoya (BEnvSc (Hons), PhD), Research Officer, Environment/Planning ..................................... (02) 9230 2003 John Wilkinson (MA, PhD), Research Officer, Economics ...................................................... (02) 9230 2006 Should Members or their staff require further information about this publication please contact the author. -
Justice Richard O'connor and Federation Richard Edward O
1 By Patrick O’Sullivan Justice Richard O’Connor and Federation Richard Edward O’Connor was born 4 August 1854 in Glebe, New South Wales, to Richard O’Connor and Mary-Anne O’Connor, née Harnett (Rutledge 1988). The third son in the family (Rutledge 1988) to a highly accomplished father, Australian-born in a young country of – particularly Irish – immigrants, a country struggling to forge itself an identity, he felt driven to achieve. Contemporaries noted his personable nature and disarming geniality (Rutledge 1988) like his lifelong friend Edmund Barton and, again like Barton, O’Connor was to go on to be a key player in the Federation of the Australian colonies, particularly the drafting of the Constitution and the establishment of the High Court of Australia. Richard O’Connor Snr, his father, was a devout Roman Catholic who contributed greatly to the growth of Church and public facilities in Australia, principally in the Sydney area (Jeckeln 1974). Educated, cultured, and trained in multiple instruments (Jeckeln 1974), O’Connor placed great emphasis on learning in a young man’s life and this is reflected in the years his son spent attaining a rounded and varied education; under Catholic instruction at St Mary’s College, Lyndhurst for six years, before completing his higher education at the non- denominational Sydney Grammar School in 1867 where young Richard O’Connor met and befriended Edmund Barton (Rutledge 1988). He went on to study at the University of Sydney, attaining a Bachelor of Arts in 1871 and Master of Arts in 1873, residing at St John’s College (of which his father was a founding fellow) during this period. -
Edmund Barton and the 1897 Federal Convention
The Art of Consensus: Edmund Barton and the 1897 Federal Convention The Art of Consensus: Edmund Barton and the 1897 Federal Convention* Geoffrey Bolton dmund Barton first entered my life at the Port Hotel, Derby on the evening of Saturday, E13 September 1952. As a very young postgraduate I was spending three months in the Kimberley district of Western Australia researching the history of the pastoral industry. Being at a loose end that evening I went to the bar to see if I could find some old-timer with an interesting store of yarns. I soon found my old-timer. He was a leathery, weather-beaten station cook, seventy-three years of age; Russel Ward would have been proud of him. I sipped my beer, and he drained his creme-de-menthe from five-ounce glasses, and presently he said: ‘Do you know what was the greatest moment of my life?’ ‘No’, I said, ‘but I’d like to hear’; I expected to hear some epic of droving, or possibly an anecdote of Gallipoli or the Somme. But he answered: ‘When I was eighteen years old I was kitchen-boy at Petty’s Hotel in Sydney when the federal convention was on. And every evening Edmund Barton would bring some of the delegates around to have dinner and talk about things. I seen them all: Deakin, Reid, Forrest, I seen them all. But the prince of them all was Edmund Barton.’ It struck me then as remarkable that such an archetypal bushie, should be so admiring of an essentially urban, middle-class lawyer such as Barton. -
Personal Injury Law 2011
Event pricing (please tick your selection) EXAMPLE One day conference 1 $ 900 + GST = $ 990 $990 Personal Injury Law 2011 Essential strategies and case law updates for assessing and managing injury claims 16 November 2011, The Grace Hotel Sydney 23 November 2011, Stamford Plaza Melbourne Speakers Sydney: • The Honourable Justice Margaret Beazley AO, New Program highlights South Wales Court of Appeal • Richard Seton SC, Barrister, Maurice Byers Chambers • Interpretation of Section 5D of the Civil Liability Act in Personal Injury Cases • Kellie Edwards, Barrister, Denman Chambers • Raj Kanhai, Long Tail Claims Manager, QBE Insurance • Psychological injuries in workers compensation claims • Colin Purdy, Barrister, Edmund Barton Chambers • Managing claims and approaching dispute resolution in • Gaius Whiffin, Partner, Turner Freeman the current environment: an insurer’s perspective • Liability of principal contractors Melbourne: • His Honour Judge Philip Misso, County Court of • Personal Injury and the regulator Victoria • Assessing damages for catastrophic injury: key • Dorothy Frost, Director-Return to Work Division, considerations and recent trends WorkSafe Victoria • Disease provisions in workers’ claims • Raj Kanhai, Long Tail Claims Manager, QBE Insurance • Identifying the evidence needed to successfully bring • Anne Sheehan, Barrister, Douglas Menzies Chambers medical negligence claims • Jacinta Forbes, Barrister, Owen Dixon Chambers East • Sasha Manova, Barrister, Isaacs Chambers Claim 6 CPD/MCLE points Product of: Early bird discount -
The French Economic Mission to Australia 1918
