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Open Source Software in the Vertical Market: an Open Niche?

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Open Source Software in the Vertical Market: an Open Niche? Conference for Information Systems Applied Research 2011 CONISAR Proceedings Wilmington North Carolina, USA v4 n1808 _________________________________________________ Open Source Software in the Vertical Market: An Open Niche? Michael P. Conlon [email protected] Computer Science Department Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057, U.S.A. Abstract Much of the universe of open-source software is categorized; abundant open-source software is found for most categories. However, relatively few dual-licensed open-source software programs are found, and very little open-source software is found for vertical markets. Explanations are explored. Keywords: open source, vertical market, horizontal market, dual license 1. INTRODUCTION Since then, much application software has been The phrase open source has been in common either written from scratch or has been open- use since it was suggested in 1998 by Christine sourced from previously-proprietary software. Peterson as an alternative name for what many There has been substantial progress in call free software (Open Source Initiative, developing more and better system software as 2007). This paper is an attempt to categorize well. So what potential domains for open-source each package of a large sample of open source software remain unexplored? That is the software, so as to discover the domains in which question this paper attempts to answer. open source development has been occurring, and in which domains, if any, there has been 2. HYPOTHESES little or no open source development activity. The first hypothesis is that, in spite of the large Much of the earliest open source software variety of open-source software, very little of it consisted of systems software: programming- would be vertical market software, i.e., software language processors, utility programs, database designed to automate businesses of a particular management systems, and operating system type. Thus, software for dentists' offices or kernels. For example, the author first software for plumbing businesses would be downloaded a Linux distribution, Soft Landing considered vertical-market software. Systems (SLS) Linux in 1992. (A Linux distribution consists of the Linux kernel, The second hypothesis is that most general essential utility software such as programs to business software would be dual-licensed. list, edit, rename, and delete files, other system Several programs commonly used in business, software, and applications.) The SLS such as MySQL, use the dual-licensing model so distribution contained a kernel (v. 0.99pl12), the that the community of users of the open-source- command-line utilities, several language licensed version can contribute improvements to processors, the X-Window System, several the software (cutting development costs), and programming libraries, but virtually no the company can sell support to licensees of the application software. It was clear at the time proprietary-licensed version (providing a that, for Linux to become more-widely used, revenue stream). application software was needed. _________________________________________________ ©2011 EDSIG (Education Special Interest Group of the AITP) Page 1 www.aitp-edsig.org Conference for Information Systems Applied Research 2011 CONISAR Proceedings Wilmington North Carolina, USA v4 n1808 _________________________________________________ 3. DEFINITIONS by the entity that develops and maintains the kernel. This study does not include Both the Association for Computing Machinery, operating system distributions from third (1998) and the U.S. Patent and Trademark parties, since they are merely collections of Office (2011) have developed classification software that may be examined separately. schemes for software. For the purposes of this Operating system distribution: a collection of paper, however, popular classification terms software distributed as a unit, consisting of were deemed more appropriate. an operating system kernel, essential utility programs such as programs to list, edit, Several such categories of software are well- rename, and delete files, other system established, with the definition of the category software, and applications. generally agreed-upon. Some other categories PIM (Personal Information Manager): Email, are not as well-defined, perhaps because they calendar, collaborative communication, were coined as marketing terms rather than as messaging, sticky note, and organizer scientific categories. This paper will first define software, etc., but not database managers. the category names so there will be no Productivity: word processors, spreadsheet confusion. programs, presentation programs, small- office database management systems, and Application software: software whose purpose is PDF viewers. to solve users’ problems. System software Server: any software that provides services to and application software are disjoint sets. client software. Servers are never used by Their union is the universe of software. users directly; only client software may Art & Entertainment: software for creating, interact with a server. playing, or viewing graphic art, video, System software: software whose purpose is to and/or music, or for entertaining the user. manage the computer, maintain the This category includes most game software, computer and its file system, or to help but this study did not examine game develop and debug software. software. Utility: a program for maintenance or Client: any software that requests services from management of a computer system. servers. Clients are usually, but not always, Vertical market software: software that is interactive with users. specialized to a particular industry, and that Cloud: any software that provides applications to fully automates a company in that industry, users via the Worldwide Web. Such or nearly so. There is much software that is applications traditionally would have been specialized to just one aspect of a particular provided locally on the user’s computer. industry, and, in this paper, such software is Development software: software for creating, not considered vertical market software. debugging, and/or maintaining software or Video: software that is used to view, generate, websites. or modify moving images. Dual licensed: software distributed under an Web: any software that is involved, in any way, open-source license that is also available with the Worldwide Web. Such software under a proprietary (non-open-source) could be client software, server software, or license, typically for a fee. Web-development software. General Business: software that typically would be used by businesses but not by 4. METHODOLOGY individuals. Graphics: software that is used to view, Selecting Software generate, or modify graphical art, photographs, or diagrams. There is so much open-source software that it is Horizontal market software: all software that is impractical to study it all. Therefore, one must not vertical market software. Most rely on a sample. Eric Raymond (2000) stated, horizontal market software would be of use “The Linux world...has terabytes of open sources to a variety of industries. generally available.” Freshmeat.net (2011) Music: software that is used to listen to, claims that “Thousands of applications, which generate, modify, or notate music. are preferably released under an open source Operating System: An operating system kernel, license, are meticulously cataloged in the or an operating system distribution (see freshmeat database.” And SourceForge (2011) below), provided the distribution is created claims to host 295,679 open-source projects. _________________________________________________ ©2011 EDSIG (Education Special Interest Group of the AITP) Page 2 www.aitp-edsig.org Conference for Information Systems Applied Research 2011 CONISAR Proceedings Wilmington North Carolina, USA v4 n1808 _________________________________________________ represented. The 2007 North American Industry While Freshmeat.net is the canonical listing of Classification System (United States Census open-source software, it obtains its listings from Bureau, 2011) lists 1,175 industry categories. the authors of the software, and so its listings Our sample identifies only five industries with are not vetted for utility, stability, practicality or open-source, vertical-market (OSVM) software: popularity. Sourceforge serves as an archive for library, microfinance, tool-and-die, restaurant, open-source projects, but a large fraction of its and financial services. This computes to 0.43% projects have had no activity for a substantial of all industries. time (Rabellino, 2007), implying that they obtained no traction among open-source Only eleven of the forty-nine (22%) of general developers. Indeed, some have never reached business software were dual-licensed. Even if version 1.0. Since this paper intends to study general business software where commercial vibrant projects, the sample of software must be hosting is available from the vendor is counted defined by individuals or organizations as dual-licensed, the figure is still only 33%, and independent of the software's creators. the hypothesis that most general business software would be dual licensed is not supported The author was able to find three independent by the data in this sample. lists of open-source software. Wikipedia (2011) and Harvey (2011) each listed a significant 6. DISCUSSION number of open-source packages, and all of them were included in this study. The Google Vertical Market Software
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