JACQUELINE DWYER 30 AHEAD OF THEIR TIME: THE FRENCH ECONOMIC MISSION TO AUSTRALIA 1918 JACQUELINE DWYER Introduction In the closing weeks of the Great War, Sydney was taken over by the enthusiastic welcome given to the delegates of an Economic Mission to Australia, sent on behalf of the government of France. They had that morning disembarked from the steamship Sonoma after their journey across the Pacific Ocean from San Francisco.1 The Mission’s principal aim was to re-establish and enhance the trading conditions that had existed between France and Australia in the years preceding the war, taking advantage of Germany’s eclipse. The French Department of Foreign Affairs hoped also to discuss the destiny of former German colonies in the South Pacific, and to resolve the pending situation of the New Hebrides.2 These delegates were to spend three months in Australia, visiting the other state capitals and regional centres where similar welcomes awaited them, and where they were shown the potential trading resources of this nation. This article proposes, through a more detailed description and analysis of the Mission than has been done to date, to cast light on French-Australian relations of the time, combining a number of sources. The Mission’s official report for the general public, The Economic Relations between France and Australia, published in English in 1919, is a detailed assessment of their bilateral trade.3 Especially valuable was Robert Aldrich’s article (1989), ‘La Mission Française en Australie de 1918’, based on the diplomatic archives of the Quai d’Orsay. (Its title has been shortened to Confidential Report.) A third report is the Rapport Thomsen. -
Constitutional Law Note
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW NOTE Topic 1, 2 – The Structure of Parliament and Legislative Procedures o The Structure .......................................................................................................... 3 o Duration and Membership ..................................................................................... 5 o Standard Legislative Procedures: Commonwealth and States ............................... 8 o Commonwealth Alternative Procedures (section 57) ............................................ 10 o Commonwealth Restrictive Procedures (section 128) .......................................... 13 o Special Procedures for Financial Legislation (section 53, 54, 55) ........................ 15 o State Restrictive Procedures .................................................................................. 19 Topic 3 – Characterisation and Interpretation o Principles of Constitutional Interpretation ............................................................. 25 o The Process of Characterisation ............................................................................. 28 Topic 4 – Financial and Economic Powers o Taxation Power – section 51(ii) ............................................................................. 33 o Grants Power – section 96 ..................................................................................... 36 o Appropriation Power – section 81 ......................................................................... 38 o Corporations Power – section 51(xx) ................................................................... -
Dictation Test
Macquarie Law Journal (2005) Vol 5 241 DICTATING TO ONE OF ‘US’: THE MIGRATION OF MRS FREER KEL ROBERTSON WITH JESSIE HOHMANN AND IAIN STEWART∗ I INTRODUCTION The ‘White Australia Policy’ and the dictation test under which it was infamously enforced provided central policy tools in the quest to control Australia’s immigrant population from Federation in 1901 until well into the twentieth century. Based on similar legislation that had been enacted in Natal, and that had also been cloned in some of the Australian colonies, the test was widely recognised as ‘merely a convenient and polite device … for the purpose of enabling the Executive Government of Australia to prevent the immigration of persons deemed unsuitable because of their Asiatic or non-European race’.1 ∗ Respectively: former LLB student, Macquarie University (this article originated in 2001 as a research paper by Robertson, supervised by Stewart); PhD student, University of Cambridge; Senior Lecturer, Department of Law, Division of Law, Macquarie University. Robertson is the principal author. His was the idea of examining the Freer Case, his is the overall argument and he did almost all of the archival research (and before the National Archives began to digitise). This article was commissioned by the Editor. In the references, frequently cited newspapers are abbreviated as CT (Canberra Times), DT (Daily Telegraph, Sydney) and SMH (Sydney Morning Herald). Newspaper page numbers cited are those of the edition seen. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates are abbreviated as CPD. ‘NAA’ refers to files in the National Archives of Australia: most of the files referred to are available online at <http://naa12.naa.gov.au> at 22 August 2006; also available through the more wide-ranging website ‘Archives of Australia’, <http://www.archivenet.gov.au/home.html> at same. -
The Doctrine of Implied Intergovernmental Immunities: a Recrudescence? Thomas Dixon*
The Doctrine of Implied Intergovernmental Immunities: A Recrudescence? Thomas Dixon* The essential and distinctive feature of “a truly federal government” is the preservation of the separate existence and corporate life of each of the component States concurrently with that of the national government. Accepting that a number of polities are contemplated as coexisting within a federation does not, however, address the fundamental question of how legislative and executive powers are to be allocated among the constituent constitutional units inter se, nor the extent to which the various polities are immune from interference occasioned by their constitutional counterparts. These “federal” questions are fundamental as they ultimately define the prism through which one views the Constitution. Shifts in the lens have resulted in significant ramifications for intergovernmental relations. This article traces the development of the Melbourne Corporation doctrine in Australia, and undertakes a comparative analysis with the development of the cognate jurisprudence in the United States. Analysis is undertaken of the major Australian industrial relations decisions, such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd, Re Australian Education Union; Ex parte Victoria, Queensland Electricity Commission v Commonwealth, and United Firefighters Union of Australia v Country Fire Authority, in this context. But one of the first and most leading principles on which the commonwealth and the laws are consecrated, is left the temporary possessors -
The New South Wales Legal Profession in 1917
Battles Overseas and At Home: The New South Wales Legal Profession in 1917. The Symposium 24 March 2012 Tony Cunneen [email protected] Comments welcome Synopsis: This paper focuses on the events of 1917 and is a part of a series on Lawyers in the First World War. Other papers in the series cover lawyers on Gallipoli and in 1916 as well as related topics may be accessed on the website of the Francis Forbes Society for Australian Legal History on http://www.forbessociety.org.au/ or by contacting the author directly at the above email address. Introduction: The activities of lawyers in the first decades of the twentieth century in general and the First World War in particular have received scant attention. The need to examine this area lies in lawyers’ importance in defining the early forms of Australian life after Federation and their leadership of many war related activities. The period of 1914-1918 was a time when the country was determining just how it would operate as an independent Federation yet also a full member of the British Empire – which was increasingly being seen as an international community of nations. An investigation of lawyers’ activities during the war challenges any stereotypes of a remote, isolated profession 2 and reveals a vibrant, human community steeped in shared values of service and cooperation and determined to play an active part in shaping the nation. war service, whether on the battlefield or the Home Front was seen as an essential part of that process. The development of the protectorate of Papua was part of that process. -
PART THREE Chapter Five Hope
PART THREE Chapter Five Hope For many former members of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) after World War I, life on the land on a small poultry or vegetable block in company with other returned men represented more than just a return to civilian life. It was hope – hope that the horrors of war could be erased, hope that the emerging new world would be more prosperous, and hope that their lives would be re-built through their own enterprise of land ownership. For a considerable number of men on these group settlements it was also their last hope. Expectations of success were, therefore, high in the beginning on these settlements. The previous chapters of this thesis have outlined the settlements’ origins and establishment and some of the issues facing settlers, such as poor quality land, stock or crops. These difficulties made earning a living from small acreages more arduous than the men had been led to believe and they often soon found themselves with little income and a massive debt. In addition to the problems of flooding and inferior land, badly constructed homes, poor communication systems, and isolation for themselves and their families, most of the men had war-related disabilities to contend with. In spite of all these challenges, these soldier settlers attempted to re-adapt to civilian life and to build a sustainable community as part of a group soldier settlement. To support the argument of this thesis that most soldier settlers on the six group settlements in this study returned from World War I service physically and mentally 180 scarred, leaving them with long-term or permanent disabilities, a number of primary sources have been used to build a picture of how they struggled to make a living after the war. -
The Idea of a Federal Commonwealth
Chapter One Th e Idea of a Federal Commonwealth* Dr Nicholas Aroney Arguably the single most important provision in the entire body of Australian constitutional law is s. 3 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK). Th is section authorised Queen Victoria to declare by proclamation that the people of the several Australian colonies should be united in a Federal Commonwealth under the name of the Commonwealth of Australia. Several things are at once noticeable about this provision. Of primary importance for present purposes is that, while the formation of the Commonwealth depended upon an enactment by the Imperial Parliament at Westminster and a proclamation by the Queen, the Australian Commonwealth was itself premised upon the agreement of the people of the several colonies of Australia to be united into a federal commonwealth. Th e framers of the Constitution could arguably have used any one of a number of terms to describe the nature of the political entity that they wished to see established. Th e federation was established subject to the Crown and under a Constitution, so they might have called it the Dominion of Australia and describeddescribed it as a constitutional monarchy. Th e Constitution was arguably the most democratic and liberal that the world had yet seen, so perhaps they could have called it the United States of Australia and describeddescribed it as a liberal democracy. But to conjecture in this way is to hazard anachronism. Th e framers of the Constitution chose to name it the Commonwealth of Australia and toto describedescribe it as a federal commonwealth.